1
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Iida S, Ide S, Tamura S, Tani T, Goto T, Shribak M, Maeshima K. Orientation-Independent-DIC imaging reveals that a transient rise in depletion force contributes to mitotic chromosome condensation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.11.566679. [PMID: 37986866 PMCID: PMC10659371 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Genomic information must be faithfully transmitted into two daughter cells during mitosis. To ensure the transmission process, interphase chromatin is further condensed into mitotic chromosomes. Although protein factors like condensins and topoisomerase IIα are involved in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes, the physical bases of the condensation process remain unclear. Depletion force/macromolecular crowding, an effective attractive force that arises between large structures in crowded environments around chromosomes, may contribute to the condensation process. To approach this issue, we investigated the "chromosome milieu" during mitosis of living human cells using orientation-independent-differential interference contrast (OI-DIC) module combined with a confocal laser scanning microscope, which is capable of precisely mapping optical path differences and estimating molecular densities. We found that the molecular density surrounding chromosomes increased with the progression from prometaphase to anaphase, concurring with chromosome condensation. However, the molecular density went down in telophase, when chromosome decondensation began. Changes in the molecular density around chromosomes by hypotonic or hypertonic treatment consistently altered the condensation levels of chromosomes. In vitro, native chromatin was converted into liquid droplets of chromatin in the presence of cations and a macromolecular crowder. Additional crowder made the chromatin droplets stiffer and more solid-like, with further condensation. These results suggest that a transient rise in depletion force, likely triggered by the relocation of macromolecules (proteins, RNAs and others) via nuclear envelope breakdown and also by a subsequent decrease in cell-volumes, contributes to mitotic chromosome condensation, shedding light on a new aspect of the condensation mechanism in living human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Iida
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Satoru Ide
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tamura
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Goto
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine and Department of Life and Food Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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2
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Wang X, Wang H, Wang J, Liu X, Hao H, Tan YS, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ding X, Zhao W, Wang Y, Lu Z, Liu J, Yang JKW, Tan J, Li H, Qiu CW, Hu G, Ding X. Single-shot isotropic differential interference contrast microscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2063. [PMID: 37045869 PMCID: PMC10097662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy allows high-contrast, low-phototoxicity, and label-free imaging of transparent biological objects, and has been applied in the field of cellular morphology, cell segmentation, particle tracking, optical measurement and others. Commercial DIC microscopy based on Nomarski or Wollaston prism resorts to the interference of two polarized waves with a lateral differential offset (shear) and axial phase shift (bias). However, the shear generated by these prisms is limited to the rectilinear direction, unfortunately resulting in anisotropic contrast imaging. Here we propose an ultracompact metasurface-assisted isotropic DIC (i-DIC) microscopy based on a grand original pattern of radial shear interferometry, that converts the rectilinear shear into rotationally symmetric along radial direction, enabling single-shot isotropic imaging capabilities. The i-DIC presents a complementary fusion of typical meta-optics, traditional microscopes and integrated optical system, and showcases the promising and synergetic advancements in edge detection, particle motion tracking, and label-free cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Wang
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Jinlu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xingsi Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Huijie Hao
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - You Sin Tan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - He Zhang
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Xiangyan Ding
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Weisong Zhao
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhengang Lu
- Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jiubin Tan
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Center of Ultra-Precision Optoelectronic Instrument engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
| | - Guangwei Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Xumin Ding
- Advanced Microscopy and Instrumentation Research Center, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
- Key Lab of Ultra-Precision Intelligent Instrumentation (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.
