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Transition Metal-(μ-Cl)-Aluminum Bonding in α-Olefin and Diene Chemistry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217164. [PMID: 36363991 PMCID: PMC9654437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Olefin and diene transformations, catalyzed by organoaluminum-activated metal complexes, are widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and form the basis of major petrochemical processes. However, the role of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding, being proven for certain >C=C< functionalization reactions, remains unclear and debated for essentially more important industrial processes such as oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and conjugated dienes. Numerous publications indirectly point at the significance of M−(μ-Cl)−Al bonding in Ziegler−Natta and related transformations, but only a few studies contain experimental or at least theoretical evidence of the involvement of M−(μ-Cl)−Al species into catalytic cycles. In the present review, we have compiled data on the formation of M−(μ-Cl)−Al complexes (M = Ti, Zr, V, Cr, Ni), their molecular structure, and reactivity towards olefins and dienes. The possible role of similar complexes in the functionalization, oligomerization and polymerization of α-olefins and dienes is discussed in the present review through the prism of the further development of Ziegler−Natta processes and beyond.
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Albright H, Davis AJ, Gomez-Lopez JL, Vonesh HL, Quach PK, Lambert TH, Schindler CS. Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9359-9406. [PMID: 34133136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Review describes the development of strategies for carbonyl-olefin metathesis reactions relying on stepwise, stoichiometric, or catalytic approaches. A comprehensive overview of currently available methods is provided starting with Paternò-Büchi cycloadditions between carbonyls and alkenes, followed by fragmentation of the resulting oxetanes, metal alkylidene-mediated strategies, [3 + 2]-cycloaddition approaches with strained hydrazines as organocatalysts, Lewis acid-mediated and Lewis acid-catalyzed strategies relying on the formation of intermediate oxetanes, and protocols based on initial carbon-carbon bond formation between carbonyls and alkenes and subsequent Grob-fragmentations. The Review concludes with an overview of applications of these currently available methods for carbonyl-olefin metathesis in complex molecule synthesis. Over the past eight years, the field of carbonyl-olefin metathesis has grown significantly and expanded from stoichiometric reaction protocols to efficient catalytic strategies for ring-closing, ring-opening, and cross carbonyl-olefin metathesis. The aim of this Review is to capture the status quo of the field and is expected to contribute to further advancements in carbonyl-olefin metathesis in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Albright
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ashlee J Davis
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jessica L Gomez-Lopez
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hannah L Vonesh
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phong K Quach
- Cornell University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 253 East Avenue, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Cornell University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 253 East Avenue, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Law JA, Bartfield NM, Frederich JH. Site-Specific Alkene Hydromethylation via Protonolysis of Titanacyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14360-14364. [PMID: 33871123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methyl groups are ubiquitous in biologically active molecules. Thus, new tactics to introduce this alkyl fragment into polyfunctional structures are of significant interest. With this goal in mind, a direct method for the Markovnikov hydromethylation of alkenes is reported. This method exploits the degenerate metathesis reaction between the titanium methylidene unveiled from Cp2 Ti(μ-Cl)(μ-CH2 )AlMe2 (Tebbe's reagent) and unactivated alkenes. Protonolysis of the resulting titanacyclobutanes in situ effects hydromethylation in a chemo-, regio-, and site-selective manner. The broad utility of this method is demonstrated across a series of mono- and di-substituted alkenes containing pendant alcohols, ethers, amides, carbamates, and basic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Law
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Cheiftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Noah M Bartfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Cheiftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - James H Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Cheiftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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Law JA, Bartfield NM, Frederich JH. Site‐Specific Alkene Hydromethylation via Protonolysis of Titanacyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Law
