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Bertram CA, Donovan TA, Bartel A. Mitotic activity: A systematic literature review of the assessment methodology and prognostic value in canine tumors. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241239565. [PMID: 38533804 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241239565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
One of the most relevant prognostic indices for tumors is cellular proliferation, which is most commonly measured by the mitotic activity in routine tumor sections. The goal of this systematic review was to analyze the methods and prognostic relevance of histologically measuring mitotic activity that have been reported for canine tumors in the literature. A total of 137 articles that correlated the mitotic activity in canine tumors with patient outcome were identified through a systematic (PubMed and Scopus) and nonsystematic (Google Scholar) literature search and eligibility screening process. Mitotic activity methods encompassed the mitotic count (MC, number of mitotic figures per tumor area) in 126 studies, presumably the MC (method not specified) in 6 studies, and the mitotic index (MI, number of mitotic figures per number of tumor cells) in 5 studies. A particularly high risk of bias was identified based on the available details of the MC methods and statistical analyses, which often did not quantify the prognostic discriminative ability of the MC and only reported P values. A significant association of the MC with survival was found in 72 of 109 (66%) studies. However, survival was evaluated by at least 3 studies in only 7 tumor types/groups, of which a prognostic relevance is apparent for mast cell tumors of the skin, cutaneous melanoma, and soft tissue tumor of the skin and subcutis. None of the studies using the MI found a prognostic relevance. This review highlights the need for more studies with standardized methods and appropriate analysis of the discriminative ability to prove the prognostic value of the MC and MI in various tumor types. Future studies are needed to evaluate the influence of the performance of individual pathologists on the appropriateness of prognostic thresholds and investigate methods to improve interobserver reproducibility.
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Blume GR, Eloi RS, Oliveira LB, Sonne L, Rezende LP, Sant’Ana FJ. Lesions of the oral cavity of dogs: 720 cases. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-7073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Seven hundred twenty cases of oral cavity lesions in dogs were diagnosed from 2015 to 2020 in Distrito Federal, Brazil. Four hundred thirty-two (60%) lesions were neoplastic, and 288 (40%) were non-neoplastic. Of the neoplasms, 229 (53%) were considered malignant and 203 (47%) benign, affecting mainly males, of 43 different breeds, with an average age of 9.4 years, mainly the gum and lip. Melanoma was the most (96/432, 22.2%) commonly diagnosed neoplasm, followed by peripheral odontogenic fibroma (68/432, 15.7%), papilloma (63/432, 14.5%) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (56/432, 12.9%). Non-neoplastic lesions also affected males predominantly, from 41 different breeds, with an average age of 8.9 years, mainly in the gums, lip, and tongue. These lesions were diagnosed as inflammatory (230/288, 79.8%), hyperplastic (47/288, 16.3%) and other lesions (11/288, 3.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rômulo S.A. Eloi
- Laboratório HistoPato Análise Anatomopatológica Veterinária, Brazil
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3
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da Silva LA, Teodoro TGW, Wouters ATB, Wouters F, Abreu DS, Neto DMGP, Negrão Watanabe TT. Metastatic Digital Chondrogenic Melanocytic Tumour in a Dog. J Comp Pathol 2022; 190:13-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Monahan CF, Meyer A, Garner MM, Kiupel M. Gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of cutaneous chromatophoromas in captive bearded dragons. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:932-938. [PMID: 34210217 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211025651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatophoromas are neoplasms that develop from the dermal pigment-bearing and light-reflecting cells (chromatophores) in the skin of reptiles, fish, and amphibians. Seventeen cutaneous chromatophoromas were identified from 851 bearded dragon submissions (2%) to a private diagnostic laboratory in a 15-y period. No sex predilection was found. Ages ranged from 9 mo to 11 y. Chromatophoromas most commonly were single, raised, variably pigmented masses or pigmented scales on the trunk, and less commonly the extremities or head. Microscopically, iridophoromas, melanophoromas, mixed chromatophoromas, and nonpigmented chromatophoromas were identified. Neoplasms were often ulcerated and invaded deep into the subcutis and muscle. Most commonly, nuclear atypia was mild-to-moderate, and mitotic count was low. Six neoplasms had abundant, periodic acid-Schiff-positive, mucinous stroma. Histologic examination was often adequate to diagnose chromatophoromas in bearded dragons given that 11 of 17 had some degree of pigmentation, although it was often scant. IHC for S100 and PNL2 could be helpful to diagnose poorly pigmented neoplasms. No lymphatic invasion or metastases at the time of excision were noted in any of the cases. Follow-up data were available for 6 cases, with no reports of recurrence or neoplasia-related death. Two cases had elevated mitotic counts and nuclear pleomorphism, which has been associated with metastasis in other reports of bearded dragon chromatophoromas. In general, it appears that aggressive surgical excision is often curative, but monitoring may be warranted for cases in which tumors had high mitotic count and nuclear pleomorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen F Monahan
