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Ge Z, Han ZQZ, Yang F, Wang XH, Li YH, Li Y, Gao MY, Chen RH, Niu SJ, Xie MY, Zhou ZY, Shi BS. Quantum entanglement and interference at 3 μm. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7565. [PMID: 38446887 PMCID: PMC10917341 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Given the important advantages of the mid-infrared optical range (2.5 to 25 μm) for biomedical sensing, optical communications, and molecular spectroscopy, extending quantum information technology to this region is highly attractive. However, the development of mid-infrared quantum information technology is still in its infancy. Here, we report on the generation of a time-energy entangled photon pair in the mid-infrared wavelength band. By using frequency upconversion detection technology, we observe the two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel interference and demonstrate the time-energy entanglement between twin photons at 3082 nm via the Franson-type interferometer, verifying the indistinguishability and nonlocality of the photons. This work is very promising for future applications of optical quantum technology in the mid-infrared band, which will bring more opportunities in the fields of quantum communication, precision sensing, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhao-Qi-Zhi Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yin-Hai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ren-Hui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Su-Jian Niu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Meng-Yu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bao-Sen Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Murakami S, Fujimoto R, Kobayashi T, Ikuta R, Inoue A, Umeki T, Miki S, China F, Terai H, Kasahara R, Mukai T, Imoto N, Yamamoto T. Quantum frequency conversion using 4-port fiber-pigtailed PPLN module. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:29271-29279. [PMID: 37710731 DOI: 10.1364/oe.494313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion (QFC), which involves the exchange of frequency modes of photons, is a prerequisite for quantum interconnects among various quantum systems, primarily those based on telecom photonic network infrastructures. Compact and fiber-closed QFC modules are in high demand for such applications. In this paper, we report such a QFC module based on a fiber-coupled 4-port frequency converter with a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. The demonstrated QFC shifted the wavelength of a single photon from 780 to 1541 nm. The single photon was prepared via spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) with heralding photon detection, for which the cross-correlation function was 40.45 ± 0.09. The observed cross-correlation function of the photon pairs had a nonclassical value of 13.7 ± 0.4 after QFC at the maximum device efficiency of 0.73, which preserved the quantum statistical property. Such an efficient QFC module is useful for interfacing atomic systems and fiber-optic communication.
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Chen Q, Mao S, Yin Z, Yi Y, Li X, Wang A, Wang X. Compact and efficient 1064 nm up-conversion atmospheric lidar. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:23931-23943. [PMID: 37475233 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
A model was developed to simulate lidar signals and quantify the relative errors of retrieved aerosol backscattering. The results show that a 1064 nm atmospheric aerosol lidar has a small relative error, which can be attributed to the presence of a sufficient molecular signal to facilitate calibration. However, the quantum efficiency of 1064 nm photons using silicon avalanche photodiode detectors is about 2%. To improve the quantum efficiency at 1064 nm band, this study used up-conversion techniques to convert 1064-nm photons to 631-nm photons, optimizing the power of the pump laser and the operating temperature of the waveguide to enable detection at higher efficiencies, up to 18.8%. The up-conversion atmospheric lidar is designed for optimal integration and robustness with a fiber-coupled optical path and a 50 mm effective aperture telescope. This greatly improves the performance of the 1064 nm atmospheric aerosol lidar, which enables aerosol detection up to 25 km (equivalent to 8.6 km altitude) even at a single laser pulse energy of 110 µJ. Compared to silicon avalanche photodiode detectors, up-conversion single photon detectors exhibit superior performance in detecting lidar echo signals, even in the presence of strong background noise during daytime.
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Keyser CK, Raab ME, Hemmer P, Lopez-Zelaya C, Courtney TL, Timler J. Charting a course to efficient difference frequency generation in molecular-engineered liquid-core fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:15722-15735. [PMID: 37157666 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although χ(2) nonlinear optical processes, such as difference frequency generation (DFG), are often used in conjunction with fiber lasers for wavelength conversion and photon-pair generation, the monolithic fiber architecture is broken by the use of bulk crystals to access χ(2). We propose a novel solution by employing quasi-phase matching (QPM) in molecular-engineered hydrogen-free, polar-liquid core fiber (LCF). Hydrogen-free molecules offer attractive transmission in certain NIR-MIR regions and polar molecules tend to align with an externally applied electrostatic field creating a macroscopic χ e f f(2). To further increase χ e f f(2) we investigate charge transfer (CT) molecules in solution. Using numerical modeling we investigate two bromotrichloromethane based mixtures and show that the LCF has reasonably high NIR-MIR transmission and large QPM DFG electrode period. The inclusion of CT molecules has the potential to yield χ e f f(2) at least as large as has been measured in silica fiber core. Numerical modeling for the degenerate DFG case indicates that signal amplification and generation through QPM DFG can achieve nearly 90% efficiency.