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University 95 Cheiftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Noah M. Bartfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University 95 Cheiftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - James H. Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University 95 Cheiftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
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Belov DS, Tejeda G, Bukhryakov KV. Olefin Metathesis by First-Row Transition Metals. Chempluschem 2021; 86:924-937. [PMID: 34160903 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic olefin metathesis based on the second- and third-row transition metals has become one of the most powerful transformations in modern organic chemistry. The shift to first-row metals to produce fine and commodity chemicals would be an important achievement to complement existing methods with inexpensive and greener alternatives. In addition, those systems can offer unusual reactivity based on the unique electronic structure of the base metals. In this Minireview, we summarize the progress of the development of alkylidenes and metallacycles of first-row transition metals from scandium to nickel capable of performing cycloaddition and cycloreversion steps, crucial reactions in olefin metathesis. In addition, we will discuss systems capable of performing olefin metathesis; however, the nature of active species is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Belov
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Gabriela Tejeda
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Konstantin V Bukhryakov
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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6
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Revisiting monomer synthesis and radical ring opening polymerization of dimethylated MDO towards biodegradable nanoparticles for enzymes. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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Kurogi T, Carroll PJ, Mindiola DJ. A radical coupled pathway to a stable and terminally bound titanium methylidene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3412-3414. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical coupling or oxidation of the titanium(iii)dimethyl precursor (PNP)Ti(CH3)2 produced the dimethyl compounds, (PNP)Ti(CH3)2(X) (X = TEMPO, OMes*, OTf), which then thermally extrude methane to cyclometallate (X = TEMPO) or form the methylidene (X = OMes* or OTf).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kurogi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
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8
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Pappas I, Chirik PJ. Alkyne Cycloaddition to a Titanocene Oxide as a Route to Cyclopentadienyl Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Pappas I, Chirik PJ. Alkyne Cycloaddition to a Titanocene Oxide as a Route to Cyclopentadienyl Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6241-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Li T, Nishiura M, Cheng J, Zhang W, Li Y, Hou Z. Hydrogenolysis and Protonation of Polymetallic Lutetium Methylidene and Methyl Complexes. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of
Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1
Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wenxiong Zhang
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of
Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of
Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1
Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Li T, Nishiura M, Cheng J, Li Y, Hou Z. M4(CH2)4 cubane-type rare-earth methylidene complexes: unique reactivity toward unsaturated C-O, C-N, and C-S bonds. Chemistry 2012; 18:15079-85. [PMID: 23059833 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the cubane-type rare-earth methylidene complex [Cp'Lu(μ(3)-CH(2))](4) (1, Cp' = C(5)Me(4)SiMe(3)) with various unsaturated electrophiles was investigated. The reaction of 1 with CO (1 atm) at room temperature gave the bis(ketene dianion)/dimethylidene complex [Cp'(4)Lu(4)(μ(3)-CH(2))(2)(μ(3),η(2)-O-C=CH(2))(2)] (2) in 86 % yield through the insertion of two molecules of CO into two of the four lutetium-methylidene units. In the reaction with the sterically demanding N,N-diisopropylcarbodiimide at 60 °C, only one of the four methylidene units in 1 reacted with one molecule of the carbodiimide substrate to give the mono(ethylene diamido)/trimethylidene complex [Cp'(4)Lu(4)(μ(3)-CH(2))(3) {iPrNC(=CH(2))NiPr}] (3) in 83% yield. Similarly, the reaction of 1 with phenyl isothiocyanate gave the ethylene amido thiolate/trimethylidene complex [Cp'(4)Lu(4)(μ(3)-CH(2))(3) {PhNC(S)=CH(2)}] (4). In the case of phenyl isocyanate, two of the four methylidene units in 1 reacted with four molecules of the substrate at ambient temperature to give the malonodiimidate/dimethylidene complex [Cp'(4)Lu(4)(μ(3)-CH(2))(2) {PhN=C(O)CH(2)(O)C=NPh}(2)] (5) in 87% yield. In this reaction, each of the two lutetium-methylidene bonds per methylidene unit inserted one molecule of phenyl isocyanate. All the products have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and microelemental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, PR China
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12