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
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5
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Liu IL, Chung TF, Huang WH, Hsu CH, Liu CC, Chiu YH, Huang KC, Liao ATC, Lin CS. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression is involved in tumour proliferation and predicts poor survival in canine melanoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:79-91. [PMID: 32720434 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Canine melanoma is a malignant tumour that exhibits aggressive behaviour, and frequently metastasizes to regional lymph nodes and distant sites. Currently, there are no effective treatments or practical prognostic biomarkers for canine melanoma. The enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), which plays a central role in the tryptophan metabolism, has previously been identified as the main pathogenic factor in neurodegenerative diseases; however, it has recently been found to be positively associated with tumour malignancy in human hepatocellular carcinoma and canine mammary tumours. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a well-known oncoprotein contributing to the proliferation, survival, invasiveness and metastasis of a variety of cancers. Although whether STAT3 and KMO collaborate in tumorigenesis needs to be further verified, our previous findings showed that inhibition of KMO activity reduced activation of STAT3. This study investigated the expressions of KMO and STAT3/phosphorylated (pSTAT3) by immunohistochemical analysis in 85 cases of canine melanoma, showing their expression levels were high within highly mitotic melanoma cells. KMO Overexpression was significantly associated with increased STAT3 and pSTAT3 expressions. Melanoma tissues with higher KMO, STAT3 and pSTAT3 protein expressions were correlated with reduced survival rates of the canine patients. Moreover, inhibition of KMO activity in canine melanoma cells resulted in reduced cell viability, in addition to decreased expressions of STAT3 and pSTAT3. Our results indicated the significance of KMO and the potential role of KMO/STAT3 interaction in enhancing tumour development. Additionally, KMO and STAT3/pSTAT3 may be viewed as useful biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis of canine melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Li Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ting-Fang Chung
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hsiang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hui Hsu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Chi Liu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Han Chiu
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Holistic Education Center, Mackay Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Albert Tai-Ching Liao
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Animal Cancer Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Animal Cancer Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Vargas THM, Pulz LH, Ferro DG, Sobral RA, Venturini MAFA, Corrêa HL, Strefezzi RF. Galectin-3 Expression Correlates with Post-surgical Survival in Canine Oral Melanomas. J Comp Pathol 2019; 173:49-57. [PMID: 31812173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanomas (MMs) represent 7% of all malignant neoplasms in dogs. Oral melanocytic neoplasms are often malignant and associated with poor prognosis. There are no universally accepted prognostic markers for canine oral melanoma. Galectin (Gal)-3 is a prognostic marker for human neoplasms such as thyroid, gastric, colorectal and prostate cancers. The protein is related to processes that favour cancer progression, such as angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in canine oral melanomas and to compare it with post-surgical survival, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and other known prognostic tools. Twenty-seven samples of canine oral melanomas were evaluated for Gal-3, B-cell lymphoma (BCL) 2, caspase (CASP) 3 and Ki67 expression, mitotic index and degree of nuclear atypia. Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity was correlated positively, while nuclear positivity was correlated negatively, with survival. The intensity of BCL2 labelling was also correlated positively with Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity. Higher nuclear atypia was observed in dogs with melanoma that died due to the tumour, as well as in dogs that survived for <1 year after surgery. We have confirmed the importance of nuclear atypia for MMs and suggest that Gal-3 is a valuable prognostic indicator for this neoplasm. More in-depth studies are needed to unveil Gal-3 functions in canine MMs using larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H M Vargas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L H Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D G Ferro
- Odontovet - Centro Odontológico Veterinário, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Sobral
- Onco Cane Veterinária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - H L Corrêa
- Odontovet - Centro Odontológico Veterinário, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Despite being rarely reported, improved diagnostic and prognostic indicators are
necessary for treating malignant melanoma in rabbits. In this study, two cases of primary
skin lesions, on the scrotum and on eyelid, with systemic metastases, were examined. The
tumors formed intra-dermally by sheet-like proliferation of polymorphic cells, with
anisocytosis and varying amount of melanin granules. Tumors had displaced almost 50% of
the lung and liver tissue, and tumor metastasis was the cause of early death in both
rabbits. Ki-67-positive population was high in both, and it was found to be useful in
