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Imazono T, Ukita R, Nishihara H, Sasai H, Nagano T. Performance of a flat-field grating spectrometer for tender x-ray emission spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:7770-7777. [PMID: 30462040 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.007770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A flat-field grating spectrometer for tender x-ray emission spectroscopy has been developed. The grating has been coated with an aperiodic Ni/C multilayer that improves the diffraction efficiency in the range 1-3.5 keV at a constant angle of incidence. The aperiodic layer structure originates from the topmost bilayer with a larger thickness compared to other Ni/C bilayers. The performance of the spectrometer has been evaluated by measuring characteristic x rays such as the L series emitted from a Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based thin-film solar cell specimen. It is shown that the Lα1,2 x-ray emission spectra of Cu, In, Ga, and Se can be clearly simultaneously observed in the range from 0.9 to 3.3 keV, and the linewidths are 4.9, 26.1, 4.6, and 6.1 eV, respectively, corresponding to a spectral resolution of 100-300.
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Stratton BC, Bitter M, Hill KW, Hillis DL, Hogan JT. Chapter 5: Passive Spectroscopic Diagnostics for Magnetically Confined Fusion Plasmas. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst08-a1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Stratton
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - M. Bitter
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - K. W. Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - D. L. Hillis
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - J. T. Hogan
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
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Awaki H, Kunieda H, Ishida M, Matsumoto H, Babazaki Y, Demoto T, Furuzawa A, Haba Y, Hayashi T, Iizuka R, Ishibashi K, Ishida N, Itoh M, Iwase T, Kosaka T, Kurihara D, Kuroda Y, Maeda Y, Meshino Y, Mitsuishi I, Miyata Y, Miyazawa T, Mori H, Nagano H, Namba Y, Ogasaka Y, Ogi K, Okajima T, Saji S, Shimasaki F, Sato T, Sato T, Sugita S, Suzuki Y, Tachibana K, Tachibana S, Takizawa S, Tamura K, Tawara Y, Torii T, Uesugi K, Yamashita K, Yamauchi S. Hard x-ray telescopes to be onboard ASTRO-H. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:7664-7676. [PMID: 25402988 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.007664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The new Japanese x-ray astronomy satellite, ASTRO-H, will carry two identical hard x-ray telescopes (HXTs), which cover the energy range of 5 to 80 keV. The HXT mirrors employ tightly nested, conically approximated thin-foil Wolter-I optics, and the mirror surfaces are coated with Pt/C depth-graded multilayers to enhance the hard x-ray effective area by means of Bragg reflection. The HXT comprises foils 120-450 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length, with a focal length of 12 m. To obtain a large effective area, 213 aluminum foils 0.2 mm in thickness are tightly nested confocally. The requirements for HXT are a total effective area of >300 cm2 at 30 keV and an angular resolution of <1.7' in half-power diameter (HPD). Fabrication of two HXTs has been completed, and the x-ray performance of each HXT was measured at a synchrotron radiation facility, SPring-8 BL20B2 in Japan. Angular resolutions (HPD) of 1.9' and 1.8' at 30 keV were obtained for the full telescopes of HXT-1 and HXT-2, respectively. The total effective area of the two HXTs at 30 keV is 349 cm2.
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Terauchi M, Takahashi H, Handa N, Murano T, Koike M, Kawachi T, Imazono T, Hasegawa N, Koeda M, Nagano T, Sasai H, Oue Y, Yonezawa Z, Kuramoto S. A new grating X-ray spectrometer for 2–4 keV enabling a separate observation of In-Lβ and Sn-Lα emissions of indium tin oxide. Microscopy (Oxf) 2013; 62:391-5. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfs129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ramanan N, Roy S, Lahiri D, Sharma SM, Dev BN. Ascertaining the nanocluster formation within an ion-irradiated Pt/Ni/C multi-trilayer with X-ray absorption spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:137-144. [PMID: 23254666 DOI: 10.1107/s090904951204157x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work nanoclusters formed in a Pt/Ni/C multi-trilayer by the ion-irradiated method of synthesis are characterized. In particular, an attempt to understand the role of interfaces in the synthesis is made. With this objective, ion-irradiation-induced structural changes in a Pt/Ni/C multi-trilayer using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (at the Ni K-edge) in conjunction with the X-ray standing-wave technique are investigated. The XANES analysis identifies chemical binding at pristine Ni/C and Ni/Pt interfaces, in contrast with physical adsorption at the Pt/C interface. The chemical nature of the interfaces determines their relative stability with respect to irradiation and controls the extent of metallic diffusion. The most interesting structural change, upon irradiation, is the disruption of the Pt/C interface and subsequent migration of Pt atoms towards pre-diffused Ni atoms within the C layer, leading to the formation of Ni-centered Ni-Pt bimetallic nanoclusters (with Ni:Pt = 60:40). These clusters are highly disordered beyond their nearest neighbor and find wide-scale applications as, for example, magnetic devices etc. The implications of these findings on the design goals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Ramanan
