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Hauck R, Stoute S, Senties-Cue CG, Guy JS, Shivaprasad HL. A Retrospective Study of Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broiler Chickens in California: 2000-18. Avian Dis 2021; 64:525-531. [PMID: 33570104 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d20-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a disease of chickens, mostly in broilers of 2-8 wk of age. Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), a birnavirus, is the etiologic agent. Characteristic gross lesions are enlargement, atony, and pallor of the proventriculus. Cases diagnosed in California between 2000 and 2018 (n = 477), originating from 93 different farms representing all major companies in the region, were analyzed. Frequency of cases varied widely between years, with no recognizable seasonality. The flocks were between 6 and 61 days of age; the average age was 34.0 days, and the median age was 35 days. In 166 cases, between 6.3% and 100% of the submitted birds had gross lesions in the proventriculus. The most common findings were enlarged or dilated proventriculi, thickened walls, and pale or mottled serosal appearance. Histopathologically, inflammation of the glands was the most frequent finding. Other lesions included necrosis, hyperplasia, or both conditions of the glandular epithelium; dilated glands; and occasionally fibrin deposition, fibrosis, and hemorrhages. Twenty-three proventriculi from six cases were tested by immunohistochemistry for the presence of CPNV antigen; 21 stained positive. In 209 cases, birds also had lesions in the bursa fabricii attributed to infectious bursal disease, but with no significant difference in the mean percentage of birds with gross lesions in the proventriculus between cases with or without lesions in the bursa fabricii. The results show that TVP is a common disease of broiler flocks in California and confirms that CPNV is the likely causative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95380
| | - C Gabriel Senties-Cue
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95380
| | - James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 93274
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2
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Śmiałek M, Gesek M, Dziewulska D, Niczyporuk JS, Koncicki A. Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis Caused by Chicken ProVentricular Necrosis Virus Displaying Serological Cross-Reactivity with IBDV. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010008. [PMID: 33374720 PMCID: PMC7822447 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) of chickens is manifested in decreased body weight gains, poor feed conversion and weight diversity. Although TVP etiology has not been defined, a Birnaviridae family member, named chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is considered as a potential factor of a disease. This study was undertaken in order to reproduce TVP and to evaluate its etiology. Broiler chickens of the TVP-infected group were inoculated with TVP positive proventriculi homogenate on the 24th day of life. Samples were collected, on infection day and 14 days post-infection (dpi). The 14 dpi anatomo- and histopathological evaluation, revealed that we have succeeded to reproduce TVP. TVP-infected birds gained 30.38% less body weight. In the TVP-infected group a seroconversion against picornaviruses, fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) and infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV) was recorded with an ELISA test. Using RT-PCR and PCR, CPNV was detected in proventriculi and FAdV in spleens and livers of infected birds, 14 dpi. Our study supports that CPNV is involved in the development of TVP. We did not record the presence of IBDV in TVP or control birds, despite our recording of a seroconversion against IBDV in TVP infected birds. CPNV and IBDV belong to the same family, which allows us to assume serological cross-reactivity between them. The role of FAdV needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Śmiałek
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Gesek
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Daria Dziewulska
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Jowita Samanta Niczyporuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Avian Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13/14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
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3
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Yan T, Li G, Zhou D, Yang X, Hu L, Cheng Z. Novel Cyclovirus Identified in Broiler Chickens With Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:569098. [PMID: 33134354 PMCID: PMC7550471 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.569098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In October 2018, an outbreak of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) occurred in 30-day-old commercial broiler chickens on a farm in Weifang, China. TVP, an infectious viral disease characterized by runting and stunting, is associated with many viruses, and has a significant economic impact on the global poultry industry. TVP is diagnosed according to clinical symptoms, gross and histological lesions, and negative PCR results for pathogenic bacteria, avian leukosis virus subgroup J, Marek's disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, infectious bursa disease virus, avian reovirus, chicken anemia virus, infectious bronchitis virus, chicken proventricular necrosis virus, gyrovirus 3 and chicken circovirus. To further detect the possible causative pathogens of TVP, we used PacBio third-generation sequencing to examine proventricular samples. A dominant abundance of the novel cyclovirus (CyCV), chCyCV-SDAU-1, was identified in broilers with TVP. The complete chCyCV-SDAU-1 genome was verified via inverse PCR, was 1936 bp long, and consisted of Rep, Cp, and two intergenic regions. