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Besnard C, Marie A, Sasidharan S, Harper RA, Shelton RM, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. Synchrotron X-ray Studies of the Structural and Functional Hierarchies in Mineralised Human Dental Enamel: A State-of-the-Art Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:98. [PMID: 37185477 PMCID: PMC10137518 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hard dental tissues possess a complex hierarchical structure that is particularly evident in enamel, the most mineralised substance in the human body. Its complex and interlinked organisation at the Ångstrom (crystal lattice), nano-, micro-, and macro-scales is the result of evolutionary optimisation for mechanical and functional performance: hardness and stiffness, fracture toughness, thermal, and chemical resistance. Understanding the physical-chemical-structural relationships at each scale requires the application of appropriately sensitive and resolving probes. Synchrotron X-ray techniques offer the possibility to progress significantly beyond the capabilities of conventional laboratory instruments, i.e., X-ray diffractometers, and electron and atomic force microscopes. The last few decades have witnessed the accumulation of results obtained from X-ray scattering (diffraction), spectroscopy (including polarisation analysis), and imaging (including ptychography and tomography). The current article presents a multi-disciplinary review of nearly 40 years of discoveries and advancements, primarily pertaining to the study of enamel and its demineralisation (caries), but also linked to the investigations of other mineralised tissues such as dentine, bone, etc. The modelling approaches informed by these observations are also overviewed. The strategic aim of the present review was to identify and evaluate prospective avenues for analysing dental tissues and developing treatments and prophylaxis for improved dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Besnard
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Ali Marie
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sisini Sasidharan
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Robert A. Harper
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Richard M. Shelton
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, West Midlands, UK
| | - Alexander M. Korsunsky
- MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, Oxfordshire, UK
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Problems with Evaluation of Micro-Pore Size in Silicon Carbide Using Synchrotron X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030856. [PMID: 35160800 PMCID: PMC8836550 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We report near- and far-field computer simulations of synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast images using a micropipe in a SiC crystal as a model system. Experimental images illustrate the theoretical results. The properties of nearly perfect single crystals of silicon carbide are strongly affected by μm-sized pores even if their distribution in a crystal bulk is sparse. A non-destructive technique to reveal the pores is in-line phase-contrast imaging with synchrotron radiation. A quantitative approach to evaluating pore sizes is the use of computer simulations of phase-contrast images. It was found that near-field phase-contrast images are formed at very short distances behind a sample. We estimated these distances for tiny pores. The Fresnel zones did not provide any information on the pore size in the far-field, but a contrast value within the first Fresnel zone could be used for simulations. Finally, general problems in evaluating a micro-pore size via image analysis are discussed.
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Argunova TS, Kohn VG, Lim JH, Gudkina ZV, Nazarova ED. Computer simulations of X-ray phase-contrast images and microtomographic observation of tubules in dentin. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:462-467. [PMID: 32153285 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519016503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the problems of X-ray imaging of dentinal tubules is presented. Two main points are addressed. In the first part of this paper, the problem of computer simulating tubule images recorded in a coherent synchrotron radiation (SR) beam has been discussed. A phantom material which involved a two-dimensional lattice of the tubules with parameters similar to those of dentin was considered. By a comparative examination of two approximations, it was found that the method of phase-contrast imaging is valid if the number of tubules along the beam is less than 100. Calculated images from a lattice of 50 × 50 tubules are periodic in free space but depend strongly on the distance between the specimen and the detector. In the second part, SR microtomographic experiments with millimetre-sized dentin samples in a partially coherent beam have been described. Tomograms were reconstructed from experimental projections using a technique for incoherent radiation. The main result of this part is the three-dimensional rendering of the directions of the tubules in a volume of the samples. Generation of the directions is possible because a tomogram shows the positions of the tubules. However, a detailed tubule cross-section structure cannot be restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Argunova
- Ioffe Institute RAS, Polytekhnicheskaya St 26, 194021 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - V G Kohn
- National Research Centre `Kurchatov Institute', 1 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, Russia
| | - J H Lim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Namku, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Z V Gudkina
- Ioffe Institute RAS, Polytekhnicheskaya St 26, 194021 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - E D Nazarova
- Ioffe Institute RAS, Polytekhnicheskaya St 26, 194021 St Petersburg, Russia
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Le Cabec A, Tang NK, Ruano Rubio V, Hillson S. Nondestructive adult age at death estimation: Visualizing cementum annulations in a known age historical human assemblage using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:25-44. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