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A one-pot procedure for methylenating carbonyl compounds using the Nysted reagent and titanocene dichloride. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Chaudhary A, Sharma N, Dhayal V, Saxena A, Nagar M, Bohra R. Synthesis and characterization of some bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) complexes with internally functionalized oximes(LH): sol-gel transformations of Cp2TiCl2, Cp2TiClL and Cp2TiL2 to nano-sized anatase titania. Appl Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Chen C, Lee H, Jordan RF. Synthesis, Structures, and Ethylene Polymerization Behavior of Bis(pyrazolyl)borate Zirconium and Hafnium Benzyl Complexes. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1004034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changle Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Han Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Richard F. Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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17
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Whited MT, Grubbs RH. Late metal carbene complexes generated by multiple C-H activations: examining the continuum of M=C bond reactivity. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:1607-16. [PMID: 19624162 DOI: 10.1021/ar900103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unactivated C(sp(3))-H bonds are ubiquitous in organic chemicals and hydrocarbon feedstocks. However, these resources remain largely untapped, and the development of efficient homogeneous methods for hydrocarbon functionalization by C-H activation is an attractive and unresolved challenge for synthetic chemists. Transition-metal catalysis offers an attractive possible means for achieving selective, catalytic C-H functionalization given the thermodynamically favorable nature of many desirable partial oxidation schemes and the propensity of transition-metal complexes to cleave C-H bonds. Selective C-H activation, typically by a single cleavage event to produce M-C(sp(3)) products, is possible through myriad reported transition-metal species. In contrast, several recent reports have shown that late transition metals may react with certain substrates to perform multiple C-H activations, generating M=C(sp(2)) complexes for further elaboration. In light of the rich reactivity of metal-bound carbenes, such a route could open a new manifold of reactivity for catalytic C-H functionalization, and we have targeted this strategy in our studies. In this Account, we highlight several early examples of late transition-metal complexes that have been shown to generate metal-bound carbenes by multiple C-H activations and briefly examine factors leading to the selective generation of metal carbenes through this route. Using these reports as a backdrop, we focus on the double C-H activation of ethers and amines at iridium complexes supported by Ozerov's amidophosphine PNP ligand (PNP = [N(2-P(i)Pr(2)-4-Me-C(6)H(3))(2)](-)), allowing isolation of unusual square-planar iridium(I) carbenes. These species exhibit reactivity that is distinct from the archetypal Fischer and Schrock designations. We present experimental and theoretical studies showing that, like the classical square-planar iridium(I) organometallics, these complexes are best described as nucleophilic at iridium. We discuss the classification of this reactivity in the context of a scheme originally delineated by Roper. These "Roper-type" carbenes perform a number of multiple-bond metatheses leading to atom and group transfer from electrophilic heterocumulene (e.g., CO(2), CS(2), PhNCS) and diazo (e.g., N(2)O, AdN(3)) reagents. In one instance, we have extended this methodology to a process for catalytic C-H functionalization by a double C-H activation-group transfer process. Although the scope of these reactions is currently limited, these new pathways may find broader utility as the reactivity of late-metal carbenes continues to be explored. Examination of alternative transition metals and supporting ligand sets will certainly be important. Nonetheless, our findings show that carbene generation by double C-H activation is a viable strategy for C-H functionalization, leading to products not accessible through traditional C(sp(3))-H activation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Whited
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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18
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Hilf S, Kilbinger AFM. Functional end groups for polymers prepared using ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Nat Chem 2009; 1:537-46. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Hilf S, Grubbs RH, Kilbinger AFM. End Capping Ring-Opening Olefin Metathesis Polymerization Polymers with Vinyl Lactones. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11040-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8022863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hilf
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany, and Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany, and Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55099 Mainz, Germany, and Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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20
