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Qin Y, Cromey B, Batjargal O, Kieu K. All-fiber single-cavity dual-comb for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy based on spectral focusing. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:146-149. [PMID: 33362037 DOI: 10.1364/ol.413431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report an all-fiber free-running bidirectional dual-comb laser system for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy based on spectral focusing. The mode-locked oscillator is a bidirectional ring-cavity erbium fiber laser running at a repetition rate of ∼114MHz. One output of the bidirectional laser is wavelength-shifted from 1560 to 1060 nm via supercontinuum generation for use as the pump source. We have been able to record the Raman spectra of various samples such as polystyrene, olive oil, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and polyethylene in the C-H stretching window. We believe that this all-fiber laser design has promising potential for coherent Raman spectroscopy and also label-free imaging for a variety of practical applications.
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Mehravar S, Cromey B, Kieu K. Characterization of multiphoton microscopes by the nonlinear knife-edge technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:G219-G224. [PMID: 32749336 DOI: 10.1364/ao.391881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging submicron fluorescent microspheres are the standard method for measuring resolution in multiphoton microscopy. However, when using high-energy pulsed lasers, photobleaching and heating of the solution medium may deteriorate the images, resulting in an inaccurate resolution measurement. Moreover, due to the weak higher-order response of fluorescent microspheres, measuring three-photon resolution using three-photon fluorescence (3PEF) and third-harmonic generation (THG) signals is more difficult. In this report, we demonstrate a methodology for complete characterization of multiphoton microscopes based on second- and third-harmonic generation signals from the sharp edge of GaAs wafers. This simple methodology, which we call the nonlinear knife-edge technique, provides fast and consistent lateral and axial resolution measurement with negligible photobleaching effect on semiconductor wafers. In addition, this technique provides information on the field curvature of the imaging system, and perhaps other distortions of the imaging system, adding greater capability compared to existing techniques.
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Akhoundi F, Peyghambarian N. Single-cavity dual-wavelength all-fiber femtosecond laser for multimodal multiphoton microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2761-2767. [PMID: 32499958 PMCID: PMC7249830 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A single-cavity dual-wavelength all-fiber femtosecond laser is designed to generate 1030 nm wavelength for high resolution multiphoton imaging and 1700 nm wavelength for long penetration depth imaging. Considering two-photon and three-photon microscopy (2PM and 3PM), the proposed laser provides the single-photon wavelength equivalent to 343 nm, 515 nm, 566 nm and 850 nm, that can be employed to excite a wide variety of intrinsic fluorophores, dyes, and fluorescent proteins. Generating two excitation wavelengths from a single laser reduces the footprint and cost significantly compared to having two separate lasers. Furthermore, an all-reflective microscope is designed to eliminate the chromatic aberration while employing two excitation wavelengths. The compact all-fiber alignment-free laser design makes the overall size of the microscope appropriate for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Akhoundi
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - N. Peyghambarian
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Blanche PA, Neifeld M, Peyghambarian N. A 100,000 Scale Factor Radar Range. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17767. [PMID: 29259283 PMCID: PMC5736634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The radar cross section of an object is an important electromagnetic property that is often measured in anechoic chambers. However, for very large and complex structures such as ships or sea and land clutters, this common approach is not practical. The use of computer simulations is also not viable since it would take many years of computational time to model and predict the radar characteristics of such large objects. We have now devised a new scaling technique to overcome these difficulties, and make accurate measurements of the radar cross section of large items. In this article we demonstrate that by reducing the scale of the model by a factor 100,000, and using near infrared wavelength, the radar cross section can be determined in a tabletop setup. The accuracy of the method is compared to simulations, and an example of measurement is provided on a 1 mm highly detailed model of a ship. The advantages of this scaling approach is its versatility, and the possibility to perform fast, convenient, and inexpensive measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Blanche
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Mark Neifeld
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Nasser Peyghambarian