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3
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Ivanov IE, Yeh LH, Perez-Bermejo JA, Byrum JR, Kim JYS, Leonetti MD, Mehta SB. Correlative imaging of the spatio-angular dynamics of biological systems with multimodal instant polarization microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3102-3119. [PMID: 35774313 PMCID: PMC9203109 DOI: 10.1364/boe.455770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and angular organization of biological macromolecules is a key determinant, as well as informative readout, of their function. Correlative imaging of the dynamic spatio-angular architecture of cells and organelles is valuable, but remains challenging with current methods. Correlative imaging of spatio-angular dynamics requires fast polarization-, depth-, and wavelength-diverse measurement of intrinsic optical properties and fluorescent labels. We report a multimodal instant polarization microscope (miPolScope) that combines a broadband polarization-resolved detector, automation, and reconstruction algorithms to enable label-free imaging of phase, retardance, and orientation, multiplexed with fluorescence imaging of concentration, anisotropy, and orientation of molecules at diffraction-limited resolution and high speed. miPolScope enabled multimodal imaging of myofibril architecture and contractile activity of beating cardiomyocytes, cell and organelle architecture of live HEK293T and U2OS cells, and density and anisotropy of white and grey matter of mouse brain tissue across the visible spectrum. We anticipate these developments in joint quantitative imaging of density and anisotropy to enable new studies in tissue pathology, mechanobiology, and imaging-based screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E. Ivanov
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Li-Hao Yeh
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Janie R. Byrum
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James Y. S. Kim
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Shalin B. Mehta
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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4
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Zhou C, Han X, Wang Z, Sun R, Zhong W, Pedrini G, Zhong L, Lu X. Differential phase measurement based on synchronous phase shift determination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12545-12554. [PMID: 35472888 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on synchronous phase shift determination, we propose a differential phase measurement method for differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. An on-line phase shift measurement device is used to generate carrier interferograms and determine the phase shift of DIC images. Then the differential phase can be extracted with the least-squares phase-shifting algorithm. In addition to realizing on-line, dynamic, real-time, synchronous and high precision phase shift measurement, the proposed method also can reconstruct the phase of the specimen by using the phase-integral algorithm. The differential phase measurement method reveals obvious advantages in error compensation, anti-interference, and noise suppression. Both simulation analysis and experimental result demonstrate that using the proposed method, the accuracy of phase shift measurement is higher than 0.007 rad. Very accurate phase reconstructions were obtained with both polystyrene microspheres and human vascular endothelial.
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5
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Kalita R, Flanagan W, Lightley J, Kumar S, Alexandrov Y, Garcia E, Hintze M, Barkoulas M, Dunsby C, French PMW. Single-shot phase contrast microscopy using polarisation-resolved differential phase contrast. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100144. [PMID: 34390220 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust, low-cost single-shot implementation of differential phase microscopy utilising a polarisation-sensitive camera to simultaneously acquire four images from which phase contrast images can be calculated. This polarisation-resolved differential phase contrast (pDPC) microscopy technique can be easily integrated with fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Kalita
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William Flanagan
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Lightley
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Yuriy Alexandrov
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Edwin Garcia
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Hintze
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paul M W French
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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6
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Takano W, Shibata S, Hagen N, Matsuda M, Otani Y. Minimizing scattering-induced phase errors in differential interference contrast microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200280SSRR. [PMID: 33319525 PMCID: PMC7734411 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.12.123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopes allow noninvasive in vivo observation of transparent microstructures in tissue without the use of fluorescent dyes or genetic modification. We show how to modify a DIC microscope to measure the sample phase distribution accurately and in real-time even deep inside sample tissue. AIM Our aim is to improve the DIC microscope's phase measurement to remove the phase bias that occurs in the presence of strong scattering. APPROACH A quarter-wave plate was added in front of the polarization camera, allowing a modified phase calculation to incorporate all four polarization orientation angles (0 deg, 45 deg, 90 deg, and 135 deg) captured simultaneously by the polarization camera, followed by deconvolution. RESULTS We confirm that the proposed method reduces phase measurement error in the presence of scattering and demonstrate the method using in vivo imaging of a beating heart inside a medaka egg and the whole-body blood circulation in a young medaka fish. CONCLUSIONS Modifying a polarization-camera DIC microscope with a quarter-wave plate allows users to image deep inside samples without phase bias due to scattering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Takano
