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Alotaibi MM, Aldandan EM, Alfredan BE, Almohammed SH, Almousa ZH. Pharmacists' perceptions about providing COVID-19 vaccines in community settings. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100326. [PMID: 37743853 PMCID: PMC10511797 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists were underutilized in Saudi Arabia. At the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, global healthcare systems experienced significant pressure. To combat the pandemic effectively, there was a need to involve other healthcare providers, such as community pharmacists. As a result, community pharmacists were enlisted to provide vaccines. Objectives This study aims to explore community pharmacists' perceptions about providing COVID-19 vaccines in Saudi community settings. Methods Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of King Faisal University in January 2022. A qualitative methodology was used to explore the opinions of community pharmacists. Semi-structured interviews were conducted via face-to-face qualitative interviewing. Participants were recruited purposively and represented different types of community pharmacy settings. Results A total of 15 face-to-face individual interviews were conducted. The cohort included pharmacists who provided the service (n = 5) and those who did not (n = 10). The results showed that providing the service in a community setting was advantageous to patients, community pharmacy sector, and healthcare system. Moreover, the participants identified several barriers to providing the service. Conclusion Although providing the service had several advantages to several parties, the identified barriers need to be considered for the service to be provided appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour M. Alotaibi
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman M. Aldandan
- Pharm-D intern, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer E. Alfredan
- Pharm-D intern, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar H. Almohammed
- Pharm-D intern, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahra H. Almousa
- Pharm-D intern, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Naseralallah L, Stewart D, Azfar Ali R, Paudyal V. An umbrella review of systematic reviews on contributory factors to medication errors in health-care settings. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:1379-1399. [PMID: 36408597 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2147921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medication errors are common events that compromise patient safety and are prevalent in all health-care settings. This umbrella review aims to systematically evaluate the evidence on contributory factors to medication errors in health-care settings in terms of the nature of these factors, methodologies and theories used to identify and classify them, and the terminologies and definitions used to describe them. AREAS COVERED Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to March 2022. The data extraction form was derived from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers' Manual, and critical appraisal was conducted using the JBI quality assessment tool. A narrative approach to data synthesis was adopted. EXPERT OPINION Twenty-seven systematic reviews were included, most of which focused on a specific health-care setting or clinical area. Decision-making mistakes such as non-consideration of patient risk factors most commonly led to error, followed by organizational and environmental factors (e.g. understaffing and distractions). Only 10 studies had a pre-specified methodology to classify contributory factors, among which the use of theory, specifically Reason's theory was commonly used. None of the reviews evaluated the effectiveness of interventions in preventing errors. The collated contributory factors identified in this umbrella review can inform holistic theory-based intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Naseralallah
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Derek Stewart
- Clinical Pharmacy and Practice Department, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ruba Azfar Ali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vibhu Paudyal
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Addressing Women’s Needs with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Enhancing the Visibility of Pharmacists in the Public Health Arena. WOMEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/women2040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to have a staggering effect on women’s lives in the United States (U.S.). Women Living With HIV (WLWH) face many challenges, such as mental health disorders, compared to their male counterparts. These diagnoses make women more disproportionally affected, and meaningful healthcare interventions must address these conditions. This review has three foci: WLWH in the U.S., their access to care and staying in care once antiretroviral treatment has been initiated, coping with mental health, and the role of the U.S. pharmacists in access to the treatment. Pharmacists are the most easily accessible healthcare profession in the U.S. For example, 93% of American customers live within 5 miles of a community pharmacy. Pharmacists are the last healthcare provider with whom the patient interacts before a medication is dispensed; thus, they are in an ideal position to intervene. Engaging pharmacists to provide care for patients with chronic disease states such as HIV has resulted in positive outcomes. Although there are global and U.S. studies that emphasize the role of pharmacists in directing care for persons living with HIV, there is a lack of studies conducted about the role of pharmacists in managing mental health. Future research must address WLWH and mental health conditions to develop targeted interventions from an interdisciplinary team perspective.
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Hughes DM, Mordino J. Pharmacist responsiveness and readiness for oral antivirals for COVID-19: A rebuttal to the AMA statement regarding the Biden administration's test-to-treat plan. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 62:1162-1164. [PMID: 35450832 PMCID: PMC8971105 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
On March 4, 2022, the American Medical Association (AMA) released a statement in response to the Biden administration's plan of a test-to-treat plan allowing pharmacists to serve as locations to test and provide prescriptions for oral antiviral therapies for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after a positive test result. The statement by AMA contradicts and underrepresents the impact pharmacists have on clinical practice. Pharmacists have been a crucial part of many efforts including mass vaccination efforts and furnishing of prescriptions for other complex disease states (e.g., pre-exposure prophylaxis and postexposure prophylaxis therapy). Furthermore, health systems have proven that novel approaches to mitigate operational and clinical barriers to COVID-19 therapies may offset the increased demand needed by communities. Herein, this commentary will discuss a viewpoint and counterpoint to the statement put out by AMA, with a focus on pharmacists.
