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Goodarzi S, Levesque JM, Merritt EC, Sauppe JP, Montgomery DS, Loomis EN, Dunkley NK, Keiter PA. A comparison of past and present computational methods for shape analysis of double-shell x-ray radiographs. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:2887930. [PMID: 37133345 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Implosion symmetry is a key requirement in achieving a robust burning plasma in inertial confinement fusion experiments. In double-shell capsule implosions, we are interested in the shape of the inner shell as it pushes on the fuel. Shape analysis is a popular technique for studying said symmetry during implosion. Combinations of filtering and contour-finding algorithms are studied for their promise in reliably recovering Legendre shape coefficients from synthetic radiographs of double-shell capsules with applied levels of noise. A radial lineout max(slope) method when used on an image pre-filtered with non-local means and a variant of the marching squares algorithm are able to recover p0, p2, and p4 maxslope Legendre shape coefficients with mean pixel discrepancy errors of 2.81 and 3.06, respectively, for the noisy synthetic radiographs we consider. This improves upon prior radial lineout methods paired with Gaussian filtering, which we show to be unreliable and whose performance is dependent on input parameters that are difficult to estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Goodarzi
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua P Sauppe
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | - Eric N Loomis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Noah K Dunkley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Paul A Keiter
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Bouffetier V, Ceurvorst L, Valdivia MP, Dorchies F, Hulin S, Goudal T, Stutman D, Casner A. Proof-of-concept Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry with a high-intensity, high-repetition-rate, laser-driven K-alpha source. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:8380-8387. [PMID: 32976425 DOI: 10.1364/ao.398839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Talbot-Lau x-ray interferometry is a grating-based phase-contrast technique, which enables measurement of refractive index changes in matter with micrometric spatial resolution. The technique has been established using a variety of hard x-ray sources, including synchrotron, free-electron lasers, and x-ray tubes, and could be used in the optical range for low-density plasmas. The tremendous development of table-top high-power lasers makes the use of high-intensity, laser-driven K-alpha sources appealing for Talbot-Lau interferometer applications in both high-energy-density plasma experiments and biological imaging. To this end, we present the first, to the best of our knowledge, feasibility study of Talbot-Lau phase-contrast imaging using a high-repetition-rate laser of moderate energy (100 mJ at a repetition rate of 10 Hz) to irradiate a copper backlighter foil. The results from up to 900 laser pulses were integrated to form interferometric images. A constant fringe contrast of 20% is demonstrated over 100 accumulations, while the signal-to-noise ratio continued to increase with the number of shots. Phase retrieval is demonstrated without prior ex-situ phase stepping. Instead, correlation matrices are used to compensate for the displacement between reference acquisition and the probing of a PMMA target rod. The steps for improved measurements with more energetic laser systems are discussed. The final results are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted outcomes, demonstrating the applicability of this diagnostic to a range of laser facilities for use across several disciplines.
