1
|
Chen X, Chen L, Miao J, Huang X, Han X, Zheng L, Xu S, Chen J, Li L. Prognostic significance of collagen signatures in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma obtained from second-harmonic generation imaging. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:652. [PMID: 38811917 PMCID: PMC11134950 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) ranks among the deadliest types of cancer, and it will be meaningful to search for new biomarkers with prognostic value to help clinicians tailor therapeutic strategies. METHODS Here we tried to use an advanced optical imaging technique, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) combining second-harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) imaging, for the label-free detection of PDAC tissues from a cohort of 149 patients. An automated image processing method was used to extract collagen features from SHG images and the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess the prognostic value of collagen signatures. RESULTS SHG images clearly show the different characteristics of collagen fibers in tumor microenvironment. We gained eight collagen morphological features, and a Feature-score was derived for each patient by the combination of these features using ridge regression. Statistical analyses reveal that Feature-score is an independent factor, and can predict the overall survival of PDAC patients as well as provide well risk stratification. CONCLUSIONS SHG imaging technique can potentially be a tool for the accurate diagnosis of PDAC, and this optical biomarker (Feature-score) may help clinicians make more approximate treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Linying Chen
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Jikui Miao
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xingxin Huang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xiahui Han
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Liqin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Lianhuang Li
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang D, Wang C, Han Z, Zheng L, Guo W, Fu F, Qiu L, Han X, He J, Li L, Chen J. Exploration of the relationship between tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte score and histological grade in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:318. [PMID: 38454386 PMCID: PMC10921807 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The histological grade is an important factor in the prognosis of invasive breast cancer and is vital to accurately identify the histological grade and reclassify of Grade2 status in breast cancer patients. METHODS In this study, data were collected from 556 invasive breast cancer patients, and then randomly divided into training cohort (n = 335) and validation cohort (n = 221). All patients were divided into actual low risk group (Grade1) and high risk group (Grade2/3) based on traditional histological grade, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte score (TILs-score) obtained from multiphoton images, and the TILs assessment method proposed by International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group (TILs-WG) were also used to differentiate between high risk group and low risk group of histological grade in patients with invasive breast cancer. Furthermore, TILs-score was used to reclassify Grade2 (G2) into G2 /Low risk and G2/High risk. The coefficients for each TILs in the training cohort were retrieved using ridge regression and TILs-score was created based on the coefficients of the three kinds of TILs. RESULTS Statistical analysis shows that TILs-score is significantly correlated with histological grade, and is an independent predictor of histological grade (odds ratio [OR], 2.548; 95%CI, 1.648-3.941; P < 0.0001), but TILs-WG is not an independent predictive factor for grade (P > 0.05 in the univariate analysis). Moreover, the risk of G2/High risk group is higher than that of G2/Low risk group, and the survival rate of patients with G2/Low risk is similar to that of Grade1, while the survival rate of patients with G2/High risk is even worse than that of patients with G3. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that TILs-score can be used to predict the histological grade of breast cancer and potentially to guide the therapeutic management of breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyong Kang
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Breast Surgery Ward, Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Han
- Breast Surgery Ward, Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liqin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Guo
- Breast Surgery Ward, Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fangmeng Fu
- Breast Surgery Ward, Department of General Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lida Qiu
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Minjiang University, 350108, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiahui Han
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia He
- School of Science, Jimei University, 361021, Xiamen, P. R. China.