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Nikiforov GB, Roesky HW, Heisen BC, Grosse C, Oswald RB. Formation of a Titanium Complex with a Ti═CHAl2 Structural Unit from LTiMe3 and Trimethylaluminum. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800144v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grigory B. Nikiforov
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard C. Heisen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Grosse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rainer B. Oswald
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Lian B, Spaniol TP, Okuda J. Titanium Ester Enolate Complex Supported by a Tetradentate Bis(phenolato) Ligand: Synthesis, Structure, and Activity in Methacrylate Polymerization. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700785c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lian
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
Various titanium carbene complexes are prepared by the reductive titanation of thioacetals, gem-dihalides, and related organosulfur and organohalogen compounds with the titanocene(II) reagent Cp(2)Ti[P(OEt)(3)](2). Alkylidene-, heteroatom-substituted methylidene-, 2-alkenylidene-, 2-alkynylidene-, and vinylidene-titanocenes thus formed are highly reactive toward organic compounds bearing a multiple bond and are employed for a variety of organic transformations such as carbonyl olefination and olefin metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Feldman J, Schrock RR. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of “ d0” Alkylidene and Metallacyclobutane Complexes. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470166406.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hilf S, Berger-Nicoletti E, Grubbs RH, Kilbinger AFM. Monofunctional metathesis polymers via sacrificial diblock copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:8045-8. [PMID: 17075932 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hilf
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Poverenov E, Milstein D. Formation of transition metal carbenes using haloalkylzinc reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3189-91. [PMID: 17653384 DOI: 10.1039/b705459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new reaction of haloalkylzinc compounds, leading to transition metal carbenes, is described; halomethylzinc and halobenzylzinc compounds react with ruthenium and iridium complexes to form methylene and benzylidene complexes, including the Grubbs catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Poverenov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Hilf S, Berger-Nicoletti E, Grubbs RH, Kilbinger AFM. Monofunktionalisierte Metathesepolymere durch Abbau von Diblockcopolymeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Abstract
With the exception of palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings, no other group of reactions has had such a profound impact on the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and the art of total synthesis in the last quarter of a century than the metathesis reactions of olefins, enynes, and alkynes. Herein, we highlight a number of selected examples of total syntheses in which such processes played a crucial role and which imparted to these endeavors certain elements of novelty, elegance, and efficiency. Judging from their short but impressive history, the influence of these reactions in chemical synthesis is destined to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Dietrich HM, Törnroos KW, Anwander R. “Ionic Carbenes”: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity of Rare-Earth Metal Methylidene Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9298-9. [PMID: 16848442 DOI: 10.1021/ja062523y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of mixed chloride tetramethylaluminate polynuclear clusters {Cp*Y[(mu-Me)2AlMe2](mu-Cl)}2 and {Cp*6La6[(mu-Me)3AlMe]4(mu3-Cl)2(mu2-Cl)6} with toluene/THF solutions produces "aluminum-free" methylidene complexes [Cp*3Ln3(mu-Cl)3(mu3-Cl)(mu3-CH2)(THF)3] (Ln = Y, La). The trinuclear methylidene complexes are isostructural in the solid state and feature a sterically well-shielded Schrock-type nucleophilic CH22- unit, which is prone to Tebbe-like methylenation reactions with ketones and aldehydes. The rapid polymerization of gamma-valerolactone reveals intrinsic rare-earth metal reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Martin Dietrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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Lin KW, Yan S, Hsieh IL, Yan TH. Unusual Ambiphilic Carbenoid Equivalent in Amide Cyclopropanation. Org Lett 2006; 8:2265-7. [PMID: 16706502 DOI: 10.1021/ol060438p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The titanium-methylene complexes derived from the TiCl(4)-Mg-CH(2)Cl(2) system serve as a novel class of ambiphilic carbenoid equivalents, which not only efficiently effect cyclopropanations of a variety amides but also exhibit high chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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31