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Nagel SR, Carpenter AC, Park J, Dayton MS, Bell PM, Bradley DK, Funsten BT, Hatch BW, Heerey S, Hill JM, Holder JP, Hurd ER, Macaraeg CC, Patel PB, Petre RB, Piston K, Trosseille CA, Engelhorn K, Hilsabeck TJ, Chung TM, Dymoke-Bradshaw AKL, Hares JD, Claus LD, England TD, Mitchell BB, Porter JL, Robertson G, Sanchez MO. The dilation aided single-line-of-sight x-ray camera for the National Ignition Facility: Characterization and fielding. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G125. [PMID: 30399712 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crystal x-ray imaging is frequently used in inertial confinement fusion and laser-plasma interaction applications as it has advantages compared to pinhole imaging, such as higher signal throughput, better achievable spatial resolution, and chromatic selection. However, currently used x-ray detectors are only able to obtain a single time resolved image per crystal. The dilation aided single-line-of-sight x-ray camera described here was designed for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and combines two recent diagnostic developments, the pulse dilation principle used in the dilation x-ray imager and a ns-scale multi-frame camera that uses a hold and readout circuit for each pixel. This enables multiple images to be taken from a single-line-of-sight with high spatial and temporal resolution. At the moment, the instrument can record two single-line-of-sight images with spatial and temporal resolution of 35 μm and down to 35 ps, respectively, with a planned upgrade doubling the number of images to four. Here we present the dilation aided single-line-of-sight camera for the NIF, including the x-ray characterization measurements obtained at the COMET laser, as well as the results from the initial timing shot on the NIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A C Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M S Dayton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P M Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B T Funsten
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B W Hatch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Heerey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J M Hill
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E R Hurd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C C Macaraeg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P B Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R B Petre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Piston
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C A Trosseille
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - K Engelhorn
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | - T M Chung
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A K L Dymoke-Bradshaw
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - J D Hares
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Isis Building, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - L D Claus
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T D England
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - B B Mitchell
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J L Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Robertson
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M O Sanchez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Trosseille CA, Benedetti LR, Beach MS, Boyle DT, Hargrove DR, Holder JP, Lumbard AA, Ruchonnet GW, Bradley DK. Investigating the relationship between noise transfer inside the x-ray framing cameras and their imaging ability. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G109. [PMID: 30399958 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We apply a cascaded linear model analysis to a micro-channel plate x-ray framing camera. We establish a theoretical expression of the Noise Power Spectrum (NPS) at the detector's output and assess its accuracy by comparing it to the NPS of Monte Carlo simulations of the detector's response to a uniform illumination. We also demonstrate that fitting the NPS of experimental data against a parametric model based on this expression can yield valuable information on the imaging ability of framing cameras, offering an alternative approach to the usual method employed to measure their modulation transfer functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Trosseille
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L R Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M S Beach
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D T Boyle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D R Hargrove
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Holder
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A A Lumbard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G W Ruchonnet
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Benedetti LR, Bradley DK, Khan SF, Izumi N, Ma T, Nagel SR, Pak A. Using multiple x-ray emission images of inertially confined implosions to identify spatial variations and estimate confinement volumes (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G105. [PMID: 30399720 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe two methods to analyze multiple x-ray images of a small, self-emitting object, and we apply these methods to the stagnating hotspots in inertial confinement fusion experiments. The first method, the common integrated profile, can be used to assess and quantify spatial variations in opacity. It is both a simple assessment of consistency and a sophisticated measurement of variations in a region that is otherwise difficult to observe. Second, we present a method to estimate volumes of highly asymmetric objects using multiple images of x-ray emission. The method is based on image intensities and does not require any explicit assumption of symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Robin Benedetti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Izumi
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A Pak
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Engelhorn K, Hilsabeck TJ, Kilkenny J, Morris D, Chung TM, Dymoke-Bradshaw A, Hares JD, Bell P, Bradley D, Carpenter AC, Dayton M, Nagel SR, Claus L, Porter J, Rochau G, Sanchez M, Ivancic S, Sorce C, Theobald W. Sub-nanosecond single line-of-sight (SLOS) x-ray imagers (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G123. [PMID: 30399697 DOI: 10.1063/1.5039648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of fast-gated x-ray framing cameras have been developed that are capable of capturing multiple frames along a single line-of-sight with 30 ps temporal resolution. The instruments are constructed by integrating pulse-dilation electron imaging with burst mode hybrid-complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensors. Two such instruments have been developed, characterized, and fielded at the National Ignition Facility and the OMEGA laser. These instruments are particularly suited for advanced x-ray imaging applications in Inertial Confinement Fusion and High energy density experiments. Here, we discuss the system architecture and the techniques required for tuning the instruments to achieve optimal performance. Characterization results are also presented along with planned future improvements to the design.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Engelhorn
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | - J Kilkenny
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - D Morris
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - T M Chung
- TMC2 Innovations LLC, Murrieta, California 92563, USA
| | - A Dymoke-Bradshaw
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - J D Hares
- Kentech Instruments Ltd., Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A C Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M Dayton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S R Nagel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L Claus
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J Porter
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G Rochau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - M Sanchez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S Ivancic
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - C Sorce
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - W Theobald
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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