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Säynätjoki A, Karvonen L, Rostami H, Autere A, Mehravar S, Lombardo A, Norwood RA, Hasan T, Peyghambarian N, Lipsanen H, Kieu K, Ferrari AC, Polini M, Sun Z. Ultra-strong nonlinear optical processes and trigonal warping in MoS 2 layers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:893. [PMID: 29026087 PMCID: PMC5715017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical processes, such as harmonic generation, are of great interest for various applications, e.g., microscopy, therapy, and frequency conversion. However, high-order harmonic conversion is typically much less efficient than low-order, due to the weak intrinsic response of the higher-order nonlinear processes. Here we report ultra-strong optical nonlinearities in monolayer MoS2 (1L-MoS2): the third harmonic is 30 times stronger than the second, and the fourth is comparable to the second. The third harmonic generation efficiency for 1L-MoS2 is approximately three times higher than that for graphene, which was reported to have a large χ(3). We explain this by calculating the nonlinear response functions of 1L-MoS2 with a continuum-model Hamiltonian and quantum mechanical diagrammatic perturbation theory, highlighting the role of trigonal warping. A similar effect is expected in all other transition-metal dichalcogenides. Our results pave the way for efficient harmonic generation based on layered materials for applications such as microscopy and imaging. Harmonic generation is a nonlinear optical process occurring in a variety of materials; the higher orders generation is generally less efficient than lower orders. Here, the authors report that the third-harmonic is thirty times stronger than the second-harmonic in monolayer MoS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Säynätjoki
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland.,Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Lasse Karvonen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Habib Rostami
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, Via Morego 30, I-16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Anton Autere
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Soroush Mehravar
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Antonio Lombardo
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Robert A Norwood
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Tawfique Hasan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Nasser Peyghambarian
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland.,Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, FI-80100, Joensuu, Finland.,College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Harri Lipsanen
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Khanh Kieu
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 E University Blvd, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Marco Polini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, Via Morego 30, I-16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland.
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Sun R, Jin D, Tan F, Wei S, Hong C, Xu J, Liu J, Wang P. High-power all-fiber femtosecond chirped pulse amplification based on dispersive wave and chirped-volume Bragg grating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:22806-22812. [PMID: 27828348 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.022806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-power all-fiber-integrated femtosecond chirped pulse amplification system operating at 1064 nm, which consists of a dispersive wave source, a fiber stretcher, a series of ytterbium-doped amplifiers and a chirped volume Bragg grating (CVBG) compressor. The dispersive wave is generated by an erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser with frequency shifted to the 1 μm region in a highly nonlinear fiber. With three stages of ytterbium-doped amplification, the average output power is scaled up to 125 W. Through CVBG, the pulse duration is compressed from 525 ps to 566 fs, the average output power of 107 W with a high compression efficiency of 86% is achieved, and the measured repetition rate is 17.57 MHz, corresponding to the peak power of 10.8 MW.
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Petrasiunas MJ, Hussain MI, Canning J, Stevenson M, Kielpinski D. Picosecond 554 nm yellow-green fiber laser source with average power over 1 W. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:17716-17722. [PMID: 25089391 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.017716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a source of 554 nm pulses with 2.7 ps pulse duration and 1.41 W average power, at a repetition rate of 300 MHz. The yellow-green pulse train is generated from the second harmonic of a 1.11 μm fiber laser source in periodically-poled stoichiometric LiTaO3. A total fundamental power of 2.52 W was used, giving a conversion efficiency of 56%.
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Tsai MT, Chan MC. Simultaneous 0.8, 1.0, and 1.3 μm multispectral and common-path broadband source for optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:865-868. [PMID: 24562227 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous multispectral generation in 0.8, 1.0, and 1.3 μm wavelength ranges by efficient energy conversions of 1.0 μm wavelength femtosecond pulses through a nonlinear fiber was reported. The output spectral range of this multispectral light source was composed of 0.6-0.9 μm blue-shifted Cherenkov radiation (CR), 1.0 μm residual pump, and 1.1-1.7 μm red-shifted soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) with more than 1 mW/nm power-spectral densities. Output characteristics of the multispectral light source were then quantitatively analyzed and the central wavelengths of CR and SSFS emissions can be further easily adjusted by changing the input power into wavelength conversion fiber. Example spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of an IR card and finger skin were also performed with the demonstrated source. Due to the advantages of its simplicity, easily operated, and wavelength tunability, the reported multispectral source could be widely applicable for various spectroscopic OCT applications.