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Gandelman M, Naing KM, Rybtchinski B, Poverenov E, Ben-David Y, Ashkenazi N, Gauvin RM, Milstein D. A general method for preparation of metal carbenes via solution- and polymer-based approaches. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:15265-72. [PMID: 16248669 DOI: 10.1021/ja050781+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new general, synthetically simple, and safe method for the preparation of metal carbene complexes, which is based on diphenyl sulfonium salts as carbenoid precursors, has been developed, and its scope and applications were studied. In general, deprotonation of a sulfonium salt with a base results in a sulfur ylide, which, in turn, reacts with an appropriate metal precursor to give the corresponding metal carbene complex. Thus, starting from benzyldiphenylsulfonium salt, the complexes (PCX)Rh=CHPh (X = P, N) were prepared in quantitative yield. Syntheses of Grubbs' catalyst, (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CHPh, and of Werner's carbene, [Os(=CHPh)HCl(CO)(P(i)Pr(3))(2)], were achieved by this method. Novel trans-bisphosphine Rh and Ir carbenes, ((i)Pr(3)P)(2)(Cl)M=CHPh, which could not be prepared by other known methods, were synthesized by the sulfur ylide approach. The method is not limited to metal benzylidenes, as demonstrated by the preparation of the Ru vinyl-alkylidene, (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CH-CH=CH(2), methoxycarbonyl-alkylidene, (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CH(CO(2)Me), and alkylidene (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CH(CH(3)), (PCy(3))(2)Cl(2)Ru=CH(2) compounds. The problem of recycling of starting materials as well as the issue of facile purification of the product metal carbene complex were addressed by the synthesis of a polymer-supported diarylsulfide, the carrier of the carbenoid unit in the process. Based on the sulfur ylide route, a methodology for the synthesis of metallocarbenes anchored to a polymer via the carbene ligand, using a commercial Merrifield resin, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gandelman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
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Beckhaus R, Flatau S, Trojanov S, Hofmann P. Struktur und Reaktivität von Bis(π‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)‐(2‐methyliden)titanacyclobutan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19921250204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Zentralinstitut für Organische Chemie, Rudower Chaussee 5, O‐1199 Berlin
| | - Sabine Flatau
- Zentralinstitut für Organische Chemie, Rudower Chaussee 5, O‐1199 Berlin
| | - Sergej Trojanov
- Lomonossov Universität Moskau, Fakultät für Chemie, 119899 Moskau
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Anorganisch‐chemisches Institut der Technischen Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, W‐8046 Garching
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Mullins SM, Bergman RG, Arnold J. Olefination and group transfer reactions of an electron deficient tantalum methylidene complex. Dalton Trans 2006:203-12. [PMID: 16357978 DOI: 10.1039/b512741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of an electronically unsaturated tantalum methylidene complex [TolC(NSiMe(3))(2)](2)Ta(CH(2))CH(3) supported by [TolC(NSiMe(3))(2)] amidinate ligands is described. Electrophilic addition and olefination reactions of the Ta=CH(2) functionality are reported. Alkylidene participates in group-transfer reactions not observed in sterically similar, but electronically saturated, analogues. Reactions with substrates containing unsaturated C-X (X = C, N, O) bonds yield [Ta]=X compounds and vinylated organic products; carbon-sulfur cleavage reactions to produce tantalum thioformaldehyde and tantalum sulfido complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Mullins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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Meurer EC, da Rocha LL, Pilli RA, Eberlin MN, Santos LS. Transient intermediates of the Tebbe reagent intercepted and characterized by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2626-9. [PMID: 16897786 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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35
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An investigation of catalyst/cocatalyst/support interactions in silica-supported olefin polymerization catalysts based on Cp*TiMe3*. Top Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-005-3804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Takeda T. Organic Syntheses Utilizing Titanium Carbene Complexes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Santos AM, Pedro FM, Yogalekar AA, Lucas IS, Romão CC, Kühn FE. Oxorhenium Complexes as Aldehyde-Olefination Catalysts. Chemistry 2004; 10:6313-21. [PMID: 15526317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Several oxorhenium compounds in the formal oxidation states V and VII are examined as catalysts for the aldehyde-olefination starting from diazo compounds, phosphines, and aldehydes. Of these, [ReMeO2(eta2-alkyne)] complexes provide the simplest catalysts to study, although [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] still remains the most efficient rhenium catalyst for aldehyde-olefination described to date. Prior