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Cernasev A, Veve MP, Hohmeier KC, Summers NA, Kumar S. Importance of pharmacist-patient relationship in people living with HIV and concomitant opioid use disorder. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2021; 3:100052. [PMID: 35480609 PMCID: PMC9030677 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PLWHA commonly suffer from chronic pain that is often treated with opioids, leading to subsequent opiate use disorders. As the majority of Americans live in close proximity to a pharmacy, community pharmacists are well equipped to interact with PLWHA. Few data quantify the needs of PLWHA with OUD, or how they utilize community pharmacists. Objectives To characterize the perceptions of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and using opioid medications on the interaction with pharmacists. Methods For this study, a qualitative approach was used. A key purpose of interviews is to encourage and inspire the subject to share a significant event of his/her life with the interviewer. Recruitment for face-to-face interviews with PLWHA continued until saturation was achieved. The Theory of Planned Behavior was used to assess the findings from this study. Sixteen interviews were transcribed verbatim and content analysis was performed by two researchers using Dedoose®, a qualitative software. Codes were grouped based on similarities into categories that facilitated the emergence of themes. Results Content analysis revealed two major themes. The first theme presents the subjects' beliefs and opinions about pharmacists' interactions when picking up their opioid prescriptions. Several subjects described encounters with the pharmacists that facilitated a trustful relationship. In the second theme, the analysis showed that the relationship with community pharmacists could be improved by having a more in-depth counseling about opioid medication and abuse. Conclusions These data highlight how PLWHA would like to interact with pharmacists when picking up opioid prescriptions. These results depicted how some subjects are using the pharmacists as a vital resource for medication information. These findings also demonstrated how for some subjects a more detailed counseling session when they receive opioid medications could be crucial in changing their behavior. Thus, community pharmacists are well positioned to reduce the usage of opioid medications and change PLWHA behavior and attitudes toward opioid prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Cernasev
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Michael P. Veve
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Hohmeier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nathan A. Summers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Cernasev A, Larson WL, Rockwood T, Peden-McAlpine C, Ranelli PL, Okoro O, Schommer JC. Narrative experiences of interactions with pharmacists among African-born persons living with HIV: "It's mostly business.". Res Social Adm Pharm 2019; 16:529-534. [PMID: 31331830 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African-born persons constitute 1% of the total Minnesota population, yet 24% of new HIV infections occurred in this population in 2016. Furthermore, 32% of the African born persons living with HIV [PLWH] did not check their CD4 counts or viral load in 2018. Little is known of the role of pharmacists in antiretroviral (ARV) management in the PLWH of African origin. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the experiences of African-born PLWH in their interactions with pharmacists and perceptions of pharmacists' roles in fostering adherence to ARV therapy. METHODS A qualitative approach was used for this study. Recruitment via fliers for in-person interviews with African-born PLWH in Minnesota continued until saturation was achieved. Narrative Interviews with 14 participants lasting up to 2 h were conducted over five months. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim by a professional transcription service. Conventional Content Analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Three themes emerged from analyzed data "Interaction with the pharmacists," "Revealing the diagnosis to a pharmacist," and "Lack of disclosure of HIV status to a pharmacist." CONCLUSIONS The participants referred to the interaction with pharmacists as a "business" or "transactional interaction." To better understand the interaction between pharmacists and PLWH of African-born, future studies could benefit from interviewing pharmacists from different practice settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Cernasev
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - William L Larson
- Allina Health Uptown Clinic, Park Nicollet, and North Memorial Infectious Disease, Allina Health, 1221 West Lake St., Suite 201, Minneapolis, MN, 55408, USA.
| | - Todd Rockwood
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Cynthia Peden-McAlpine
- University of Minnesota, School of Nursing, 308 Harvard Street SE Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Paul L Ranelli
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, 232 Life Science Duluth, 111 Kirby Drive, MN, 55812, USA.
| | - Olihe Okoro
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, 232 Life Science Duluth, 111 Kirby Drive, MN, 55812, USA.