- Utsunomiya University, Department of Optical Engineering, Tochigi, Japan
- Utsunomiya University, Center for Optical Research and Education, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuhei Shibata
- Utsunomiya University, Center for Industry-University Innovation Support, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nathan Hagen
- Utsunomiya University, Department of Optical Engineering, Tochigi, Japan
- Utsunomiya University, Center for Optical Research and Education, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masaru Matsuda
- Utsunomiya University, Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Otani
- Utsunomiya University, Department of Optical Engineering, Tochigi, Japan
- Utsunomiya University, Center for Optical Research and Education, Tochigi, Japan
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7
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Shribak M. Using Advanced Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy for High-Resolution Mapping Two-Dimensional Phase Distribution in Cells and Tissue Structures. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:1234-1235. [PMID: 32518516 PMCID: PMC6824545 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619006901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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8
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Nishimura K, Ishiwata H, Sakuragi Y, Hayashi Y, Fukuda A, Hisatake K. Live-cell imaging of subcellular structures for quantitative evaluation of pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1777. [PMID: 30741960 PMCID: PMC6370783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have various degrees of pluripotency, which necessitates selection of PSCs with high pluripotency before their application to regenerative medicine. However, the quality control processes for PSCs are costly and time-consuming, and it is essential to develop inexpensive and less laborious selection methods for translation of PSCs into clinical applications. Here we developed an imaging system, termed Phase Distribution (PD) imaging system, which visualizes subcellular structures quantitatively in unstained and unlabeled cells. The PD image and its derived PD index reflected the mitochondrial content, enabling quantitative evaluation of the degrees of somatic cell reprogramming and PSC differentiation. Moreover, the PD index allowed unbiased grouping of PSC colonies into those with high or low pluripotency without the aid of invasive methods. Finally, the PD imaging system produced three-dimensional images of PSC colonies, providing further criteria to evaluate pluripotency of PSCs. Thus, the PD imaging system may be utilized for screening of live PSCs with potentially high pluripotency prior to more rigorous quality control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nishimura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ishiwata
- Optical Technology R&D Department 2, Optical System Development Division, Olympus Corporation, 67-4 Takakura-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0033, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakuragi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, Bioresource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Aya Fukuda
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Koji Hisatake
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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9
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Malamy J, Shribak M. An orientation-independent DIC microscope allows high resolution imaging of epithelial cell migration and wound healing in a cnidarian model. J Microsc 2018; 270:290-301. [PMID: 29345317 PMCID: PMC5980661 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cell dynamics can be difficult to study in intact animals or tissues. Here we use the medusa form of the hydrozoan Clytia hemisphaerica, which is covered with a monolayer of epithelial cells, to test the efficacy of an orientation-independent differential interference contrast microscope for in vivo imaging of wound healing. Orientation-independent differential interference contrast provides an unprecedented resolution phase image of epithelial cells closing a wound in a live, nontransgenic animal model. In particular, the orientation-independent differential interference contrast microscope equipped with a 40x/0.75NA objective lens and using the illumination light with wavelength 546 nm demonstrated a resolution of 460 nm. The repair of individual cells, the adhesion of cells to close a gap, and the concomitant contraction of these cells during closure is clearly visualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Malamy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57 Street, Chicago, IL, 60657
| | - Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The University of Chicago, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA, 02543
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10
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Imai R, Nozaki T, Tani T, Kaizu K, Hibino K, Ide S, Tamura S, Takahashi K, Shribak M, Maeshima K. Density imaging of heterochromatin in live cells using orientation-independent-DIC microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3349-3359. [PMID: 28835378 PMCID: PMC5687035 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Using orientation-independent-DIC microscopy, we revealed that the density of total materials in heterochromatin was only 1.53-fold higher than that of euchromatin, whereas the DNA density was 7.5-fold higher. This surprisingly small difference may be due to the dominance of proteins and RNAs in both chromatins, which may help create a moderate barrier to heterochromatin. In eukaryotic cells, highly condensed inactive/silenced chromatin has long been called “heterochromatin.” However, recent research suggests that such regions are in fact not fully transcriptionally silent and that there exists only a moderate access barrier to