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Zhao R, Du L, Zhao Z, Chen X, Sun J, Man Z, Cao B, Fang Z. Accurate Estimation of Heart and Respiration Rates Based on an Optical Fiber Sensor Using Adaptive Regulations and Statistical Classifications Spectrum Analysis. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:747460. [PMID: 34927131 PMCID: PMC8674584 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.747460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to present a method for accurately estimating heart and respiration rates under different actual conditions based on a mattress which was integrated with an optical fiber sensor. During the estimation, a ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal, which was obtained from the optical fiber sensor, was used for extracting the heart rate and the respiration rate. However, due to the detrimental effects of the differential detector, self-interference, and variation of installation status of the sensor, the ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal was difficult to detect. In order to resolve the potential concerns of individual differences and body interferences, adaptive regulations and statistical classifications spectrum analysis were used in this paper. Experiments were carried out to quantify heart and respiration rates of healthy volunteers under different breathing and posture conditions. From the experimental results, it could be concluded that (1) the heart rates of 40-150 beats per minute (bpm) and respiration rates of 10-20 breaths per minute (bpm) were measured for individual differences; (2) for the same individuals under four different posture contacts, the mean errors of heart rates were separately 1.60 ± 0.98 bpm, 1.94 ± 0.83 bpm, 1.24 ± 0.59 bpm, and 1.06 ± 0.62 bpm, in contrast, the mean errors of the polar beat device were 1.09 ± 0.96 bpm, 1.44 ± 0.99 bpm, and 1.78 ± 0.94 bpm. Furthermore, the experimental results were validated by conventional counterparts which used skin-contacting electrodes as their measurements. It was reported that the heart rate was 0.26 ± 2.80 bpm in 95% confidence intervals (± 1.96SD) in comparison with Philips sure-signs VM6 medical monitor, and the respiration rate was 0.41 ± 1.49 bpm in 95% confidence intervals (± 1.96SD) in comparison with ECG-derived respiratory (EDR) measurements for respiration rates. It was indicated that the developed system using adaptive regulations and statistical classifications spectrum analysis performed better and could easily be used under complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Zhongshan Zhongke Guangrun Technology Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China
| | - Lidong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Zhongshan Zhongke Guangrun Technology Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China
| | | | | | - Zhen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Zhongshan Zhongke Guangrun Technology Co., Ltd, Zhongshan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Correlation between Polysomnographic Parameters and Tridimensional Changes in the Upper Airway of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients Treated with Mandibular Advancement Devices. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10225255. [PMID: 34830533 PMCID: PMC8621062 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The effectiveness of mandibular advancement devices has been solidly demonstrated in the past. They are considered a valid alternative treatment to continuous positive airway pressure for patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Nevertheless, the relationship between polysomnographic parameters and the increase in the volume of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome has not been clearly established so far. This study aimed to determine the impact of these oral appliances upon the volume of the airway after the device titration phase and correlate it with the degree of mandibular advancement and the improvement of polysomnographic parameters. Methods. All patients were diagnosed by polysomnography and were treated with a customized, titratable mandibular advancement device. Three-dimensional volumetric measurements were performed using cone beam computed tomography. Results. The present study included 45 patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (mild in 23 patients, moderate in 11 and severe in 11). Forty-four percent of the patients presented with an apnea hypopnea index <5/h at the end of treatment. The volume of the upper airway increased an average of 4.3 ± 5.9 cm3, this represents a percentage increase of 20.9%, which was significantly correlated with an apnea hypopnea index and a minimum oxygen saturation improvement. Conclusions. The mandibular advancement device used was found to be effective in improving polysomnographic parameters. Moreover, the oral appliance was able to significantly increase the tridimensional dimensions of the upper airway. Moreover, this finding was correlated with a reduction in the apnea hypopnea index (p = 0.007) and an increase on minimum oxygen saturation (p = 0.033).
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