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Javidi B, Carnicer A, Anand A, Barbastathis G, Chen W, Ferraro P, Goodman JW, Horisaki R, Khare K, Kujawinska M, Leitgeb RA, Marquet P, Nomura T, Ozcan A, Park Y, Pedrini G, Picart P, Rosen J, Saavedra G, Shaked NT, Stern A, Tajahuerce E, Tian L, Wetzstein G, Yamaguchi M. Roadmap on digital holography [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:35078-35118. [PMID: 34808951 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This Roadmap article on digital holography provides an overview of a vast array of research activities in the field of digital holography. The paper consists of a series of 25 sections from the prominent experts in digital holography presenting various aspects of the field on sensing, 3D imaging and displays, virtual and augmented reality, microscopy, cell identification, tomography, label-free live cell imaging, and other applications. Each section represents the vision of its author to describe the significant progress, potential impact, important developments, and challenging issues in the field of digital holography.
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Kaván F, Psota P, Mach M, Stašík M, Lédl V. Parameter optimization of frequency sweeping digital holography for the measurement of ground optical surfaces. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:8368-8374. [PMID: 34612935 DOI: 10.1364/ao.428163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the dependence of the precision of digital holographic methods on measurement parameters. The predominantly discussed parameters are illumination intensity and its homogeneity, surface microroughness, the influence of measurement geometry, as well as object shape, since most of them can be optimized by experimental arrangement. Frequency sweeping digital holography as well as dual-wavelength digital holography in the Fourier arrangement are tested and the results are discussed. It transpires that the methods are not very sensitive to object microroughness or overall reflectivity. Instead, it is the similarity of signal and reference waves that has the highest impact on measurement. After parameter optimization, the holographic methods can be advantageously used for ground surface measurements in optical workshops.
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Georges MP, Thizy C, Languy F, Zhao Y, Vandenrijt JF. Digital holographic interferometry and speckle interferometry applied on objects with heterogeneous reflecting properties. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:G318-G325. [PMID: 31873516 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.00g318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In digital holographic and speckle interferometry devoted to solid object displacement measurement, the reflecting properties of the object under study are of importance in designing the observation and laser illumination systems. In practical cases, the objects can show separate zones in which the surface property can simultaneously cause either scattering or specular reflectivity. We present strategies for dealing with both reflectivity types at a time in digital holographic and speckle interferometers. The scattered surface is illuminated with a point source whereas the specular one is illuminated by a diffuser. Both types of surfaces visible across the field-of-view give rise to a specific interferogram with gaps in between, which in turn are interpreted separately related to the sensitivity vector, the latter being defined differently for scattering and specular areas.
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Languy F, Vandenrijt JF, Saint-Georges P, Paquay S, De Vincenzo P, Georges MP. Space mirror deformation: from thermo-mechanical measurements by speckle interferometry to optical comparison with multiphysics simulation. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:6982-6989. [PMID: 30129587 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.006982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Experimental testing of space optics is a mandatory process for investigating the optical performances in conditions close to reality. With the optical requirement level increasing over years, these experimental tests are increasingly expensive and time-consuming. A modeling tool would therefore be an elegant solution to avoid these drawbacks. For this purpose, a multiphysics approach has been used to predict how optics behave under thermal loads. In this paper, experimental surface deformations of a space mirror perturbed by thermal gradients are compared to multiphysics simulation results. The local displacements of the mirror surface have been measured by use of electronic speckle pattern interferometry, and the deformation itself has been calculated by subtracting the rigid body motion. After validation of the thermo-mechanical solution, experimental and numerical wavefront errors are compared.
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Xi T, Di J, Guan X, Li Y, Ma C, Zhang J, Zhao J. Phase-shifting infrared digital holographic microscopy based on an all-fiber variable phase shifter. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:2686-2690. [PMID: 28375228 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.002686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phase-shifting infrared digital holographic microscopy based on a homemade all-fiber variable phase shifter is presented to quantitatively obtain the phase distribution of an object wave carrying the information of a transparent specimen in the infrared band. The all-fiber variable phase shifter, which consists of a tubular piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and a single-mode fiber, can accurately produce any phase shift between 0 and 2π by modulating the driving voltage of the tubular PZT. Taking measurements of different staircase structures on a silicon wafer as samples, two configurations are presented based on different phase-shifting implementations: one is a slight off-axis two-step phase shift and the other is an in-line four-step phase shift. The reconstructed results prove the validity of this method.