heterochromatin. To further investigate this issue, it is critical to elucidate the physical properties of heterochromatin such as its total density in live cells. Here, using orientation-independent differential interference contrast (OI-DIC) microscopy, which is capable of mapping optical path differences, we investigated the density of the total materials in pericentric foci, a representative heterochromatin model, in live mouse NIH3T3 cells. We demonstrated that the total density of heterochromatin (208 mg/ml) was only 1.53-fold higher than that of the surrounding euchromatic regions (136 mg/ml) while the DNA density of heterochromatin was 5.5- to 7.5-fold higher. We observed similar minor differences in density in typical facultative heterochromatin, the inactive human X chromosomes. This surprisingly small difference may be due to that nonnucleosomal materials (proteins/RNAs) (∼120 mg/ml) are dominant in both chromatin regions. Monte Carlo simulation suggested that nonnucleosomal materials contribute to creating a moderate access barrier to heterochromatin, allowing minimal protein access to functional regions. Our OI-DIC imaging offers new insight into the live cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Imai
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tadasu Nozaki
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Kazunari Kaizu
- Laboratory for Biochemical Simulation, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Kayo Hibino
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Satoru Ide
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tamura
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Biochemical Simulation, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Michael Shribak
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan .,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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11
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Nguyen TH, Kandel ME, Rubessa M, Wheeler MB, Popescu G. Gradient light interference microscopy for 3D imaging of unlabeled specimens. Nat Commun 2017; 8:210. [PMID: 28785013 PMCID: PMC5547102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple scattering limits the contrast in optical imaging of thick specimens. Here, we present gradient light interference microscopy (GLIM) to extract three-dimensional information from both thin and thick unlabeled specimens. GLIM exploits a special case of low-coherence interferometry to extract phase information from the specimen, which in turn can be used to measure cell mass, volume, surface area, and their evolutions in time. Because it combines multiple intensity images that correspond to controlled phase shifts between two interfering waves, gradient light interference microscopy is capable of suppressing the incoherent background due to multiple scattering. GLIM can potentially become a valuable tool for in vitro fertilization, where contrast agents and fluorophores may impact the viability of the embryo. Since GLIM is implemented as an add-on module to an existing inverted microscope, we anticipate that it will be adopted rapidly by the biological community. Challenges in biological imaging include labeling, photobleaching and phototoxicity, as well as light scattering. Here, Nguyen et al. develop a quantitative phase method that uses low-coherence interferometry for label-free 3D imaging in scattering tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan H Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mikhail E Kandel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Marcello Rubessa
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew B Wheeler
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.
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12
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Zhao F, Chen K, Dong B, Yang K, Gu Y, Fang N. Localization accuracy of gold nanoparticles in single particle orientation and rotational tracking. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:9860-9871. [PMID: 28468365 PMCID: PMC5462070 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.009860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Single Particle Orientation and Rotational Tracking (SPORT) technique, which utilizes anisotropic plasmonic gold nanorods and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, has shown potential as an effective alternative to fluorescence-based techniques to decipher rotational motions on the cellular and molecular levels. However, localizing gold nanorods from their DIC images with high accuracy and precision is more challenging than the procedures applied in fluorescence or scattering microscopy techniques due to the asymmetric DIC point spread function with bright and dark parts superimposed over a grey background. In this paper, localization accuracy and inherited uncertainties from unique DIC image patterns are elucidated with the assistance of computer simulation. These discussions provide guidance for researchers to properly evaluate their data and avoid making claims beyond the technical limits. The understanding of the intrinsic localization errors and the principle of DIC microscopy leads us to propose a new localization strategy that utilizes the experimentally-measured shear distance of the DIC microscope to improve the localization accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303,
USA
| | - Kuangcai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303,
USA
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303,
USA
| | - Kai Yang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China, 215006,
USA
| | - Yan Gu
- The Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, Massachusetts, USA 01434,
USA
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303,
USA
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13