| | - Lianhuang Li
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Normal University, 350007, Fuzhou, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krylov A, Senatorov A, Gladyshev A, Yatsenko Y, Kosolapov A, Kolyadin A, Khudyakov M, Likhachev M, Bufetov I. 10-µJ-level femtosecond pulse generation in the erbium CPA fiber source with microstructured hollow-core fiber assisted delivery and nonlinear frequency conversion. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:5745-5754. [PMID: 37707192 DOI: 10.1364/ao.494799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a chirped pulse amplification (CPA) designed erbium fiber source with a hybrid high-power amplifier, which is composed of erbium-doped and erbium/ytterbium-co-doped double-clad large-mode-area fibers. Stretched pulses from the high-power amplifier with up to 21.9 µJ energy and 198.5 kHz repetition rate are dechirped in the transmission grating pair-based compressor with 73% efficiency, yielding as short as 742 fs duration with 15.8 µJ energy and ≈13M W peak power (maximum average power up to 3.14 W) at the central wavelength of 1.56 µm. Compressed pulses are coupled into microstructured negative-curvature hollow-core fibers with a single row capillary cladding and different core sizes of 34 µm and 75 µm in order to realize femtosecond pulse delivery with a diffraction-limited output beam (M 2≤1.09) and demonstrate ∼200n J Stokes pulse generation at 1712 nm via rotational SRS in pressurized hydrogen (H 2). We believe that the developed system may be a prospect for high-precision material processing and other high-energy and high-peak-power laser applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kučikas V, Werner MP, Schmitz-Rode T, Louradour F, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Two-Photon Endoscopy: State of the Art and Perspectives. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:3-17. [PMID: 34779969 PMCID: PMC9971078 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for non-destructive deep-tissue imaging modalities has led to interest in multiphoton endoscopy. In contrast to bench top systems, multiphoton endoscopy enables subcellular resolution imaging in areas not reachable before. Several groups have recently presented their development towards the goal of producing user friendly plug and play system, which could be used in biological research and, potentially, clinical applications. We first present the technological challenges, prerequisites, and solutions in two-photon endoscopic systems. Secondly, we focus on the applications already found in literature. These applications mostly serve as a quality check of the built system, but do not answer a specific biomedical research question. Therefore, in the last part, we will describe our vision on the enormous potential applicability of adult two-photon endoscopic systems in biological and clinical research. We will thus bring forward the concept that two-photon endoscopy is a sine qua non in bringing this technique to the forefront in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Kučikas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,XLIM Research Institute, Limoges University, CNRS, Limoges, France.
| | - Maximilian P Werner
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jun SW, Jang H, Kim J, Kim CS. Multiphoton excitation imaging via an actively mode-locked tunable fiber-cavity SOA laser around 800 nm. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:525-538. [PMID: 35284185 PMCID: PMC8884227 DOI: 10.1364/boe.447010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an active mode-locked tunable pulsed laser (AML-TPL) is proposed to excite picosecond pulsed light with a rapid wavelength tunability of approximately 800 nm for multiphoton microscopy. The AML-TPL is schematically based on a fiber-cavity semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) configuration to implement a robust and align-free pulsed light source with a duration of 1.6 ps, a repetition rate of 27.9271 MHz, and average output power of over 600 mW. A custom-built multiphoton imaging system was also built to demonstrate the imaging performance of the proposed AML-TPL by comparing with the commercial Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser. Two-photon excited fluorescence images were successfully acquired using a human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) stained with acridine orange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Jun
- Ground Technology Research Institute, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hansol Jang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering,
Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro
63 beon-gil, Busan, 46241, Republic of
Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jaeheung Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering,
Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro
63 beon-gil, Busan, 46241, Republic of
Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering,
Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro
63 beon-gil, Busan, 46241, Republic of
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pham T, Banerjee B, Cromey B, Mehravar S, Skovan B, Chen H, Kieu K. Feasibility of multimodal multiphoton microscopy to facilitate surgical margin assessment in pancreatic cancer. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:G1-G7. [PMID: 32749310 DOI: 10.1364/ao.391315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a common cancer with poor odds of survival for the patient, with surgical resection offering the only hope of cure. Current surgical practice is time-consuming and, due to time constraints, does not sample the whole cut surface sufficiently to check for remaining cancer. Although microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is the gold standard for microscopic evaluation, multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has emerged as an alternative tool for imaging tissue architecture and cellular morphology without labels. We explored the use of multimodal MPM for the label-free identification of normal and cancerous tissue of the pancreas in a mouse model by comparing the images to H&E microscopy. Our early studies indicate that MPM using second-harmonic generation, third-harmonic generation, and multiphoton excitation of endogenous fluorescent proteins can each contribute to the label-free analysis of the pancreatic surgical margin.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou G, Lim ZH, Qi Y, Zhou G. Single-Pixel MEMS Imaging Systems. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E219. [PMID: 32093324 PMCID: PMC7074650 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-pixel imaging technology is an attractive technology considering the increasing demand of imagers that can operate in wavelengths where traditional cameras have limited efficiency. Meanwhile, the miniaturization of imaging systems is also desired to build affordable and portable devices for field applications. Therefore, single-pixel imaging systems based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is an effective solution to develop truly miniaturized imagers, owing to their ability to integrate multiple functionalities within a small device. MEMS-based single-pixel imaging systems have mainly been explored in two research directions, namely the encoding-based approach and the scanning-based approach. The scanning method utilizes a variety of MEMS scanners to scan the target scenery and has potential applications in the biological imaging field. The encoding-based system typically employs MEMS modulators and a single-pixel detector to encode the light intensities of the scenery, and the images are constructed by harvesting the power of computational technology. This has the capability to capture non-visible images and 3D images. Thus, this review discusses the two approaches in detail, and their applications are also reviewed to evaluate the efficiency and advantages in various fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Zhou