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Freudiger CW, Yang W, Holtom GR, Peyghambarian N, Xie XS, Kieu KQ. Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy with a Robust Fibre Laser Source. NATURE PHOTONICS 2014; 8:153-159. [PMID: 25313312 PMCID: PMC4193905 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman Scattering microscopy allows label-free chemical imaging and has enabled exciting applications in biology, material science, and medicine. It provides a major advantage in imaging speed over spontaneous Raman scattering and has improved image contrast and spectral fidelity compared to coherent anti-Stokes Raman. Wider adoption of the technique has, however, been hindered by the need for a costly and environmentally sensitive tunable ultra-fast dual-wavelength source. We present the development of an optimized all-fibre laser system based on the optical synchronization of two picosecond power amplifiers. To circumvent the high-frequency laser noise intrinsic to amplified fibre lasers, we have further developed a high-speed noise cancellation system based on voltage-subtraction autobalanced detection. We demonstrate uncompromised imaging performance of our fibre-laser based stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot-noise limited sensitivity and an imaging speed up to 1 frame/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W. Freudiger
- INVENIO IMAGING, Inc., Menlo Park, California 94025 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (USA)
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (USA)
| | - Gary R. Holtom
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (USA)
| | | | - X. Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (USA)
- Materials & Correspondence: Correspondence should be addressed to X. Sunny Xie (), Address: Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, U. S. A., Phone: +1-617-496-9925, Fax: +1-617-496-8709
| | - Khanh Q. Kieu
- College of Optical Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (USA)
- Materials & Correspondence: Correspondence should be addressed to X. Sunny Xie (), Address: Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, U. S. A., Phone: +1-617-496-9925, Fax: +1-617-496-8709
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Ycas G, Osterman S, Diddams SA. Generation of a 660-2100 nm laser frequency comb based on an erbium fiber laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:2199-2201. [PMID: 22739854 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.002199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a multibranch laser frequency comb based upon a 250 MHz mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser that spans more than 300 THz of bandwidth, from 660 nm to 2100 nm. Light from a mode-locked Er:fiber laser is amplified and then broadened in highly-nonlinear fiber to produce substantial power at ∼1050 nm. This light is subsequently amplified in Yb:fiber to produce 1.2 nJ, 73 fs pulses at 1040 nm. Extension of the frequency comb into the visible is achieved by supercontinuum generation from the 1040 nm light. Comb coherence is verified with cascaded f-2f interferometry and comparison to a frequency stabilized laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ycas
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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Martinez A, Yamashita S. Multi-gigahertz repetition rate passively modelocked fiber lasers using carbon nanotubes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:6155-6163. [PMID: 21451640 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.006155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for all-fiber passively mode-locked lasers with pulse repetition rates in the order of gigahertz for their potential applications in fields such as telecommunications and metrology. However, conventional mode-locked fiber lasers typically operate at fundamental repetition rates of only a few megahertz. In this paper, we report all-fiber laser operation with fundamental repetition rates of 4.24 GHz, 9.63 GHz and 19.45 GHz. This is, to date and to the best of our knowledge, the highest fundamental repetition rate reported for an all-fiber laser. The laser operation is based on the passive modelocking of a miniature all-fiber Fabry-Pérot laser (FFPL) by a carbon nanotube (CNT) saturable absorber. The key components for such device are a very high-gain Er:Yb phosphosilicate fiber and a fiber compatible saturable absorber with very small foot print and very low losses. The laser output of the three lasers was close to transform-limited with a pulsewidth of approximately 1 ps and low noise. As a demonstration of potential future applications for this laser, we also demonstrated supercontinuum generation with a longitudinal mode-spacing of 0.08 nm by launching the laser operating at 9.63 GHz into 30 m of a highly nonlinear dispersion shifted fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Martinez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Wu TH, Kieu K, Peyghambarian N, Jones RJ. Low noise erbium fiber fs frequency comb based on a tapered-fiber carbon nanotube design. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:5313-8. [PMID: 21445169 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.005313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on a low noise all-fiber erbium fs frequency comb based on a simple and robust tapered-fiber carbon nanotube (tf-CNT) design. We mitigate dominant noise sources to show that the free-running linewidth of the carrier-envelope offset frequency (fceo) can be comparable to the best reported performance to date for fiber-based frequency combs. A free-running fceo linewidth of ~20 kHz is demonstrated, corresponding to an improvement of ~30 times over previous work based on a CNT mode-locked fiber laser [Opt. Express 18, 1667 (2010)]. We also demonstrate the use of an acousto-optic modulator external to the laser cavity to stabilize fceo, enabling a 300 kHz feedback control bandwidth. The offset frequency is phase-locked with an in-loop integrated phase noise of ~0.8 rad from 10Hz to 400kHz. We show a resolution-limited linewidth of ~1 Hz, demonstrating over 90% of the carrier power within the coherent fceo signal. The results demonstrate that the relatively simple tf-CNT fiber laser design can provide a compact, robust and high-performance fs frequency comb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Wu
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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