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Shribak M, Larkin KG, Biggs D. Mapping optical path length and image enhancement using quantitative orientation-independent differential interference contrast microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:16006. [PMID: 28060991 PMCID: PMC5217741 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.1.016006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe the principles of using orientation-independent differential interference contrast (OI-DIC) microscopy for mapping optical path length (OPL). Computation of the scalar two-dimensional OPL map is based on an experimentally received map of the OPL gradient vector field. Two methods of contrast enhancement for the OPL image, which reveal hardly visible structures and organelles, are presented. The results obtained can be used for reconstruction of a volume image. We have confirmed that a standard research grade light microscope equipped with the OI-DIC and 100 × / 1.3 NA objective lens, which was not specially selected for minimum wavefront and polarization aberrations, provides OPL noise level of ? 0.5 ?? nm and lateral resolution if ? 300 ?? nm at a wavelength of 546 nm. The new technology is the next step in the development of the DIC microscopy. It can replace standard DIC prisms on existing commercial microscope systems without modification. This will allow biological researchers that already have microscopy setups to expand the performance of their systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, Unites States
| | - Kieran G. Larkin
- Nontrivialzeros Research, 22 Mitchell Street, Putney, New South Wales 2112, Australia
| | - David Biggs
- KB Imaging Solutions, 3849 Val Verde Road, Loomis, California 95650, Unites States
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14
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Tani T, Shribak M, Oldenbourg R. Living Cells and Dynamic Molecules Observed with the Polarized Light Microscope: the Legacy of Shinya Inoué. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2016; 231:85-95. [PMID: 27638697 PMCID: PMC5319827 DOI: 10.1086/689593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1948, Shinya Inoué arrived in the United States for graduate studies at Princeton. A year later he came to Woods Hole, starting a long tradition of summer research at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), which quickly became Inoué's scientific home. Primed by his Japanese mentor, Katsuma Dan, Inoué followed Dan's mantra to work with healthy, living cells, on a fundamental problem (mitosis), with a unique tool set that he refined for precise and quantitative observations (polarized light microscopy), and a fresh and brilliant mind that was unafraid of challenging current dogma. Building on this potent combination, Inoué contributed landmark observations and concepts in cell biology, including the notion that there are dynamic, fine structures inside living cells, in which molecular assemblies such as mitotic spindle fibers exist in delicate equilibrium with their molecular building blocks suspended in the cytoplasm. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Inoué and others at the MBL were instrumental in conceiving video microscopy, a groundbreaking technique which married light microscopy and electronic imaging, ushering in a revolution in how we know and what we know about living cells and the molecular mechanisms of life. Here, we recount some of Inoué's accomplishments and describe how his legacy has shaped current activities in polarized light imaging at the MBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tani
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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15
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Zinskie JA, Shribak M, Bruist MF, Aufderheide KJ, Janetopoulos C. A mechanical microcompressor for high resolution imaging of motile specimens. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:249-56. [PMID: 26192819 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain fine details in 3 dimensions (3D) over time, it is critical for motile biological specimens to be appropriately immobilized. Of the many immobilization options available, the mechanical microcompressor offers many benefits. Our device, previously described, achieves gentle flattening of a cell, allowing us to image finely detailed structures of numerous organelles and physiological processes in living cells. We have imaged protozoa and other small metazoans using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, orientation-independent (OI) DIC, and real-time birefringence imaging using a video-enhanced polychromatic polscope. We also describe an enhancement of our previous design by engineering a new device where the coverslip mount is fashioned onto the top of the base; so the entire apparatus is accessible on top of the stage. The new location allows for easier manipulation of the mount when compressing or releasing a specimen on an inverted microscope. Using this improved design, we imaged immobilized bacteria, yeast, paramecia, and nematode worms and obtained an unprecedented view of cell and specimen details. A variety of microscopic techniques were used to obtain high resolution images of static and dynamic cellular and physiological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Zinskie
- University of the Sciences Chemistry and Biochemistry, 600 S 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michael Shribak
- Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Michael F Bruist
- University of the Sciences Chemistry and Biochemistry, 600 S 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Karl J Aufderheide
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biology, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Chris Janetopoulos
- University of the Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, 600 S 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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16
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Shribak M. Compact Orientation-Independent Differential Interference Contrast (OI-DIC) Microscope Designed for High Resolution and High Sensitivity Mapping of Optical Path and Optical Path Gradient. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:1350-1351. [PMID: 25505848 PMCID: PMC4260647 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614008484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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