- Micro and Nano Systems Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (G.Z.); (Z.H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Zi Heng Lim
- Micro and Nano Systems Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (G.Z.); (Z.H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yi Qi
- Micro and Nano Systems Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (G.Z.); (Z.H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Guangya Zhou
- Micro and Nano Systems Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (G.Z.); (Z.H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang L, Zhou X, Liu Q, MacAulay CE, Tang S. Miniaturized multimodal multiphoton microscope for simultaneous two-photon and three-photon imaging with a dual-wavelength Er-doped fiber laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:624-635. [PMID: 32133217 PMCID: PMC7041471 DOI: 10.1364/boe.381473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is developed to acquire both two-photon microscopy (2PM) and three-photon microscopy (3PM) signals. A dual-wavelength Er-doped fiber laser is used as the light source, which provides the fundamental pulse at 1580 nm to excite third harmonic generation (THG) and the frequency-doubled pulse at 790 nm to excite intrinsic two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG). Due to their different contrast mechanisms, the TPEF, SHG, and THG images can acquire complementary information about tissues, including cells, collagen fibers, lipids, and interfaces, all label-free. The compact MPM imaging probe is developed using miniature objective lens and a micro-electro-mechanical scanner. Furthermore, the femtosecond laser pulses are delivered by a single mode fiber and the signals are collected by a multimode fiber, which makes the miniaturized MPM directly fiber-coupled, compact, and portable. Design considerations on using the dual excitation wavelengths are discussed. Multimodal and label-free imaging by TPEF, SHG, and THG are demonstrated on biological samples. The miniaturized multimodal MPM is shown to have great potential for label-free imaging of thick and live tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qihao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Calum E. MacAulay
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Deoartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang X, Chen F, Yin T, Forsberg E, He S. Generation of high-power 780 nm femtosecond pulses by an all-polarization-maintaining Er-doped fiber amplification system. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:4492-4496. [PMID: 31251263 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.004492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 187 fs pulse laser with 2.3 W of output power at 1560 nm is built for second-harmonic generation (SHG), which is the highest average power output reported from an all-polarization-maintaining single-mode Er-doped chirped pulse amplification system. By subsequently using an MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) crystal as frequency doubler, a 183 fs pulse laser with 1.1 W output power at 778 nm is generated. Benefitting from a polarization-stable fundamental laser input and the temperature control of the PPLN crystal, the power fluctuation of the frequency doubled laser is less than 0.5% during 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, the 1.1 W output at 780 nm band is also the highest average power generated from a frequency doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chung HY, Greinert R, Kärtner FX, Chang G. Multimodal imaging platform for optical virtual skin biopsy enabled by a fiber-based two-color ultrafast laser source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:514-525. [PMID: 30800496 PMCID: PMC6377886 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multimodal label-free nonlinear optical microscopy in human skin enabled by a fiber-based two-color ultrafast source. Energetic femtosecond pulses at 775 nm and 1250 nm are simultaneously generated by an Er-fiber laser source employing frequency doubling and self-phase modulation enabled spectral selection. The integrated nonlinear optical microscope driven by such a two-color femtosecond source enables the excitation of endogenous two-photon excitation fluorescence, second-harmonic generation, and third-harmonic generation in human skin. Such a 3-channel imaging platform constitutes a powerful tool for clinical application and optical virtual skin biopsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yu Chung
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Franz X Kärtner
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Physics Department, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guoqing Chang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
MEMS Actuators for Optical Microendoscopy. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020085. [PMID: 30682852 PMCID: PMC6412441 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Growing demands for affordable, portable, and reliable optical microendoscopic imaging devices are attracting research institutes and industries to find new manufacturing methods. However, the integration of microscopic components into these subsystems is one of today's challenges in manufacturing and packaging. Together with this kind of miniaturization more and more functional parts have to be accommodated in ever smaller spaces. Therefore, solving this challenge with the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology has opened the promising opportunities in enabling a wide variety of novel optical microendoscopy to be miniaturized. MEMS fabrication technology enables abilities to apply batch fabrication methods with high-precision and to include a wide variety of optical functionalities to the optical components. As a result, MEMS technology has enabled greater accessibility to advance optical microendoscopy technology to provide high-resolution and high-performance imaging matching with traditional table-top microscopy. In this review the latest advancements of MEMS actuators for optical microendoscopy will be discussed in detail.
