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Kovač L, Časar Z. A literature review of the patent application publications on cabotegravir - an HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:195-208. [PMID: 31944142 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1717470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Studies presented in the patent applications demonstrate that a new integrase strand transfer inhibitor cabotegravir might be used as long-acting antiretroviral formulation or delivery system that reduces dosing frequency and may therefore increase adherence and thus pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment efficacy against HIV. As announced in 2019, the developer ViiV Healthcare seeks US and EU approval of long-acting, injectable HIV treatment.Area covered: This review covers all the patent applications published until October 2019 with cabotegravir in the examples or claim section of the patent application document. The patent applications cover drug substance synthesis, solid-state forms, therapeutic applications, in vitro and in vivo efficacy as well as the potential formulations of cabotegravir alone or in combination with other anti-HIV agents.Expert opinion: The results from multiple clinical studies suggest that cabotegravir can be used as PrEP agent and treatment agent against HIV. Multiple studies use cabotegravir in combination with other anti-HIV agents such as rilpivirine. Cabotegravir in combination with rilpivirine is an interesting therapeutic, due to the possibility of formulating long-acting formulation with dosing interval of every 4 weeks or less, thus reducing daily pill burden and improving patient's compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Kovač
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Analytics Department, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zdenko Časar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Analytics Department, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Liu GN, Luo RH, Zhou Y, Zhang XJ, Li J, Yang LM, Zheng YT, Liu H. Synthesis and Anti-HIV-1 Activity Evaluation for Novel 3a,6a-Dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,6-dione Derivatives. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091198. [PMID: 27617994 PMCID: PMC6274355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new molecular constructs that resemble the critical two-metal binding pharmacophore and the halo-substituted phenyl functionality required for HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibition represents a vibrant area of research within drug discovery. As reported herein, we have modified our recently disclosed 1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-pyrrole-2,5-dione scaffolds to design 35 novel compounds with improved biological activities against HIV-1. These new compounds show single-digit micromolar antiviral potencies against HIV-1 and low toxicity. Among of them, compound 9g and 15i had potent anti-HIV-1 activities (EC50 < 5 μM) and excellent therapeutic index (TI, CC50/EC50 > 100). These two compounds have potential as lead compounds for further optimization into clinical anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Nan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Kuethe JT, Humphrey GR, Journet M, Peng Z, Childers KG. Asymmetric Synthesis of a Potent HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10256-10265. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. Kuethe
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Guy R. Humphrey
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michel Journet
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhihui Peng
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karla G. Childers
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Dehority W, Abadi J, Wiznia A, Viani RM. Use of Integrase Inhibitors in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents. Drugs 2016; 75:1483-97. [PMID: 26242765 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antiretroviral drugs is an increasingly prevalent challenge affecting both the adult and pediatric HIV-infected populations. Though data on the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of newer antiretroviral agents in children typically lags behind adult data, newer agents are becoming available for use in HIV-infected children who are failing to respond to or are experiencing toxicities with traditional antiretroviral regimens. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors are one such new class of antiretrovirals. Raltegravir has been US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in patients over the age of 4 weeks. Elvitegravir is a second member of this class, and has the potential for use in children but does not yet have a Pediatric FDA indication. Dolutegravir, a second-generation integrase inhibitor, is approved for those older than 12 years. This review summarizes the use of integrase inhibitors in children and adolescents, and highlights the results of recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Dehority
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico, MSC10 5590, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA,
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Raheem IT, Walji AM, Klein D, Sanders JM, Powell DA, Abeywickrema P, Barbe G, Bennet A, Childers K, Christensen M, Clas SD, Dubost D, Embrey M, Grobler J, Hafey MJ, Hartingh TJ, Hazuda DJ, Kuethe JT, McCabe Dunn J, Miller MD, Moore KP, Nolting A, Pajkovic N, Patel S, Peng Z, Rada V, Rearden P, Schreier JD, Sisko J, Steele TG, Truchon JF, Wai J, Xu M, Coleman PJ. Discovery of 2-Pyridinone Aminals: A Prodrug Strategy to Advance a Second Generation of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8154-65. [PMID: 26397965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The search for new molecular constructs that resemble the critical two-metal binding pharmacophore required for HIV integrase strand transfer inhibition represents a vibrant area of research within drug discovery. Here we present the discovery of a new class of HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors based on the 2-pyridinone core of MK-0536. These efforts led to the identification of two lead compounds with excellent antiviral activity and preclinical pharmacokinetic profiles to support a once-daily human dose prediction. Dose escalating PK studies in dog revealed significant issues with limited oral absorption and required an innovative prodrug strategy to enhance the high-dose plasma exposures of the parent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David A Powell
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research , Kirkland, QC Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Barbe
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research , Kirkland, QC Canada
| | | | - Karla Childers
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey T Kuethe
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065
| | - Jamie McCabe Dunn
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065
| | | | | | - Andrew Nolting
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065
| | | | | | - Zuihui Peng
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065
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