assessing the outcome and malignancy. In addition, Melan-A, HMB-45, PNL2 and S100
established a useful immunohistochemical panel for the diagnosis of melanocytic tumor in
rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ueda
- Vogel Animal Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 657-0025, Japan
| | - Akiko Ueda
- Vogel Animal Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo 657-0025, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Ozaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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Collision Tumour of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Malignant Melanoma in the Oral Cavity of a Dog. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:314-8. [PMID: 27147111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A 7-year-old, male cocker spaniel was presented with a gingival proliferative lesion in the rostral maxilla and enlargement of the regional lymph node. Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed a collision tumour composed of two malignant populations, epithelial and melanocytic, with metastasis of the neoplastic melanocytes to the regional lymph node. The epithelial component consisted of trabeculae and islands of well-differentiated squamous epithelium immunoreactive to cytokeratins. The melanocytic component had a varying degree of pigmentation of polygonal and spindle-shaped cells, growing in nests or densely packed aggregates and immunolabelled with S100, melanoma-associated antigen (melan A), neuron-specific enolase and vimentin antibodies. Protein markers involved in tumorigenesis or cell proliferation (i.e. COX-2, p53, c-kit and Ki67), were overexpressed by the neoplastic cells. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of an oral collision tumour involving malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the dog.
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Chambers JK, Yoshino Y, Fujiwara R, Nishimura R, Nakayama H, Uchida K. Thymic Carcinoma with Cartilage Formation in a Dog. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:38-41. [PMID: 26781228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old female Chihuahua exhibited respiratory distress and a computed tomography scan showed a large mass in the anterior thoracic cavity. During surgery, it was found that the mass was strongly adherent to surrounding tissue. A histopathological examination of a biopsy sample from the mass revealed proliferation of atypical epithelial cells and cartilage formation admixed with mature lymphocytes. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells, as well as the normal canine thymic epithelial cells, were positive for pan-cytokeratin (CK), CK5/6, CK19, p63 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 6. Foci of cartilage tissue were formed in association with the neoplastic epithelial tissue. In the normal canine thymus, the subcapsular epithelial cells are positive for both CK19 and BMP6. These findings indicate that the cartilage element within the tumour developed from CK19-positive neoplastic epithelial cells, which were derived from the thymic subcapsular epithelium. This case represents a novel variant of canine thymic epithelial tumour that exhibits cartilage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Yoshino
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Fujiwara
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Nishimura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Teixeira TF, Gentile LB, da Silva TC, Mennecier G, Chaible LM, Cogliati B, Roman MAL, Gioso MA, Dagli MLZ. Cell proliferation and expression of connexins differ in melanotic and amelanotic canine oral melanomas. Vet Res Commun 2013; 38:29-38. [PMID: 24126842 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant neoplasm occurring in several animal species, and is the most frequently found tumor in the oral cavity in dogs. Melanomas are classified into two types: melanotic and amelanotic. Prior research suggests that human amelanotic melanomas are more aggressive than their melanotic counterparts. This study evaluates the behavior of canine melanotic and amelanotic oral cavity melanomas and quantifies cell proliferation and the expression of connexins. Twenty-five melanomas (16 melanotic and 9 amelanotic) were collected from dogs during clinical procedures at the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. After diagnosis, dogs were followed until death or euthanasia. Histopathology confirmed the gross melanotic or amelanotic characteristics and tumors were classified according to the WHO. HMB45 or Melan A immunostainings were performed to confirm the diagnosis of amelanotic melanomas. Cell proliferation was quantified both by counting mitotic figures and PCNA positive nuclei. Expressions of connexins 26 and 43 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blot. Dogs bearing amelanotic melanomas presented a shorter lifespan in comparison to those with melanotic melanomas. Cell proliferation was significantly higher in amelanotic melanomas. Expressions of Connexins 26 and 43 were significantly reduced in amelanotic melanomas. The results presented here suggest that oral cavity melanotic and amelanotic melanomas differ regarding their behavior, cell proliferation and connexin expression in dogs, indicating a higher aggressiveness of amelanotic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarso Felipe Teixeira
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira E Kerr
- Prairie Diagnostic Services, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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12