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Mutter P, Mølster KM, Zukauskas A, Pasiskevicius V, Canalias C. Efficient first-order quasi-phase-matched backward second-harmonic generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1534-1537. [PMID: 36946971 DOI: 10.1364/ol.481694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate first-order quasi-phase-matched backward second-harmonic generation (BSHG) with an efficiency of 18.7%. This represents an increase by two orders of magnitude from earlier experiments employing higher-order quasi-phase-matching. The efficient BSHG is demonstrated in bulk periodically poled Rb:KTiOPO4 with a poling period of 317 nm. Using these structures, the frequency doubling in the backward direction is achieved for the fundamental wavelength of 2309 nm. Here we report on the experimental investigation of the BSHG properties such as spectral bandwidth, temperature tuning, and temperature bandwidth by employing broadband and narrowband fundamental wavelength sources. The BSHG properties are compared with those of co-propagating second harmonic generation to reveal the BSHG potential for novel applications that were proposed theoretically but have not been realized in practice so far.
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Logan AD, Shree S, Chakravarthi S, Yama N, Pederson C, Hestroffer K, Hatami F, Fu KMC. Triply-resonant sum frequency conversion with gallium phosphide ring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:1516-1531. [PMID: 36785185 DOI: 10.1364/oe.473211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quasi-phase matched, triply-resonant sum frequency conversion in 10.6-µm-diameter integrated gallium phosphide ring resonators. A small-signal, waveguide-to-waveguide power conversion efficiency of 8 ± 1.1%/mW; is measured for conversion from telecom (1536 nm) and near infrared (1117 nm) to visible (647 nm) wavelengths with an absolute power conversion efficiency of 6.3 ± 0.6%; measured at saturation pump power. For the complementary difference frequency generation process, a single photon conversion efficiency of 7.2%/mW from visible to telecom is projected for resonators with optimized coupling. Efficient conversion from visible to telecom will facilitate long-distance transmission of spin-entangled photons from solid-state emitters such as the diamond NV center, allowing long-distance entanglement for quantum networks.
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Wang S, Yao N, Fang W, Tong L. Polarization-independent photon up-conversion with a single lithium niobate waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:2817-2824. [PMID: 35209414 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose a polarization-independent up-conversion protocol for single-photon detection at telecom band with a single thin-film periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. By choosing the proper waveguide parameters, the waveguide dispersion can compensate the crystal birefringence so that quasi-phase-matching conditions for transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes can be simultaneously fulfilled with single poling period. With this scheme, randomly-polarized single photons at 1550 nm can be up-converted with a normalized conversion efficiency of 163.8%/W cm2.
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Kuo PS. Noncritical phasematching behavior in thin-film lithium niobate frequency converters. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:54-57. [PMID: 34951881 PMCID: PMC9832586 DOI: 10.1364/ol.444846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a study of noncritical phasematching behavior in thin-film, periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides. Noncritical phasematching refers to designing waveguides so that the phasematching is insensitive to variations in waveguide thickness, width, or other parameters. For waveguide thickness (the dimension with greatest nonuniformity due to fabrication), we found that phasematching sensitivity can be minimized but not eliminated. We estimate limits on the acceptable thickness variation and discuss scaling with device length for second-harmonic generation and sum-frequency generation in thin-film PPLN frequency converters.