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang L, Zhou X, Tang S. Optimization of frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser for miniature multiphoton endoscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-12. [PMID: 30574695 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.12.126503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-doubled femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser is a low-cost and portable excitation source suitable for multiphoton endoscopy. The frequency-doubled wavelength at 780 nm is used to excite the intrinsic fluorescence signal. The frequency-doubling with a periodically poled MgO : LiNbO3 (PPLN) is integrated in the distal end of the imaging head to achieve fiber connection. The imaging speed is further improved by optimizing the excitation laser source. A 0.3-mm length of PPLN crystal is selected and the Er-doped fiber laser is manipulated to match its bandwidth with the acceptance bandwidth of the PPLN. Through this optimization, a reduced pulsewidth of 80 fs of the frequency-doubled pulse is achieved. All-fiber dispersion compensation and pulse compression by single mode fiber is conducted, which makes the fiber laser directly fiber-coupled to the imaging head. An imaging speed of 4 frames / s is demonstrated on ex vivo imaging of unstained biological tissues, which is 10 times faster than our previous study using a 1-mm-long PPLN. The results show that miniature multiphoton endoscopy using frequency-doubled Er-doped fiber laser has great potential for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Niederriter RD, Ozbay BN, Futia GL, Gibson EA, Gopinath JT. Compact diode laser source for multiphoton biological imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:315-322. [PMID: 28101420 PMCID: PMC5231301 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact, pulsed diode laser source suitable for multiphoton microscopy of biological samples. The center wavelength is 976 nm, near the peak of the two-photon cross section of common fluorescent markers such as genetically encoded green and yellow fluorescent proteins. The laser repetition rate is electrically tunable between 66.67 kHz and 10 MHz, with 2.3 ps pulse duration and peak powers >1 kW. The laser components are fiber-coupled and scalable to a compact package. We demonstrate >600 μm depth penetration in brain tissue, limited by laser power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Baris N. Ozbay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045,
USA
| | - Gregory L. Futia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045,
USA
| | - Emily A. Gibson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8607, 12700 East 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045,
USA
| | - Juliet T. Gopinath
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 390 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0390,
USA
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, 425 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0425,
USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krolopp Á, Csákányi A, Haluszka D, Csáti D, Vass L, Kolonics A, Wikonkál N, Szipőcs R. Handheld nonlinear microscope system comprising a 2 MHz repetition rate, mode-locked Yb-fiber laser for in vivo biomedical imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3531-3542. [PMID: 27699118 PMCID: PMC5030030 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel, Yb-fiber laser based, handheld 2PEF/SHG microscope imaging system is introduced. It is suitable for in vivo imaging of murine skin at an average power level as low as 5 mW at 200 kHz sampling rate. Amplified and compressed laser pulses having a spectral bandwidth of 8 to 12 nm at around 1030 nm excite the biological samples at a ~1.89 MHz repetition rate, which explains how the high quality two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) images are obtained at the average power level of a laser pointer. The scanning, imaging and detection head, which comprises a conventional microscope objective for beam focusing, has a physical length of ~180 mm owing to the custom designed imaging telescope system between the laser scanner mirrors and the entrance aperture of the microscope objective. Operation of the all-fiber, all-normal dispersion Yb-fiber ring laser oscillator is electronically controlled by a two-channel polarization controller for Q-switching free mode-locked operation. The whole nonlinear microscope imaging system has the main advantages of the low price of the fs laser applied, fiber optics flexibility, a relatively small, light-weight scanning and detection head, and a very low risk of thermal or photochemical damage of the skin samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Krolopp
- Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R & D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, P.O. Box 622, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Csákányi
- Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Haluszka
- Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Csáti
- R & D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, P.O. Box 622, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lajos Vass
- R & D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, P.O. Box 622, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kolonics
- Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R & D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, P.O. Box 622, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Wikonkál
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Szipőcs
- Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R & D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd, P.O. Box 622, H-1539 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhao Y, Sheng M, Huang L, Tang S. Design of a fiber-optic multiphoton microscopy handheld probe. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3425-3437. [PMID: 27699109 PMCID: PMC5030021 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a fiber-optic multiphoton microscopy (MPM) system with handheld probe using femtosecond fiber laser. Here we present the detailed optical design and analysis of the handheld probe. The optical systems using Lightpath 352140 and 352150 as objective lens were analyzed. A custom objective module that includes Lightpath 355392 and two customized corrective lenses was designed. Their performances were compared by wavefront error, field curvature, astigmatism, F-θ error, and tolerance in Zemax simulation. Tolerance analysis predicted the focal spot size to be 1.13, 1.19 and 0.83 µm, respectively. Lightpath 352140 and 352150 were implemented in experiment and the measured lateral resolution was 1.22 and 1.3 µm, respectively, which matched with the prediction. MPM imaging by the handheld probe were conducted on leaf, fish scale and rat tail tendon. The MPM resolution can potentially be improved by the custom objective module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Mingyu Sheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shuo Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|