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Bianco V, Memmolo P, Paturzo M, Ferraro P. On-speckle suppression in IR digital holography. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5226-5229. [PMID: 27842099 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-IR wavelength is the best option for capturing digital holograms of large-size, real-world objects. However, the coherent noise level in a long-IR hologram is by far larger than that of a visible wavelength recording, thus resulting in a poor quality of both numerical and optical reconstructions. In this Letter, we show how such coherent noise can be efficiently suppressed by employing an optical scanning multi-look approach, in combination with 3D block matching numerical filtering. Results demonstrate the possibility to obtain near noise-free numerical reconstructions of IR digital holograms of large-size objects, while preserving resolution. We applied this method to the holograms of a rotating statuette. It will be shown that a remarkable contrast enhancement is achievable along with the recovery of object details that otherwise would be lost because of large speckle grains intrinsically due to the source coherence.
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Bianco V, Memmolo P, Paturzo M, Finizio A, Javidi B, Ferraro P. Quasi noise-free digital holography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16142. [PMID: 30167185 PMCID: PMC6059929 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the main drawbacks of Digital Holography (DH) is the coherent nature of the light source, which severely corrupts the quality of holographic reconstructions. Although numerous techniques to reduce noise in DH have provided good results, holographic noise suppression remains a challenging task. We propose a novel framework that combines the concepts of encoding multiple uncorrelated digital holograms, block grouping and collaborative filtering to achieve quasi noise-free DH reconstructions. The optimized joint action of these different image-denoising methods permits the removal of up to 98% of the noise while preserving the image contrast. The resulting quality of the hologram reconstructions is comparable to the quality achievable with non-coherent techniques and far beyond the current state of art in DH. Experimental validation is provided for both single-wavelength and multi-wavelength DH, and a comparison with the most used holographic denoising methods is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Bianco
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems ”E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Pasquale Memmolo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems ”E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
- E-mail:
| | - Melania Paturzo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems ”E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Andrea Finizio
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems ”E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Bahram Javidi
- ECE Department, University of Connecticut, U-157, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems ”E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
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Wang F, Wang D, Rong L, Wang Y, Zhao J. Stochastic dual-plane on-axis digital holographic imaging on irregular surfaces. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:3734-3739. [PMID: 27168284 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.003734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An imaging method based on dual-plane on-axis digital holography is proposed for the situation in which an object is on the irregular surface of a transparent medium. Light propagation of the object on the uneven surface of the medium is analyzed and simulated. The diffracted pattern of the object is deformed or destroyed by the refracted light of the medium. Dual-plane on-axis digital holography is used to eliminate the twin image. In order to retrieve the information lost in the reconstructed image due to destructive interference, the object is illuminated by a stochastic beam that is a speckle wave produced by a ground glass. Simulated and experimental results are presented, to demonstrate that the proposed method can be used for imaging on the irregular surface of a transparent medium.
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Remote monitoring of building oscillation modes by means of real-time Mid Infrared Digital Holography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23688. [PMID: 27032810 PMCID: PMC4817048 DOI: 10.1038/srep23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-destructive measurements of deformations are a quite common application of holography but due to the intrinsic limits in the interferometric technique, those are generally confined only to small targets and in controlled environment. Here we present an advanced technique, based on Mid Infrared Digital Holography (MIR DH), which works in outdoor conditions and provides remote and real-time information on the oscillation modes of large engineering structures. Thanks to the long wavelength of the laser radiation, large areas of buildings can be simultaneously mapped with sub-micrometric resolution in terms of their amplitude and frequency oscillation modes providing all the modal parameters vital for all the correct prevention strategies when the functionality and the health status of the structures have to be evaluated. The existing experimental techniques used to evaluate the fundamental modes of a structure are based either on seismometric sensors or on Ground-based Synthetic Aperture Radar (GbSAR). Such devices have both serious drawbacks, which prevent their application at a large scale or in the short term. We here demonstrate that the MIR DH based technique can fully overcome these limitations and has the potential to represent a breakthrough advance in the field of dynamic characterization of large structures.