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Cuitiño MC, Massone AR, Idiart JR. Lack of prognostic significance of angiogenesis in canine melanocytic tumours. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:147-52. [PMID: 22520819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of angiogenesis in some canine tumours has been investigated, but little is known about its relevance in canine melanocytic tumours (MTs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of angiogenesis in canine MTs. A total of 36 cutaneous melanocytomas (benign MTs), 40 cutaneous melanomas (malignant MTs) and 43 oral melanomas were studied. Survival data were available for a subset of 59 cases. Microvessel density (MVD) and endothelial area (EA) were determined by immunolabelling using an antibody specific for von Willebrand factor (vWF). Mean MVD (expressed as the number of microvessels per mm(2)) was 129 ± 14 in melanocytomas, 191 ± 16 in cutaneous melanomas and 208 ± 16 in oral melanomas. Mean EA (expressed as the percentage of the total area) was 1.5 ± 0.14 in melanocytomas, 2.6 ± 0.2 in cutaneous melanomas and 2.4 ± 0.3 in oral melanomas. The differences in MVD and EA between melanocytomas and melanomas were significant (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). MVD and EA were significantly correlated between cutaneous and oral MTs (r = 0.54; P <0.001 and r = 0.63; P <0.001, respectively). MVD and EA were not related to survival in cutaneous and oral MTs. In conclusion, tumour vascularization was higher in melanomas than in melanocytomas, but it seemed to have no prognostic significance in these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cuitiño
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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13
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Peñafiel-Verdu C, Buendia AJ, Navarro JA, Ramirez GA, Vilafranca M, Altimira J, Sanchez J. Reduced expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin and high expression of basal cytokeratins in feline mammary carcinomas with regional metastasis. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:979-87. [PMID: 22337774 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812436744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinomas are highly aggressive neoplasms. Several mechanisms are thought to be involved in their progression, including the loss of epithelial adhesion molecules. The present study was carried out on 21 adenomas and 139 mammary carcinomas. Of the carcinomas, 66 were not reported to have metastasized, while the remaining 73 had evidence of regional lymph node metastasis at the moment of diagnosis. The relationship was examined between the expression of the E-cadherin-β-catenin complex and basal (CK5/6, CK14) and luminal (CK8/18) cytokeratin expression. In the medical literature, carcinomas expressing basal cytokeratins are reported as having a poor prognosis in human breast cancer. Results revealed that preservation of the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin is a significant feature of carcinomas without metastasis, whereas carcinomas with metastasis reveal the loss of one or both adhesion molecules. Additionally, basal cytokeratin expression was statistically associated with the presence of regional metastasis. Furthermore, the expression of E-cadherin-β-catenin was significantly correlated with the high expression of CK18 and low expression of CK5/6.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peñafiel-Verdu
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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14
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Martínez CM, Peñafiel-Verdú C, Vilafranca M, Ramírez G, Méndez-Gallego M, Buendía AJ, Sánchez J. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is related with localization, proliferation, and overall survival in canine melanocytic neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:1204-11. [PMID: 21292918 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810396517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A direct relationship has been firmly established between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and malignant behavior in human melanoma. This report examines the relationship between COX-2 expression and tumor location, mitotic and proliferative indices, degree of T CD3(+) lymphocyte infiltration, overall survival, and frequency of recurrence and metastasis of 57 melanocytic tumors (25 oral and 32 cutaneous). COX-2 was highly or moderately expressed in 88% of oral neoplasms (22 of 25), whereas for their cutaneous counterparts, COX-2 expression was low or insignificant in 75% of cases (24 of 32). High and moderate COX-2 expression levels were observed in 73% of melanocytic tumors with a mitotic index ≥ 3 per 10 high-power fields (26 of 36), whereas in 81% of tumors with a mitotic index < 3 (17 of 21), expression was mild or absent. There were 41 cases with known clinical outcomes; of those showing high, moderate, and mild COX-2 expression, 83.3% (10 of 12), 37.5% (3 of 8), and 25% (2 of 8) died, respectively, whereas 100% of animals showing no COX-2 expression (13 of 13) were still alive at the last follow-up. COX-2 expression was statistically correlated with tumor location, mitotic and percentage Ki-67 proliferative indices, and overall survival, frequency of neoplastic recurrence and metastasis. Regression analysis also showed disease-specific predictive value for COX-2 expression for subjects with melanocytic neoplasms. Additionally, only high COX-2 expression showed significant differences in overall survival, in comparison with moderate, mild, or absent expression. These results suggest that high COX-2 expression may be considered a prognostic biomarker and potentially as a target for therapeutic and preventive strategies in canine melanocytic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Martínez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Smedley RC, Spangler WL, Esplin DG, Kitchell BE, Bergman PJ, Ho HY, Bergin IL, Kiupel M. Prognostic Markers for Canine Melanocytic Neoplasms. Vet Pathol 2011; 48:54-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810390717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Smedley