- ID19 Beamline; Structure of Materials Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility; Grenoble France
| | | | | | - Simon Hillson
- Institute of Archaeology; University College London; London United Kingdom
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Le Cabec A, Dean MC, Begun DR. Dental development and age at death of the holotype of Anapithecus hernyaki (RUD 9) using synchrotron virtual histology. J Hum Evol 2017. [PMID: 28622928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The chronology of dental development and life history of primitive catarrhines provides a crucial comparative framework for understanding the evolution of hominoids and Old World monkeys. Among the extinct groups of catarrhines are the pliopithecoids, with no known descendants. Anapithecus hernyaki is a medium-size stem catarrhine known from Austria, Hungary and Germany around 10 Ma, and represents a terminal lineage of a clade predating the divergence of hominoids and cercopithecoids, probably more than 30 Ma. In a previous study, Anapithecus was characterized as having fast dental development. Here, we used non-destructive propagation phase contrast synchrotron micro-tomography to image several dental microstructural features in the mixed mandibular dentition of RUD 9, the holotype of A. hernyaki. We estimate its age at death to be 1.9 years and describe the pattern, sequence and timing of tooth mineralization. Our results do not support any simplistic correlation between body mass and striae periodicity, since RUD 9 has a 3-day periodicity, which was previously thought unlikely based on body mass estimates in Anapithecus. We demonstrate that the teeth in RUD 9 grew even faster and initiated even earlier in development than suggested previously. Permanent first molars and the canine initiated 49 and 38 days prenatally, respectively. These results contribute to a better understanding of dental development in Anapithecus and may provide a window into the dental development of the last common ancestor of hominoids and cercopithecoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Le Cabec
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany; Beamline ID19, Structure of Materials, ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, F-38043, Grenoble, Cédex 9, France.
| | - M Christopher Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - David R Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONT M5S 3G3, Canada.
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Fatima A, Kulkarni VK, Banda NR, Agrawal AK, Singh B, Sarkar PS, Tripathi S, Shripathi T, Kashyap Y, Sinha A. Non-destructive evaluation of teeth restored with different composite resins using synchrotron based micro-imaging. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 24:119-132. [PMID: 26890899 DOI: 10.3233/xst-160530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of high resolution synchrotron micro-imaging in microdefects studies of restored dental samples. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify and compare the defects in restorations done by two different resin systems on teeth samples using synchrotron based micro-imaging techniques namely Phase Contrast Imaging (PCI) and micro-computed tomography (MCT). With this aim acquired image quality was also compared with routinely used RVG (Radiovisiograph). METHODS Crowns of human teeth samples were fractured mechanically involving only enamel and dentin, without exposure of pulp chamber and were divided into two groups depending on the restorative composite materials used. Group A samples were restored using a submicron Hybrid composite material and Group B samples were restored using a Nano-Hybrid restorative composite material. Synchrotron based PCI and MCT was performed with the aim of visualization of tooth structure, composite resin and their interface. RESULTS The quantitative and qualitative comparison of phase contrast and absorption contrast images along with MCT on the restored teeth samples shows comparatively large number of voids in Group A samples. CONCLUSIONS Quality assessment of dental restorations using synchrotron based micro-imaging suggests Nano-Hybrid resin restorations (Group B) are better than Group A.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fatima
- UGC- DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Indore (M.P.), India
| | - V K Kulkarni
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Modern Dental College, Indore (M.P.), India
| | - N R Banda
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Modern Dental College, Indore (M.P.), India
| | - A K Agrawal
- Neutron & X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - B Singh
- Neutron & X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - P S Sarkar
- Neutron & X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - S Tripathi
- UGC- DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Indore (M.P.), India
| | - T Shripathi
- UGC- DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Indore (M.P.), India
| | - Y Kashyap
- Neutron & X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, India
| | - A Sinha
- Neutron & X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Trombay, Mumbai, India
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Ullherr M, Zabler S. Correcting multi material artifacts from single material phase retrieved holo-tomograms with a simple 3D Fourier method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:32718-27. [PMID: 26699061 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.032718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a method for the removal of multi-material artifacts which occur during the application of a single material phase retrieval procedure to X-ray tomographic data sets. For the phase retrieval we chose the most common method which is the single material filter. The correction method which we describe in the following has been designed for samples consisting of three distinct materials, hence effectively two different material interfaces. Furthermore the material phase with the strongest X-ray interaction needs to show sufficient absorption in order to allow for segmenting this phase through application of a grey value threshold. If these conditions are fulfilled the method is easy to apply through post processing as is shown for the volume images of two sample types.