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Bianco V, Paturzo M, Finizio A, Stetson KA, Ferraro P. Portable IR Laser System for Real-Time Display of Alive People in Fire Scenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1109/jdt.2014.2381366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Real-time terahertz digital holography with a quantum cascade laser. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13566. [PMID: 26315647 PMCID: PMC4551990 DOI: 10.1038/srep13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent imaging in the THz range promises to exploit the peculiar capabilities of these wavelengths to penetrate common materials like plastics, ceramics, paper or clothes with potential breakthroughs in non-destructive inspection and quality control, homeland security and biomedical applications. Up to now, however, THz coherent imaging has been limited by time-consuming raster scanning, point-like detection schemes and by the lack of adequate coherent sources. Here, we demonstrate real-time digital holography (DH) at THz frequencies exploiting the high spectral purity and the mW output power of a quantum cascade laser combined with the high sensitivity and resolution of a microbolometric array. We show that, in a one-shot exposure, phase and amplitude information of whole samples, either in reflection or in transmission, can be recorded. Furthermore, a 200 times reduced sensitivity to mechanical vibrations and a significantly enlarged field of view are observed, as compared to DH in the visible range. These properties of THz DH enable unprecedented holographic recording of real world dynamic scenes.
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Karepov S, Shaked NT, Ellenbogen T. Off-axis interferometer with adjustable fringe contrast based on polarization encoding. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2273-2276. [PMID: 26393717 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a compact, close-to-common-path, off-axis interferometric system for low polarizing samples based on a spatial polarization encoder that is placed at the Fourier plane after the output port of a conventional transmission microscope. The polarization encoder erases the sample information from one polarization state and maintains it on the orthogonal polarization state while retaining the low spatial frequencies of the sample, and thus enabling quantitative phase acquisition. In addition, the interference fringe visibility can be controlled by polarization manipulations. We demonstrate this concept experimentally by quantitative phase imaging of a USAF 1951 phase test target and human red blood cells, with optimal fringe visibility and a single-exposure phase reconstruction.
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Georges MP, Vandenrijt JF, Thizy C, Alexeenko I, Pedrini G, Vollheim B, Lopez I, Jorge I, Rochet J, Osten W. Combined holography and thermography in a single sensor through image-plane holography at thermal infrared wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:25517-25529. [PMID: 25401585 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.025517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Holographic interferometry in the thermal wavelengths range, combining a CO(2) laser and digital hologram recording with a microbolometer array based camera, allows simultaneously capturing temperature and surface shape information about objects. This is due to the fact that the holograms are affected by the thermal background emitted by objects at room temperature. We explain the setup and the processing of data which allows decoupling the two types of information. This natural data fusion can be advantageously used in a variety of nondestructive testing applications.
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Ravaro M, Locatelli M, Pugliese E, Di Leo I, Siciliani de Cumis M, D'Amato F, Poggi P, Consolino L, Meucci R, Ferraro P, De Natale P. Mid-infrared digital holography and holographic interferometry with a tunable quantum cascade laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:4843-4846. [PMID: 25121889 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.004843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared digital holography based on CO2 lasers has proven to be a powerful coherent imaging technique due to reduced sensitivity to mechanical vibrations, increased field of view, high optical power, and possible vision through scattering media, e.g., smoke. Here we demonstrate a similar and more compact holographic system based on an external cavity quantum cascade laser emitting at 8 μm. Such a setup, which includes a highly sensitive microbolometric camera, allows the acquisition of speckle holograms of scattering objects, which can be processed in real time. In addition, by exploiting the broad laser tunability, we can acquire holograms at different wavelengths, from which we extract phase images not subjected to phase wrapping, at synthetic wavelengths ranging from hundreds of micrometers to several millimeters.
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Locatelli M, Pugliese E, Paturzo M, Bianco V, Finizio A, Pelagotti A, Poggi P, Miccio L, Meucci R, Ferraro P. Imaging live humans through smoke and flames using far-infrared digital holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:5379-5390. [PMID: 23482109 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.005379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to see behind flames is a key challenge for the industrial field and particularly for the safety field. Development of new technologies to detect live people through smoke and flames in fire scenes is an extremely desirable goal since it can save human lives. The latest technologies, including equipment adopted by fire departments, use infrared bolometers for infrared digital cameras that allow users to see through smoke. However, such detectors are blinded by flame-emitted radiation. Here we show a completely different approach that makes use of lensless digital holography technology in the infrared range for successful imaging through smoke and flames. Notably, we demonstrate that digital holography with a cw laser allows the recording of dynamic human-size targets. In this work, easy detection of live, moving people is achieved through both smoke and flames, thus demonstrating the capability of digital holography at 10.6 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Locatelli
- CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-Largo E Fermi, 6 50125 Firenze, Italy
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