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Zheng YX, Cui JM, Ai MZ, Qian ZH, Ye WR, Huang YF, Li CF, Guo GC. Quantum frequency conversion from ultraviolet to visible band through waveguides in a period-poled MgO:LiTaO 3 crystal. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38488-38496. [PMID: 34808901 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In research on hybrid quantum networks, visible or near-infrared frequency conversion has been realized. However, technical limitations mean that there have been few studies involving the ultraviolet band, and unfortunately the wavelengths of the rare-earth or alkaline-earth metal atoms or ions that are used widely in research on quantum information are often in the UV band. Therefore, frequency conversion of the ultraviolet band is very important. In this paper, we demonstrate a quantum frequency conversion between ultraviolet and visible wavelengths by fabricating waveguides in a period-poled MgO:LiTaO3 crystal with a laser writing system, which will be used to connect the wavelength of the dipole transition of 171Yb+ at 369.5 nm and the absorption wavelength of Eu3+ at 580 nm in a solid-state quantum memory system. An external conversion efficiency of 0.85% and a signal-to-noise ratio of greater than 500 are realized with a pumping power of 3.28 W at 1018 nm. Furthermore, we complete frequency conversion of the classical polarization state by means of a symmetric optical setup based on the fabricated waveguide, and the process fidelity of the conversion is (96.13 ± 0.021)%. This converter paves the way for constructing a hybrid quantum network and realizing a quantum router in the ultraviolet band in the future.
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Wang B, Zheng MY, Han JJ, Huang X, Xie XP, Xu F, Zhang Q, Pan JW. Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging with Picosecond Temporal Resolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:053602. [PMID: 34397248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging enables monitoring around corners and is promising for diverse applications. The resolution of transient NLOS imaging is limited to a centimeter scale, mainly by the temporal resolution of the detectors. Here, we construct an up-conversion single-photon detector with a high temporal resolution of ∼1.4 ps and a low noise count rate of 5 counts per second (cps). Notably, the detector operates at room temperature, near-infrared wavelength. Using this detector, we demonstrate high-resolution and low-noise NLOS imaging. Our system can provide a 180 μm axial resolution and a 2 mm lateral resolution, which is more than 1 order of magnitude better than that in previous experiments. These results open avenues for high-resolution NLOS imaging techniques in relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, China
| | | | - Jin-Jian Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Xie
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Feihu Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
- Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Shanghai Branch, CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Shanghai 201315, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
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Aashna P, Thyagarajan K. Cascaded frequency conversion under nonlinear stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1486-1489. [PMID: 33793467 DOI: 10.1364/ol.418085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of two simultaneous three wave mixing processes, a second harmonic generation followed by difference frequency generation, under nonlinear stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is presented. An input pump is up-converted to its second harmonic, which then gets down-converted to a signal and idler pair with frequencies lying very close to the input pump in such a manner that complete conversion from the pump to the signal and idler takes place without exciting the second harmonic under counterintuitive adiabatic passage. This process involves nonlinear STIRAP with a nonlinear dark state similar to atomic population transfers, and we bring an analogy from atomic systems to our nonlinear dynamics to linearize the problem and analytically obtain the adiabaticity condition required for complete conversion. We also show that the nonlinear STIRAP mechanism results in a large bandwidth of about 380 nm with almost complete conversion of the pump to the signal and idler.
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Lu X, Moille G, Rao A, Srinivasan K. Proposal for noise-free visible-telecom quantum frequency conversion through third-order sum and difference frequency generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:222-225. [PMID: 33448992 PMCID: PMC8645285 DOI: 10.1364/ol.412602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion (QFC) between the visible and telecom is a key to connect quantum memories in fiber-based quantum networks. Current methods for linking such widely separated frequencies, such as sum/difference frequency generation and four-wave mixing Bragg scattering, are prone to broadband noise generated by the pump laser(s). To address this issue, we propose to use third-order sum/difference frequency generation (TSFG/TDFG) for an upconversion/downconversion QFC interface. In this process, two long wavelength pump photons combine their energy and momentum to mediate frequency conversion across the large spectral gap between the visible and telecom bands, which is particularly beneficial from the noise perspective. We show that waveguide-coupled silicon nitride microring resonators can be designed for efficient QFC between 606 and 1550 nm via a 1990 nm pump through TSFG/TDFG. We simulate the device dispersion and coupling, and from the simulated parameters, estimate that the frequency conversion can be efficient (${\gt}80 \%$) at 50 mW pump power. Our results suggest that microresonator TSFG/TDFG is promising for compact, scalable, and low-power QFC across large spectral gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Lu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gregory Moille
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ashutosh Rao