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that chCyCV-SDAU-1 formed an independent branch with other cycloviruses. The homology of chCyCV-SDAU-1 with 20 others known cycloviruses was < 40%. Retrospective investigation showed that the CyCV infection rate in the broilers with TVP was 80% (16/20), while no CyCV was found in healthy chickens. In conclusion, a novel CyCV was identified in chickens with TVP, though its role in this disease is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Hospital of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Animal Epidemic Prevention and Control Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Góis F, González Ruiz LR, Scillato-Yané GJ, Soibelzon E. A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128296. [PMID: 26083486 PMCID: PMC4470999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pampatheriidae are a group of cingulates native to South American that are known from the middle Miocene to the lower Holocene. Two genera have been recognized between the lower Pleistocene and the lower Holocene: Pampatherium Gervais and Ameghino (Ensenadan, Bonaerian and Lujanian, lower Pleistocene-lower Holocene) and Holmesina Simpson (Blancan, Irvingtonian, upper Pliocene-lower Holocene). They have been mainly differentiated by their osteoderm morphology and cranio-dental characters. These taxa had a wide latitudinal distribution, extending from the southern part of South America (Península Valdés, Argentina) to North America (Florida, USA). In this contribution, we describe a new genus and species of Pampatheriidae for the lower and middle Pleistocene of Buenos Aires Province and for the upper Pleistocene of Santa Fe Province (Argentina).The new taxon is represented by disarticulated osteoderms, one skull element, two thoracic vertebrae and a right femur and patella. It has extremely complex osteoderm ornamentations and particular morphological characters of the cranial element and femur that are not found in any other species of the family. This new taxon, recorded in the lower-middle Pleistocene (Ensenadan Stage/Age) and in the upper Pleistocene-early Holocene (Lujanian Stage/Age), is incorporated to the Pleistocene mammal assemblage of South America. Finally, the Pampatheriidae diversity is greater during the Lujanian Stage/Age than the Ensenadan Stage/Age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Góis
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción (CICYTTP–CONICET), Materi y España, 3105 Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia, 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laureano Raúl González Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad (LIEB), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ‘San Juan Bosco’ sede Esquel (UNPSJB), Ruta Nacional 259, km 16.5, 9200, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia, 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Juan Scillato-Yané
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, s/n, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia, 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Soibelzon
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, s/n, 1900, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rivadavia, 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Nandre RM, Chaudhari AA, Matsuda K, Lee JH. Immunogenicity of a Salmonella Enteritidis mutant as vaccine candidate and its protective efficacy against salmonellosis in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:299-311. [PMID: 21908057 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) vaccine candidate strain, JOL919 was constructed by deleting the lon and cpxR genes from a wild-type SE using an allelic exchange method. The study was carried out to evaluate the strain as a vaccine candidate against salmonellosis. The strain showed the enhanced macrophage invasion, early bacterial clearance and higher immune responses as compared to the other mutants, JOL917 (Δlon) and JOL918 (ΔcpxR), and the wild type. In further analysis, the chickens immunized with JOL919 showed a significant increase in plasma IgG and intestinal secretory IgA levels, which was an indication of robust humoral and mucosal immune responses induced by the candidate. The lymphocyte proliferation response and CD45(+)CD3(+) T cells, associated with an activation of T helper and cytotoxic cells, were also significantly increased in the immunized group, which indicated that the candidate also induced cellular immune responses. The immune cell influx into caecal tissues analyzed by immunohistochemistry showed that CD8(+) T cells were predominated in the immunized group, suggesting that the candidate can clear the invaded pathogen in the intestines by a more direct way involving cytotoxic activity. By the examination of the protection efficacy measured by observations of gross lesions in the organs and bacterial recovery, the candidate can provide an efficient protection upon virulent challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul M Nandre
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, South Korea
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Guy JS, West MA, Fuller FJ, Marusak RA, Shivaprasad HL, Davis JL, Fletcher OJ. Detection of chicken proventricular necrosis virus (R11/3 virus) in experimental and naturally occurring cases of transmissible viral proventriculitis with the use of a reverse transcriptase-PCR procedure. Avian Dis 2011; 55:70-5. [PMID: 21500639 DOI: 10.1637/9586-102110-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) procedure was evaluated for detection of chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) -affected chickens. The RT-PCR procedure was compared with indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and virus isolation for detection of CPNV in experimentally infected chickens. Microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP were detected on days 5-35 postexposure (PE) in CPNV-infected chickens; CPNV was detected by RT-PCR on days 3-14 PE in freshly collected proventriculi, and on days 1-14 PE in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) proventriculi. CPNV was detected in proventriculi of experimentally infected chickens by IFA on days 3-10 PE, and by virus isolation on days 1-14 PE. With IFA used as a reference, sensitivity of the RT-PCR procedure with freshly collected and FFPE proventriculi was 88% and 100%, respectively; specificity was 83% and 86%, respectively. Proventriculi (FFPE) obtained from suspect TVP cases (n=19) were evaluated for presence of CPNV by RT-PCR and microscopic lesions consistentwith TVP. CPNV was detected by RT-PCR in proventriculi from 8/11 TVP (+) cases (24/36 tissue sections). TVP (+) cases were defined by microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP; CPNV