to the reaction with the Re catalysts the phosphine and the diazo compound react to form a phosphazine. No catalytic reaction occurs in cases where no phosphazine formation is observed. The first step of the catalytic cycle involves the formation of a carbene intermediate by the reaction of phosphazine and catalyst under extrusion of phosphine oxide and dinitrogen. In a second step the carbene reacts with aldehyde under olefin formation and catalyst regeneration. Excess of alkyne as well as the presence of ketones slows down the catalytic reaction. The olefination of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde with diazomalonate is possible with these Re catalysts. In contrast, this reaction does not take place either in the classical Wittig fashion from Ph3P=C(CO2Et)2 and aldehyde or by use of all other catalysts for aldehyde olefination reactions reported to date. Catalytic ylide formation from diazo compounds seems therefore not to be the only pathway through which catalytic aldehyde-olefination reactions can proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Santos
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganisch Chemie der Technischen Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
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Kauffmann T, Enk M, Kaschube W, Toliopoulos E, Wingbermühle D. Carbonyl Olefinating Aluminum-Molybdenum Complexes and an Analogous Tungsten Complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198609101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Meurer EC, Santos LS, Pilli RA, Eberlin MN. Probing the mechanism of the Petasis olefination reaction by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass and tandem mass spectrometry. Org Lett 2003; 5:1391-4. [PMID: 12713281 DOI: 10.1021/ol027439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass (APCI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS/MS) is used to probe the mechanism of the Petasis olefination reaction. Oxatitanacycle intermediates 4 were transferred from solution to the gas phase, detected as 4H+ by APCI-MS with characteristic Ti-isotopic patterns, and structurally characterized by APCI-MS/MS. Detection of 4H+, which upon collision activation dissociates to both 3H+ and Cp(2)TiOH+, fully supports the Hughes mechanism as depicted above. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cesar Meurer
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Grubbs RH, Trnka TM, Sanford MS. Transition Metal–Carbene Complexes in Olefin Metathesis and Related Reactions. CURRENT METHODS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1873-0418(03)80006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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45
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Castro A, Galakhov M, Gómez M, Gómez-Sal P, Martín A. Synthesis of Hydride Tantalabenzocyclopentene and µ-Alkylidene Complexes by Direct Alkylation Reactions of [TaCp*Cp′Cl2] − NMR Spectroscopic Study and X-ray Crystal Structure of [TaCp*Cp′(H)(η2-CH2-CMe2-o-C6H4)], (Cp* = η5-C5Me5; Cp′ = η5-C5H4SiMe3). Eur J Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0682(200206)2002:6<1336::aid-ejic1336>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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47
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Greidanus-Strom G, Carter CAG, Stryker JM. Migratory Insertion of Isonitriles into Titanacyclobutane Complexes. A Novel Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Substituted Cyclobutanimines. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om0110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles A. G. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jeffrey M. Stryker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
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Carter CA, Greidanus G, Chen JX, Stryker JM. A new synthesis of cyclobutanones: highly selective carbonylation of titanacyclobutane complexes prepared by free radical alkylation. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:8872-3. [PMID: 11535103 DOI: 10.1021/ja0158657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
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Nozaki K, Kosaka N, Graubner VM, Hiyama T. Methylenation of an Optically Active γ-Polyketone: Synthesis of a New Class of Hydrocarbon Polymers with Main-Chain Chirality. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0107713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and PRESTO, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kosaka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and PRESTO, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vera M. Graubner
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and PRESTO, JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; and PRESTO, JST, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Xi Z, Song Q, Chen J, Guan H, Li P. Dialkenylation of Carbonyl Groups by Alkenyllithium Compounds: Formation of Cyclopentadiene Derivatives by the Reaction of 1,4-Dilithio-1,3-dienes with Ketones and Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010518)40:10<1913::aid-anie1913>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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