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Manea-Saghin AM, Ion AE, Kajzar F, Nica S. Second order nonlinear optical properties of poled films containing azobenzenes tailored with azulen-1-yl-pyridine. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17360. [PMID: 37441403 PMCID: PMC10333621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Azo compounds, which are highly versatile molecules, have attracted a considerable attention both for their fundamental properties and for practical applications, especially in photonics. The conjugated azo-aromatic systems containing 4-(R-azulen-1-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-pyridine were investigated for their nonlinear optical properties. These molecules were embedded in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix, and the obtained guest-host systems were processed into good optical quality thin film by spin coating technique. The dipolar moments of dissolved in PMMA molecules were oriented by applying a high DC electric field at a temperature close to the polymer glass transition temperature. The second - order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of poled films were studied by the optical second harmonic generation technique (SHG). The poling kinetics, studied by in situ SHG as well as the measured second-order NLO susceptibilities of poled films are reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Manea-Saghin
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-friendly Technologies, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Polizu Street No 1, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian E. Ion
- “C. D. Nenitzescu” Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202 B, 060023, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Francois Kajzar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, Research Center for Environmental Protection and Eco-friendly Technologies, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Polizu Street No 1, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratoire de Chimie, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard, ENS-Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Simona Nica
- “C. D. Nenitzescu” Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202 B, 060023, Bucharest, Romania
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Characterization of Monte Carlo Dynamic/Kinetic Properties of Local Structure in Bond Fluctuation Model of Polymer System. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14174962. [PMID: 34501051 PMCID: PMC8433752 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of the characterization of local Monte Carlo (MC) dynamics of an equilibrium bond fluctuation model polymer matrix (BFM), in time interval typical for MC simulations of non-linear optical phenomena in host-guest systems. The study contributes to the physical picture of the dynamical aspects of quasi-binary mosaic states characterized previously in the static regime. The polymer dynamics was studied at three temperatures (below, above and close to the glass transition), using time-dependent generalization of the static parameters which characterize local free volume and local mobility of the matrix. Those parameters play the central role in the kinetic MC model of host-guest systems. The analysis was done in terms of the probability distributions of instantaneous and time-averaged local parameters. The main result is the characterization of time scales characteristic of various local structural processes. Slowing down effects close to the glass transition are clearly marked. The approach yields an elegant geometric criterion for the glass transition temperature. A simplified quantitative physical picture of the dynamics of guest molecules dispersed in BFM matrix at low temperatures offers a starting point for stochastic modeling of host-guest systems.
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Mitus AC, Saphiannikova M, Radosz W, Toshchevikov V, Pawlik G. Modeling of Nonlinear Optical Phenomena in Host-Guest Systems Using Bond Fluctuation Monte Carlo Model: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1454. [PMID: 33809785 PMCID: PMC8002275 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We review the results of Monte Carlo studies of chosen nonlinear optical effects in host-guest systems, using methods based on the bond-fluctuation model (BFM) for a polymer matrix. In particular, we simulate the inscription of various types of diffraction gratings in degenerate two wave mixing (DTWM) experiments (surface relief gratings (SRG), gratings in polymers doped with azo-dye molecules and gratings in biopolymers), poling effects (electric field poling of dipolar molecules and all-optical poling) and photomechanical effect. All these processes are characterized in terms of parameters measured in experiments, such as diffraction efficiency, nonlinear susceptibilities, density profiles or loading parameters. Local free volume in the BFM matrix, characterized by probabilistic distributions and correlation functions, displays a complex mosaic-like structure of scale-free clusters, which are thought to be responsible for heterogeneous dynamics of nonlinear optical processes. The photoinduced dynamics of single azopolymer chains, studied in two and three dimensions, displays complex sub-diffusive, diffusive and super-diffusive dynamical regimes. A directly related mathematical model of SRG inscription, based on the continuous time random walk (CTRW) formalism, is formulated and studied. Theoretical part of the review is devoted to the justification of the a priori assumptions made in the BFM modeling of photoinduced motion of the azo-polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni C. Mitus
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.M.); (W.R.)
| | - Marina Saphiannikova
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Wojciech Radosz
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.M.); (W.R.)
| | - Vladimir Toshchevikov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Grzegorz Pawlik
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.C.M.); (W.R.)
