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Gao T, Zhang C, Shi X, Guo R, Zhang K, Gu J, Li L, Li S, Zheng Q, Cui M, Cui M, Gao X, Liu Y, Wang L. Targeting dihydrofolate reductase: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as nonclassical antifolates and as potential antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:329-340. [PMID: 31200235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with reversed amide moieties from the lead compound 1a were designed and synthesized as nonclassical antifolates and as potential antitumor agents. Target compounds 1-9 were successfully obtained through two sequential condensation reactions from the key intermediate 2-amino-6-(2-aminoethyl)-3,7-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one. In preliminary antiproliferation assay, all compounds demonstrated submicromolar to nanomolar inhibitory effects against KB tumor cells, whereas compounds 1-3 also exhibited nanomolar antiproliferative activities toward SW620 and A549 cells. In particular, compounds 1-3 were significantly more potent than the positive control methotrexate (MTX) and pemetrexed (PMX) to A549 cells. The growth inhibition induced cell cycle arrest at G1-phase with S-phase suppression. Along with the results of nucleoside protection assays, inhibition assays of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) clearly elucidated that the intracellular target of the designed compounds was DHFR. Molecular modeling studies suggested two binding modes of the target compounds with DHFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Congying Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Jianmin Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Shuolei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Mengyu Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Miao Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Xingmei Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
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3
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Liu Y, Li M, Zhang H, Yuan J, Zhang C, Zhang K, Guo H, Zhao L, Du Y, Wang L, Ren L. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as dual inhibitors of TS and AICARFTase and as potential antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:245-56. [PMID: 27017552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, with an isosteric replacement of the side chain amide moiety to a sulfur atom, were designed and synthesized as multitargeted antifolates as well as potential antitumor agents. Starting from previously synthesized 2-amino-4-oxo-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl-acetic acid, a reduction by lithium triethylborohydride and successive mesylation afforded the key mesylate. Nucleophilic substitution by mercaptoacetic or mercaptopropionic acid methyl esters, followed by hydrolysis and condensation with pyridinyl-methylamines provided the nonclassical compounds 1-6, whereas condensation with glutamic acid diethyl ester hydrochloride and saponification afforded the classical analogs 7-8. All target compounds exhibited inhibitory activities toward KB, SW620 and A549 tumor cell lines. The most potent compounds of this series, 7 and 8, are better inhibitors against A549 cells than methotrexate (MTX) and pemetrexed (PMX). Nucleoside protection assays establish compound 8 a dual inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFTase) targeting both de novo thymidylate and purine nucleotide biosynthesis, which is further verified by the molecular modeling studies. Analogous to PMX, target compound 8 alternates the cell cycle of SW620 cells with S-phase accumulation and induces apoptosis, leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Jiangsong Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Congying Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Huicai Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yumin Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| | - Leiming Ren
- Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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Alafeefy AM, Ceruso M, Al-Tamimi AMS, Del Prete S, Supuran CT, Capasso C. Inhibition studies of quinazoline-sulfonamide derivatives against the γ-CA (PgiCA) from the pathogenic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:592-6. [PMID: 25407016 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.957202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) began to be investigated in detail in pathogenic bacteria, in the search for antibiotics with a novel mechanism of action, since it has been demonstrated that in many bacteria CAs are essential for the life cycle of the organism. The presence of CAs in pathogenic bacteria allows the development of anti-infectives with a new mechanism of action, less explored to date. Here, novel quinazoline derivatives crowned with sulfonamide functionality at position-2 were tested for their ability to inhibit the bacterial γ-CA (PgiCA), identified in the genome of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Six compounds were highly effective, nanomolar inhibitors of the pathogenic enzyme γ-PgCA. Three of them were also highly effective sub-nanomolar inhibitors of the cytosolic human isoform II (hCAII). The best γ-PgCA inhibitor was compound 8c, with a K(I) of 3.53 nM and selectivity ratio of 24.5 and 24.8 against hCA I and hCA II, respectively. Many of these new compounds showed a high selectivity for bacterial enzyme respect to the mammalian CA isoforms (hCAI and hCAII). These results suggest that sulfonamides with quinazoline scaffold could be considered as suitable candidates for further derivatization to better understand the role of bacterial CAs in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Alafeefy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University , Alkharj , Saudi Arabia
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Desmoulin SK, Wang Y, Wu J, Stout M, Hou Z, Fulterer A, Chang MH, Romero MF, Cherian C, Gangjee A, Matherly LH. Targeting the proton-coupled folate transporter for selective delivery of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate inhibitors of de novo purine biosynthesis in the chemotherapy of solid tumors. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:577-87. [PMID: 20601456 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) is a folate-proton symporter with an acidic pH optimum, approximating the microenvironments of solid tumors. We tested 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates with one to six carbons in the bridge region for inhibition of proliferation in isogenic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and HeLa cells expressing PCFT or reduced folate carrier (RFC). Only analogs with three and four bridge carbons (N-{4-[3-2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-6-yl)propyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid (compound 2) and N-{4-[4-2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-6-yl)butyl]benzoyl}*-L-glutamic acid (compound 3), respectively) were inhibitory, with 2 ≫ 3. Activity toward RFC-expressing cells was negligible. Compound 2 and pemetrexed (Pmx) competed with [(3)H]methotrexate for PCFT transport in PCFT-expressing CHO (R2/hPCFT4) cells from pH 5.5 to 7.2; inhibition increased with decreasing pH. In Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with PCFT cRNA, uptake of 2, like that of Pmx, was electrogenic. Cytotoxicity of 2 toward R2/hPCFT4 cells was abolished in the presence of adenosine or 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide, suggesting that glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) in de novo purine biosynthesis was the primary target. Compound 2 decreased GTP and ATP pools by ∼50 and 75%, respectively. By an in situ GARFTase assay, 2 was ∼20-fold more inhibitory toward intracellular GARFTase than toward cell growth or colony formation. Compound 2 irreversibly inhibited clonogenicity, although this required at least 4 h of exposure. Our results document the potent antiproliferative activity of compound 2, attributable to its efficient cellular uptake by PCFT, resulting in inhibition of GARFTase and de novo purine biosynthesis. Furthermore, they establish the feasibility of selective chemotherapy drug delivery via PCFT over RFC, a process that takes advantage of a unique biological feature of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Kugel Desmoulin
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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