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Piecewise-constant-model-based interior tomography applied to dentin tubules. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2013; 2013:892451. [PMID: 23509603 PMCID: PMC3594914 DOI: 10.1155/2013/892451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dentin is a hierarchically structured biomineralized composite material, and dentin's tubules are difficult to study in situ. Nano-CT provides the requisite resolution, but the field of view typically contains only a few tubules. Using a plate-like specimen allows reconstruction of a volume containing specific tubules from a number of truncated projections typically collected over an angular range of about 140°, which is practically accessible. Classical computed tomography (CT) theory cannot exactly reconstruct an object only from truncated projections, needless to say a limited angular range. Recently, interior tomography was developed to reconstruct a region-of-interest (ROI) from truncated data in a theoretically exact fashion via the total variation (TV) minimization under the condition that the ROI is piecewise constant. In this paper, we employ a TV minimization interior tomography algorithm to reconstruct interior microstructures in dentin from truncated projections over a limited angular range. Compared to the filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstruction, our reconstruction method reduces noise and suppresses artifacts. Volume rendering confirms the merits of our method in terms of preserving the interior microstructure of the dentin specimen.
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Imaging of articular cartilage – Data matching using X-ray tomography, SEM, FIB slicing and conventional histology. Micron 2012; 43:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zabler S, Rack T, Rack A, Nelson K. Quantitative studies on inner interfaces in conical metal joints using hard x-ray inline phase contrast radiography. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:103703. [PMID: 21034094 DOI: 10.1063/1.3495966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative investigation of micrometer and submicrometer gaps between joining metal surfaces is applied to conical plug-socket connections in dental titanium implants. Microgaps of widths well beyond the resolving power of industrial x-ray systems are imaged by synchrotron phase contrast radiography. Furthermore, by using an analytical model for the relatively simple sample geometry and applying it to numerical forward simulations of the optical Fresnel propagation, we show that quantitative measurements of the microgap width down to 0.1 μm are possible. Image data recorded at the BAMline (BESSY-II light source, Germany) are presented, with the resolving power of the imaging system being 4 μm in absorption mode and ∼14 μm in phase contrast mode (z(2)=0.74 m). Thus, phase contrast radiography, combined with numerical forward simulations, is capable of measuring the widths of gaps that are two orders of magnitude thinner than the conventional detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zabler
- Institute for Materials Science, Technical University of Berlin, EB 13, Strasse des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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Almer JD, Stock SR. High energy X-ray scattering quantification of in situ-loading-related strain gradients spanning the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) in bovine tooth specimens. J Biomech 2010; 43:2294-300. [PMID: 20541209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High energy X-ray scattering (80.7keV photons) at station 1-ID of the Advanced Photon Source quantified internal strains as a function of applied stress in mature bovine tooth. These strains were mapped from dentin through the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) into enamel as a function of applied compressive stress in two small parallelepiped specimens. One specimen was loaded perpendicular to the DEJ and the second parallel to the DEJ. Internal strains in enamel and dentin increased and, as expected from the relative values of the Young's modulus, the observed strains were much higher in dentin than in enamel. Large strain gradients were observed across the DEJ, and the data suggest that the mantle dentin-DEJ-aprismatic enamel structure may shield the near-surface volume of the enamel from large strains. In the enamel, drops in internal strain for applied stresses above 40MPa also suggest that this structure had cracked.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Almer
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
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Rack A, Rack T, Stiller M, Riesemeier H, Zabler S, Nelson K. In vitro synchrotron-based radiography of micro-gap formation at the implant-abutment interface of two-piece dental implants. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2010; 17:289-94. [PMID: 20157285 PMCID: PMC2823585 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049510001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Micro-gap formation at the implant-abutment interface of two-piece dental implants was investigated in vitro using high-resolution radiography in combination with hard X-ray synchrotron radiation. Images were taken with the specimen under different mechanical loads of up to 100 N. The aim of this investigation was to prove the existence of micro-gaps for implants with conical connections as well as to study the mechanical behavior of the mating zone of conical implants during loading. Synchrotron-based radiography in comparison with classical laboratory radiography yields high spatial resolution in combination with high contrast even when exploiting micro-sized features in highly attenuating objects. The first illustration of a micro-gap which was previously indistinguishable by laboratory methods underlines that the complex micro-mechanical behavior of implants requires further in vitro investigations where synchrotron-based micro-imaging is one of the prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rack
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
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Zaslansky P, Zabler S, Fratzl P. 3D variations in human crown dentin tubule orientation: A phase-contrast microtomography study. Dent Mater 2010; 26:e1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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