was not detected in proventriculi (0/8 cases, 0/32 tissue sections) in the absence of these lesions. The association between presence of TVP-characteristic microscopic lesions and presence of CPNV was highly significant (P = 0.0014). These findings indicate the utility of the RT-PCR procedure for detection of CPNV and provide additional evidence for an etiologic role for this virus in TVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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Guy JS, Smith LG, Evans ME, Barnes HJ. Experimental reproduction of transmissible viral proventriculitis by infection of chickens with a novel adenovirus-like virus (isolate R11/3). Avian Dis 2007; 51:58-65. [PMID: 17461268 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2007)051[0058:erotvp]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) was experimentally reproduced in 2-wk-old specific-pathogen-free chickens and commercial broiler chickens by eyedrop inoculation of adenovirus-like virus (AdLV), isolate R1 1/3. No clinical signs and no weight gain depression were observed in chickens inoculated with AdLV (R11/3); however, gross and microscopic lesions characteristic of TVP were present in proventriculi of inoculated chickens. Proventriculi of AdLV (R11/3)-inoculated chickens were markedly enlarged, compared with sham-inoculated controls, by day 7 postinoculation (PI). Microscopic lesions in proventriculi of inoculated chickens were detected beginning on day 3 PI and consisted of degeneration and necrosis of glandular epithelium, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, replacement of glandular epithelium with ductal epithelium, and diffuse interstitial lymphoid infiltration; no microscopic lesions were observed in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) antigens were detected in proventriculi by immunohistochemistry on days 3-10 PI in inoculated SPF chickens and days 3-21 PI in inoculated commercial broiler chickens; no viral antigens were detected in other tissues. AdLV (R11/3) was reisolated from proventriculi of inoculated SPF and commercial broiler chickens on days 5 and 7 PI. No virus, viral antigens, or lesions were detected in proventriculi collected from sham-inoculated chickens. These findings indicate an etiologic role for AdLV (R11/3) in TVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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8
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Brown TP, Huff GR. Reproduction of proventriculitis in commercial and specific-pathogen-free broiler chickens. Avian Dis 2006; 49:352-60. [PMID: 16252487 DOI: 10.1637/7326-011305r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proventriculitis was studied by experimentally reproducing the disease in broiler chickens. One-day-old infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antibody positive commercial broilers and 1-day-old antibody negative specific-pathogen-free (SPF) broilers were orally gavaged with proventricular homogenates produced from the proventriculi of broilers with proventriculitis. At 7 and 14 days, both commercial and SPF broilers had enlargement of the proventriculus with necrosis of the glandular epithelium and lymphocytic infiltrates in the proventricular glands. SPF broilers exposed to the proventricular homogenates developed infectious bursal disease, and IBDV was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). They also were positive by RT-PCR to IBV and developed nephritis. Commercial broilers developed mild nephritis but not bursal disease and were negative for IBDV and positive for IBV by RT-PCR. Both homogenate-inoculated commercial and SPF chickens were negative for reovirus and Newcastle disease virus by RT-PCR and variably positive for adenovirus by PCR. Bacteria were not identified in histologic sections, nor were they isolated from affected proventriculi. Indirect fluorescent antibody assay using convalescent sera detected intracytoplasmic staining in the proventricular glandular epithelial cells. Examination of thin sections of proventriculi using electron microscopy identified virus-like particles approximately 120 nm in diameter within the cytoplasm of these cells at 7 days after inoculation. Passage of proventricular homogenate filtrates in chicken embryos for virus isolation caused stunting, and allantoic fluid from these eggs was positive for IBV by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Guy JS, Barnes HJ, Smith L, Owen R, Fuller FJ. Partial characterization of an adenovirus-like virus isolated from broiler chickens with transmissible viral proventriculitis. Avian Dis 2006; 49:344-51. [PMID: 16252486 DOI: 10.1637/7352-030205r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) was experimentally reproduced in specific-pathogen-free chickens using a homogenate of proventricular tissue obtained from TVP-affected commercial broiler chickens. Thin-section electron microscopy revealed intranuclear, approximately 70-nanometer (nm), adenovirus-like viruses (AdLV) within proventricular lesions. The AdLV, designated AdLV (R11/3), could not be propagated using various avian and mammalian cell cultures or by inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs by yolk, allantoic, or chorioallantoic membrane routes. However, AdLV (R11/3) was successfully propagated by amniotic inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs, with detection of the virus in proventriculi and intestinal contents of hatched 2-day-old chicks (8 days postinoculation). Virus propagation was evident in in ovo-inoculated chicks by (1) gross and microscopic lesions in proventriculi consistent with TVP, (2) immunohistochemical localization of AdLV (R11/3) antigens in proventricular epithelium, (3) thin-section electron microscopic detection of intranuclear, approximately 70-nm AdLVs within proventricular epithelium, and (4) negative-stain electron microscopic detection of extracellular, approximately 70-nm AdLVs in intestinal contents. Indirect immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction procedures that specifically recognize groups I, II, and III avian adenoviruses failed to recognize AdLV (R11/3). The findings suggest an etiologic role for AdLV (R11/3) in TVP and indicate that this virus is distinct from known avian adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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