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Radosz W, Orlik R, Pawlik G, Mitus AC. On complex structure of local free volume in bond fluctuation model of polymer matrix. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pawlik G, Wysoczanski T, Mitus AC. Complex Dynamics of Photoinduced Mass Transport and Surface Relief Gratings Formation. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030352. [PMID: 30836594 PMCID: PMC6474147 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic and semi-macroscopic mechanisms responsible for photoinduced mass transport in functionalized azo-polymers are far from deeply understood. To get some insight into those mechanisms on “microscopic” scale, we studied the directed photoinduced motion of single functionalized polymer chains under various types of polarized light illumination using Monte Carlo bond fluctuation model and our kinetic Monte Carlo model for photoinduced mass transport. We found sub-diffusive, diffusive and super-diffusive regimes of the dynamics of single chains at constant illumination and mostly super-diffusive regime for directed motion in the presence of the gradient of light intensity. This regime is more enhanced for long than for short chains and it approaches the ballistic limit for very long chains. We propose a physical picture of light-driven inscription of Surface Relief Gratings (SRG) as corresponding to a dynamical coexistence of normal and anomalous diffusion in various parts of the system. A simple continuous time random walk model of SRG inscription based on this physical picture reproduced the light-driven mass transport found in experiments as well as the fine structure of SRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Pawlik
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | - Antoni C Mitus
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Vakhonina TA, Kadyrova AA, Sarvarov TM, Smirnov MA, Ivanova NV, Khamatgalimov AR, Balakina MY, Sinyashin OG. New polymethacrylic nonlinear optical materials containing multichromophores in the side chain. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Radosz W, Pawlik G, Mitus AC. Complex Dynamics of Photo-Switchable Guest Molecules in All-Optical Poling Close to the Glass Transition: Kinetic Monte Carlo Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1756-1765. [PMID: 29334735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We study theoretically the kinetics of noninteracting photoswitchable guest molecules (model azo-dye) dispersed at low concentration in host (model polymer matrix) in the all-optical poling process close to the glass transition temperature Tg. We modify kinetic Monte Carlo model used in our previous studies of nonlinear optical processes in host-guest systems. The polymer matrix is simulated using the bond-fluctuation model. The kinetics of multiple trans-cis-trans cycles is formulated in terms of transition probabilities which depend on local free volume in the matrix and its dynamics. Close to Tg, the buildup of polar order, monitored in terms of angular probability density functions, follows a power-law in time while the evolution of the nonlinear susceptibilities related to second harmonic generation effect follows the stretched-exponential law. This complex dynamics of guest molecules implies the presence of dynamic heterogeneities of the matrix in space and time which spread the complexity from the matrix to the otherwise simple dynamics of noninteracting guest molecules. A qualitative physical picture of mosaic-like states-intertwined areas of free- and hindered angular motion of guest molecules-is proposed and the role of related short and longer scales in space for the promotion of complex dynamics of guest molecules is discussed. A brief comparison of the theory to available experimental data is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Radosz
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - G Pawlik
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - A C Mitus
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Mishurov D. Characterization of the polymer nonlinear optical materials. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.15407/polymerj.37.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Tanak H, Toy M. Molecular structure, spectroscopic and quantum chemical studies on 2′-chloro-4-dimethlamino azobenzene. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roy AL, Bui C, Rau I, Kajzar F, Charleux B, Save M, Kreher D, Attias AJ. Well-defined second-order nonlinear optical polymers by controlled radical polymerization, via multifunctional macromolecular chain transfer agent: Design, synthesis, and characterizations. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kim S, Nakamura T, Yagi R, Kuwahara Y, Ogata T, Ujiie S, Kurihara S. Photo-response orientation behaviors of polyethylene imine backbone structures with azobenzene side chains. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunnam Kim
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kumamoto University; Kurokami 2-39-1 Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kumamoto University; Kurokami 2-39-1 Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Ryohei Yagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kumamoto University; Kurokami 2-39-1 Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kumamoto University; Kurokami 2-39-1 Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
- Kumamoto Institute for Photo-Electro Organics (PHOENICS); 3-11-38 Higashimachi; Higashi-ku Kumamoto 862-0901 Japan
| | - Tomonari Ogata
- Innovate Collaboration Organization; Kumamoto University; Kurokami 2-39-1 Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Seiji Ujiie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering; Oita University; Dannoharu 700 Oita 870-1192 Japan
| | - Seiji Kurihara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology; Kumamoto University; Kurokami 2-39-1 Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
- Kumamoto Institute for Photo-Electro Organics (PHOENICS); 3-11-38 Higashimachi; Higashi-ku Kumamoto 862-0901 Japan
- JST-CREST; 5 Sanbancho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0075 Japan
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Mitus AC, Pawlik G, Zyss J. On effective electric field nano-octupoling in two dimensions. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:024110. [PMID: 21766928 DOI: 10.1063/1.3605602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditions towards effective electric field poling in two dimensions (2D) of octupolar molecules which can be achieved are being addressed, based on a lattice model which mimics the basic features of poling. The model is studied using the complementary approaches of analytical methods in statistical mechanics and Monte Carlo simulations. The poling field is imparted by a system of adequately shaped cylindrical electrodes. A topologically rich structure of local and global inhomogeneous octupolar order, including octupolar vortices, is present in the system. The poling criteria are shown to vary strongly throughout the cell: in close proximity to the contact points of neighboring electrodes, a high quality local octupolar order appears at temperature T ≃ 0.1 K while octupoling in the center of the cell requires temperatures as low as 10(-4) K. The highly demanding octupoling criteria are ascribed to symmetry-driven effects which decrease the quality of the octupolar phase even in the ground state, as well as to thermal fluctuations and numerical factors at above zero temperatures. Based on our results and using plausible conjectures related to the generalization of the model, it is argued that a weak global octupolar order can be reached at liquid Helium temperatures (a few Kelvins), based on current advances in optical techniques and nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Mitus
- Institute of Physics, University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
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