Saturated fluorescence measurements of the hydroxyl radical in laminar high-pressure C(2)H(6)/O(2)/N(2) flames

Experimental apparatus with full optical access for combustion experiments with laminar flames from a single circular nozzle at elevated pressures

The design and features of a high pressure chamber and burner that is suitable for combustion experiments at elevated pressures are presented. The high pressure combustion apparatus utilizes a high pressure burner that is comprised of a chamber burner module and an easily accessible interchangeable burner module to add to its flexibility. The burner is well suited to study both premixed and non-premixed flames. The optical access to the chamber is provided through four viewports for direct visual observations and optical-based diagnostic techniques. Auxiliary features include numerous access ports and electrical connections and as a result, the combustion apparatus is also suitable to work with plasmas and liquid fuels. Images of methane flames at elevated pressures up to 25 atm and preliminary results of optical-based measurements demonstrate the suitability of the high pressure experimental apparatus for combustion experiments.

Simultaneous planar laser-induced incandescence, OH planar laser-induced fluorescence, and droplet Mie scattering in swirl-stabilized spray flames

Simultaneous planar laser-induced incandescence, hydroxyl radical planar laser-induced fluorescence, and droplet Mie scattering are used to study the instantaneous flame structure and soot formation process in an atmospheric pressure, swirl-stabilized, liquid-fueled, model gas-turbine combustor. Optimal excitation and detection schemes to maximize single-shot signals and avoid interferences from soot-laden flame emission are discussed. The data indicate that rich pockets of premixed fuel and air along the interface between the spray flame and the recirculation zone serve as primary sites for soot inception. Intermittent large-scale structures and local equivalence ratio are also found to play an important role in soot formation.

Spatial laser-wing suppression in saturated laser-induced fluorescence without spatial selection

Spatial wings of laser beams are of great concern in saturated laser-induced fluorescence. Their contribution to fluorescence is customarily avoided by resolution of laser peaks in the interaction volume. An alternative and versatile approach is formulated, based on the derivative of fluorescence with respect to laser intensity. It turns out that wing-free data are possible, although they are obtained from wing-dependent fluorescence. The advantages of this approach are exact centerline detection and simplicity of the experimental setup and procedure.

Optimization of CH fluorescence diagnostics in flames: range of applicability and improvements with hydrogen addition

This study quantifies the range of premixed flame conditions for which CH fluorescece diagnostics are applicable, and it shows that the CH fluorescence signal can be increased if some of the hydrocarbon fuel is replaced with hydrogen. The CH fluorescence signal is found to be adequate for fuel-air equivalence ratios (phi) as small as 0.85 for both methane-air and propane-air flames. The CH signal increases until a maximum at phi = 1.25 and phi = 1.35 for methane-air and propane-air flames, respectively, and then decreases for richer conditions. A strategy to increase the CH fluorescence signal and decrease interference from soot precursors is proposed by addition of the proper amount of hydrogen to the hydrocarbon fuel. Hydrogen addition reduces the background signal from soot precursors by as much as afactor of 10 and increases the CH fluorescence signal by as much as 80%. The normalized CH fluorescence measurements are compared with computations that utilize GRI-MECH 3.0 chemistry. Sources experimental uncertainties are discussed.

Comparisons of laser-saturated, laser-induced, and planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in a lean direct-injection spray flame

We report quantitative, spatially resolved laser-saturated fluorescence (LSF), linear laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of nitric oxide (NO) concentration in a preheated, lean direct-injection spray flame at atmospheric pressure. The spray is produced by a hollow-cone, pressure-atomized nozzle supplied with liquid heptane, and the overall equivalence ratio is unity. NO is excited by means of the Q(2)(26.5) transition of the gamma(0, 0) band. LSF and LIF detection are performed in a 2-nm region centered on the gamma(0, 1) band. PLIF detection is performed in a broad ~70-nm region with a peak transmission at 270 nm. Quantitative radial NO profiles obtained by LSF are presented and analyzed so as to correct similar LIF and PLIF profiles. Excellent agreement is achieved among the three fluorescence methodologies.

Thermally assisted fluorescence of laser-excited OH A(2)Σ(+) as a flame diagnostic tool

A simple laser-induced-fluorescence measurement technique for turbulent flame temperature and OH concentration measurement is proposed and successfully tested. The main idea is that a narrow-band tunable excimer laser beam (λ = 308 nm) is focused into a turbulent atmospheric-pressure nonpremixed flame. The OH molecule Q(1)(3) (X(2)II υ″ = 0, A(2)Σ+υ″ = 0) transition is excited. By subsequent vibrational energy transfer, the distribution in the molecules' upper electronic energy level (excited Σ(+) state) is redistributed. By evaluating the spectrum of the broadband emission from the υ' = 1 ? υ″ = 0 and υ' = 2 ? υ″ = 1 bands with a full spectral fit, we were able to evaluate the temperature and the OH molecule density. The concurrent processes of quenching, vibrational energy transfer, and rotational energy transfer were taken into account in the evaluation process. The results were compared with numerical flame calculations and revealed good agreement. One problem with this new proposed application of laser-induced fluorescence is the self-absorption of the emitted light. This, however, is shown not to be serious, but it has to be checked carefully. The main advantages are a simple experimental setup and procedure, high signal intensity, and a simple and straightforward data evaluation method. Thus this measurement technique is suitable for turbulent flame temperature and OH concentration measurement, and it is an alternative to other well-established techniques that are much more complicated.

Planar laser-induced-fluorescence imaging measurements of OH and hydrocarbon fuel fragments in high-pressure spray-flame combustion

Planar laser-induced fluorescence images of OH have been obtained in liquid-fueled spray flames burning heptane, ethanol, and methanol over a range of pressures from 0.1 to 1.0 MPa. In addition to the OH fluorescence, a nonresonant fluorescence interference that increased rapidly with pressure was detected. Examination of the spectrum of this interference indicates that it arises from hydrocarbon fuel-fragment species in the fuel-rich zones of the flame. The pressure dependence of the fluorescence signal is examined in both steady-state and time-dependent analyses, and a model for evaluation of pressure effects and quenching variations in quantitative imaging measurements in nonpremixed flame environments is presented. The results indicate that increased combustor pressure results in a rapid rise of the volume fraction of hydrocarbon fragments and a decrease in the OH volume fraction.