Two-dimensional optical grating produced on a poly-p-phenylene vinylene/V(2)O(5)-gel film by ultrashort pulsed laser radiation

Fabrication of channel waveguides from sol-gel-processed polyvinylpyrrolidone/ SiO(2) composite materials

Sol-gel-processed composite materials of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and SiO(2) were studied for optical waveguide applications. PVP is a polymer that can be crosslinked, so it is expected to have high thermal stability after crosslinking. However, thermal crosslinking and thermal decomposition of pure PVP take place around the same temperature, 200 °C, therefore pure PVP had a high optical propagation loss as a result of the absorption of the decomposed molecules after crosslinking. The incorporation of sol-gel-processed SiO(2) prevented the thermal decomposition of PVP and provided remarkably low optical propagation losses. The PVP/SiO(2)composite material also produced thick (>2-µm) crack-free films when the PVP concentration was 50% or higher. An optical propagation loss of 0.2 dB/cm was achieved at 633 nm in the 50% PVP/SiO(2) composite planar waveguide. Several aspects of the thermal stability of the waveguides were evaluated. The slab waveguide was then used for fabrication of channel waveguides with a selective laser-densification technique. This technique used metal lines fabricated with photolithography on the slab waveguide as a light absorbent, and these metal lines were heated by an Ar laser. The resultant channel waveguide had an optical propagation loss of 0.9 dB/ cm at 633 nm. This technique provides lower absorption loss and scattering loss compared with the direct laser-densification technique, which uses UV lasers, and produces narrow waveguides that are difficult to fabricate with a CO(2) laser.