| | - Jon C Schommer
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Dilworth TJ, Klein PW, Mercier RC, Borrego ME, Jakeman B, Pinkerton SD. Clinical and Economic Effects of a Pharmacist-Administered Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Clinic for Patients Living with HIV. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2018; 24:165-172. [PMID: 29384024 PMCID: PMC6528483 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2018.24.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacists have demonstrated the ability to improve patient adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical and economic effects of a pharmacist-administered ART adherence clinic for patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS This pilot study with a pretest-posttest design examined the effect of a pharmacy adherence clinic on patient HIV viral load and CD4 count over a 6-month period. Patients with documented adherence problems were referred to the clinic. The pharmacist counseled patients at baseline and met with patients 1-2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after starting ART. A societal perspective net cost analysis of the pharmacy adherence clinic was conducted to assess the economic efficiency of the intervention. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients were enrolled in the study, and 16 patients reached completion. Median HIV RNA significantly decreased from 48,000 copies/mL (interquartile range [IQR] = 16,750-139,000) to undetectable (< 20 copies/mL) at 6 months for all study participants who completed the full intervention (P = 0.001). In the 3 months following the intervention, we estimated that it prevented approximately 0.13 secondary HIV infections among the sexual partners of the 16 participants who completed the intervention. The total cost of the intervention was $16,811 ($1,051 per patient), which was less than the future savings in averted HIV-related medical care expenditures ($49,702). CONCLUSIONS A pharmacy adherence clinic that focused on early and sustained ART adherence interventions helped patients with documented medication adherence problems achieve an undetectable HIV RNA. The intervention was highly cost saving, with a return of nearly $3 in future medical care savings per dollar spent on the intervention. DISCLOSURES This work was supported in part by a research grant to Dilworth, Mercier, and Borrego from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Foundation. Klein and Pinkerton were supported in part by grants T32-MH19985 and P30-MH52776, respectively, from the National Institute of Mental Health. No funding bodies had any role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Health Resources and Services Administration. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Study concept and design were contributed primarily by Dilworth, Mercier, and Borrego, along with the other authors. Dilworth took the lead in data collection, along with Pinkerton, Klein, Mercier, and Jakeman. Data interpretation was performed by Dilworth and Pinkerton, along with the other authors. The manuscript was written by Dilworth, Klein, and Jakeman, with assistance from the other authors, and revised by Dilworth, Jakeman, and Klein, with assistance from the other authors. The results from this study were presented in part at the 2015 United States Conference on AIDS in Washington, DC, on September 10-13, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Dilworth
- 1 Department of Pharmacy Services, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Pamela W Klein
- 2 Health Resources and Services Administration, HIV/AIDS Bureau, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Renée-Claude Mercier
- 3 Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Matthew E Borrego
- 3 Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Bernadette Jakeman
- 3 Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Steven D Pinkerton
- 4 Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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A model to inform community pharmacy's collaboration in outpatient care. Res Social Adm Pharm 2016; 12:529-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Keller ME, Kelling SE, Cornelius DC, Oni HA, Bright DR. Enhancing Practice Efficiency and Patient Care by Sharing Electronic Health Records. PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2015; 12:1b. [PMID: 26604871 PMCID: PMC4632871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One primary function of community pharmacies is to dispense medications to patients. In doing so, pharmacists frequently communicate with physicians' offices to clarify prescription orders and obtain additional information to ensure the safe and accurate dispensing of medications. Such communication is often done by telephone or fax, which is inefficient for both the pharmacy and the physician's office. This problem was highlighted in a recent American Medical Association resolution defining certain pharmacy inquiries as "interference with the practice of medicine and unwarranted." As a result, many are seeking to understand how to balance the needs of the patient care process with the need for operational efficiency in the physician's office and pharmacy. This study presents one example of a health information technology-based solution involving shared access to an electronic health record (EHR), and describes a case in which a physician's office and a community pharmacy experimented with this model to promote practice efficiency while also providing enhanced access to clinical information in both directions. The rationale behind the process change, a brief description of how the new process came into existence, and a description of how information sharing can be helpful in related clinical situations are provided. Similar models that involve sharing of EHRs may create valuable opportunities for collaboration between physicians and pharmacists to enhance patient care and improve workflow efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Keller
- Megan E. Keller, PharmD, BCACP, is the director of clinical pharmacy services at Doctors Hospital Family Practice in Grove City, OH
| | - Sarah E Kelling
- Sarah E. Kelling, PharmD, MPH, BCACP, is a clinical assistant professor at the University of Michigan College of Pharmacy in Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Douglas C Cornelius
- Douglas C. Cornelius, BSPharm, is a pharmacy merchandiser at the Kroger Co. in Westerville, OH
| | - Hafusat A Oni
- Hafusat A. Oni, DO, is a physician at Center Street Community Health Center in Marion, OH
| | - David R Bright
- David R. Bright, PharmD, BCACP, is an associate professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Ferris State University College of Pharmacy in Big Rapids, MI
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Harpe SE. Being open to missed opportunities. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2015; 55:17. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2015.15507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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