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - D. G. Esplin
- Animal Reference Pathology Division, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - B. E. Kitchell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | | | - H.-Y. Ho
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - I. L. Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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16
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Bergin IL, Smedley RC, Esplin DG, Spangler WL, Kiupel M. Prognostic Evaluation of Ki67 Threshold Value in Canine Oral Melanoma. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:41-53. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810388947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. L. Bergin
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
| | - R. C. Smedley
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
| | - D. G. Esplin
- Animal Reference Pathology Division, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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17
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Ellis AE, Harmon BG, Miller DL, Northrup NC, Latimer KS, Uhl EW. Gingival Osteogenic Melanoma in Two Dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:147-51. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic melanoma is a rare variant of metaplastic malignant melanoma in human medicine and appears to be a similarly rare variant in dogs. Two dogs with oral malignant melanoma with neoplastic bone formation are reported in this study. Both tumors were characterized by malignant melanocytes that transitioned into neoplastic bone at the deep margins of the neoplasm. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed S100- and Melan-A–positive neoplastic cells adjacent to, and occasionally embedded within, an osteoid and chondroblastic matrix. Scattered clusters of neoplastic cells were also positive for osteocalcin. The findings indicate that in dogs, as in humans, neoplastic melanocytes have metaplastic potential and can be osteogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E. Ellis
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Barry G. Harmon
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Debra L. Miller
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA
| | - Nicole C. Northrup
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Kenneth S. Latimer
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Elizabeth W. Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Elston LB, Sueiro FA, Cavalcanti JN, Metze K. Letter to the Editor: The Importance of the Mitotic Index as a Prognostic Factor for Survival of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors: A Validation Study. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:362-4, author reply 364-5. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-2-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Konradin Metze
- Postgraduate Course in Pathophysiology Department of Pathology University of Campinas, Brazil
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19
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Hill FI, Hughes SM. Osteogenic Intraocular Melanoma in an Alpaca (Vicugna Pacos). J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:171-3. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old, female, pregnant alpaca ( Vicugna pacos) presented with a discolored, swollen right eye. The eye did not respond to treatment and was enucleated. Sectioning of the fixed eye revealed an ocular mass replacing the aqueous and vitreous humors, with multiple regions of bone formation. Histopathological, immunohistochemical, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the tumor was an intraocular melanoma with bone formation. Osteogenic melanoma is a rare variant of melanoma not reported in the eye before.
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Buendia AJ, Sánchez J, Martinez CM, Navarro JA. Immunohistochemical characterization of a pulmonary large-cell carcinoma in a dog. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:484-8. [PMID: 18587094 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-4-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary pulmonary tumors are less common in dogs than secondary (metastatic) tumors. Most primary tumors are malignant and of epithelial origin. Pulmonary large-cell carcinoma is considered extremely rare in domestic animals, and some of the few reported cases actually may have been cases of malignant pulmonary histiocytosis. An 8-year-old female Wire Fox Terrier with diffuse alveolar pattern radiographically was euthanatized when it failed to respond to antibiotic therapy. Histologically, pulmonary alveolar spaces contained clusters of large round anaplastic cells with ample eosinophilic cytoplasm and large irregularly shaped nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry was used to distinguish large-cell carcinoma from malignant pulmonary histiocytosis. Tumor cells had strong immunoreactivity for cytokeratin, consistent with epithelial origin. However, a substantial percentage of the neoplastic cells co-expressed vimentin and MHC-II. The type II alveolar epithelial cell was considered the cell of origin of the neoplasm based on the presence of lamellar bodies in some neoplastic cells and immunoreactivity for surfactant protein A and thyroid transcription factor-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Buendia
- Departamento de Anatomia y Anatomia Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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