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Windt DL, Donguy S, Hailey CJ, Koglin J, Honkimaki V, Ziegler E, Christensen FE, Chen H, Harrison FA, Craig WW. W/SiC x-ray multilayers optimized for use above 100 keV. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:2415-2421. [PMID: 12737477 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new depth-graded multilayer system comprising W and SiC layers, suitable for use as hard x-ray reflective coatings operating in the energy range 100-200 keV. Grazing-incidence x-ray reflectance at E = 8 keV was used to characterize the interface widths, as well as the temporal and thermal stability in both periodic and depth-graded W/SiC structures, whereas synchrotron radiation was used to measure the hard x-ray reflectance of a depth-graded multilayer designed specifically for use in the range E approximately 150-170 keV. We have modeled the hard x-ray reflectance using newly derived optical constants, which we determined from reflectance versus incidence angle measurements also made using synchrotron radiation, in the range E = 120-180 keV. We describe our experimental investigation in detail compare the new W/SiC multilayers with both W/Si and W/B4C films that have been studied previously, and discuss the significance of these results with regard to the eventual development of a hard x-ray nuclear line telescope.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Windt
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, 550 West 120 Street, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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Berendse F, Owens SM, Serlemitsos PJ, Tueller J, Chan KW, Soong Y, Krimm H, Baumgartner WH, Ogasaka Y, Tamura K, Okajima T, Tawara Y, Yamashita K, Misaki K, Kunieda H. Production and performance of the inFOCmicroS 20-40-keV graded multilayer mirror. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:1856-1866. [PMID: 12683767 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The International Focusing Optics Collaboration for microCrab Sensitivity (InFOCmicroS) balloonborne hard x-ray telescope incorporates graded Pt/C multilayers replicated onto segmented Al foils to obtain the significant effective area at energies previously inaccessible to x-ray optics. Reflectivity measurements of individual foils demonstrate our capability to produce a mass quantity of multilayered foils with a rms roughness of 0.5 nm. The effective area of the completed mirror is 78 and 22 cm2 at 20 and 40 keV, respectively. The measured half-power diameter is 2.0 +/- 0.6 are min (90% confidence). The successful completion of this mirror demonstrates its applicability to future x-ray telescopes such as Constellation-X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Berendse
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA.
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Okajima T, Tamura K, Ogasaka Y, Haga K, Takahashi S, Ichimaru S, Kito H, Fukuda S, Goto A, Nomoto K, Satake H, Kato S, Kamata Y, Furuzawa A, Akimoto F, Yoshioka T, Kondo K, Haba Y, Tanaka T, Wada K, Hamada N, Hudaverdi M, Tawara Y, Yamashita K, Serlemitsos PJ, Soong Y, Chan KW, Owens SM, Berendse FB, Tueller J, Misaki K, Shibata R, Mori H, Itoh K, Kunieda H, Namba Y. Characterization of the supermirror hard-x-ray telescope for the InFOCmuS balloon experiment. APPLIED OPTICS 2002; 41:5417-5426. [PMID: 12211573 DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.005417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A hard-x-ray telescope is successfully produced for balloon observations by making use of depth-graded multilayers, or so-called supermirrors, with platinum-carbon (Pt/C) layer pairs. It consists of four quadrant units assembled in an optical configuration with a diameter of 40 cm and a focal length of 8 m. Each quadrant is made of 510 pieces of coaxially and confocally aligned supermirrors that significantly enhance the sensitivity in an energy range of 20-40 keV. The configuration of the telescope is similar to the x-ray telescope onboard Astro-E, but with a longer focal length. The reflectivity of supermirrors is of the order of 40% in the energy range concerned at a grazing angle of 0.2 deg. The effective area of a fully assembled telescope is 50 cm2 at 30 keV. The angular resolution is 2.37 arc min at half-power diameter 8.0 keV. The field of view is 12.6 arc min in the hard-x-ray region, depending somewhat on x-ray energies. We discuss these characteristics, taking into account the figure errors of reflectors and their optical alignment in the telescope assembly. This hard-x-ray telescope is unanimously afforded in the International Focusing Optics Collaboration for muCrab Sensitivity balloon experiment.
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Mao PH, Harrison FA, Windt DL, Christensen FE. Optimization of graded multilayer designs for astronomical X-ray telescopes. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:4766-4775. [PMID: 18323965 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.004766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We developed a systematic method for optimizing the design of depth-graded multilayers for astronomical hard-x-ray and soft-gamma-ray telescopes based on the instrument's bandpass and the field of view. We apply these methods to the design of the conical-approximation Wolter I optics employed by the balloon-borne High Energy Focusing Telescope, using W/Si as the multilayer materials. In addition, we present optimized performance calculations of mirrors, using other material pairs that are capable of extending performance to photon energies above the W K-absorption edge (69.5 keV), including Pt/C, Ni/C, Cu/Si, and Mo/Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Mao
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, MC 220-47, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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