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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BURENKOV IVANA, NOVIKOVA IRINA, TIKHONOVA OLGAV, POLYAKOV SERGEYV. Coherent optical processes with an all-optical atomic simulator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:330-341. [PMID: 33362117 PMCID: PMC8892941 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We show how novel photonic devices such as broadband quantum memory and efficient quantum frequency transduction can be implemented using three-wave mixing processes in a 1D array of nonlinear waveguides evanescently coupled to nearest neighbors. We do this using an analogy of an atom interacting with an external optical field using both classical and quantum models of the optical fields and adapting well-known coherent processes from atomic optics, such as electromagnetically induced transparency and stimulated Raman adiabatic passage to design. This approach allows the implementation of devices that are very difficult or impossible to implement by conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- IVAN A. BURENKOV
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - IRINA NOVIKOVA
- Department of Physics, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, USA
| | | | - SERGEY V. POLYAKOV
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Zhang K, He J, Wang J. Two-way single-photon-level frequency conversion between 852 nm and 1560 nm for connecting cesium D2 line with the telecom C-band. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:27785-27796. [PMID: 32988064 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A compact setup for two-way single-photon-level frequency conversion between 852 nm and 1560 nm has been implemented with the same periodically-poled magnesium-oxide-doped lithium niobate (PPMgO:LN) bulk crystals for connecting cesium D2 line (852 nm) to telecom C-band. By single-pass mixing a strong continuous-wave pump laser at 1878 nm and the single-photon-level periodical signal pulses in a 50-mm-long PPMgO:LN bulk crystal, the conversion efficiency of ∼ 1.7% (∼ 1.9%) for 852-nm to 1560-nm down-conversion (1560-nm to 852-nm up-conversion) have been achieved. We analyzed noise photons induced by the strong pump laser beam, including the spontaneous Raman scattering (SRS) and the spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) photons, and the photons generated in the cascaded nonlinear processes. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has been improved remarkably by using the narrow-band filters and changing polarization of the noise photons in the difference frequency generation (DFG) process. With further improvement of the conversion efficiency by employing PPMgO:LN waveguide, instead of bulk crystal, our study may provide the basics for cyclic photon conversion in quantum network.
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Yao N, Yao Q, Xie XP, Liu Y, Xu P, Fang W, Zheng MY, Fan J, Zhang Q, Tong L, Pan JW. Optimizing up-conversion single-photon detectors for quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25123-25133. [PMID: 32907041 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-performance single-photon detectors (SPDs) at 1550-nm band are critical for fiber-based quantum communications. Among many types of SPDs, the up-conversion SPDs based on periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides are of great interest. Combined with a strong pump laser, the telecom single-photons are converted into short wavelength ones and detected by silicon-based SPDs. However, due to the difficulty of precise controlling waveguide profile, the direct coupling between a single-mode fiber and the waveguide is not efficient. Here by utilizing fiber taper with proper diameter, optimal mode-matching is achieved and coupling efficiency up to 93% is measured. With an optimized design, a system detection efficiency of 36% and noise counting rate of 90 cps are realized. The maximum detection efficiency is characterized as 40% with a noise counting rate of 200 cps. Numerical simulation results indicate that our device can significantly improve the performance of QKD and extend the communication distance longer than 200 km.
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Li B, Zhang R, Wang Y, Li H, You L, Ou Z, Zhou H, Ling Y, Wang Y, Deng G, Wang Y, Song H, Qiu K, Zhou Q. Dispersion independent long-haul photon-counting optical time-domain reflectometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2640-2643. [PMID: 32356836 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photon-counting optical time-domain reflectometry (PC-OTDR) based on single photon detection is an effective scheme to attain the high spatial resolution for optical fiber fault monitoring. Currently, due to the spatial resolution of PC-OTDR being proportional to the pulse width of a laser beam, short laser pulses are essential for a high spatial resolution. However, short laser pulses have a large bandwidth, which would be widened by the dispersion of fiber, causing inevitable deterioration in the spatial resolution, especially for long-haul fiber links. In this Letter, we propose a scheme of dispersion independent PC-OTDR based on an infinite backscatter technique. Our experimental results-with more than 45 km long fiber-show that the spatial resolution of the PC-OTDR system is independent with the total dispersion of the fiber under test. Our method provides an avenue for developing long-haul PC-OTDR with high performance.
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Fan BQ, Zhang YJ, He Y, You K, Li MQ, Yu DQ, Xie H, Lei BE. Adaptive monostable stochastic resonance for processing UV absorption spectrum of nitric oxide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:9811-9822. [PMID: 32225581 DOI: 10.1364/oe.384867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy technology is used for nitric oxide (NO) detection, the background noise will directly affect the accuracy of concentration inversion, especially in low concentrations. Traditional processing methods attempt to eliminate background noise, which damages the absorption spectrum characteristics. However, stochastic resonance (SR) can utilize the noise to extract a weak characteristic signal. This paper reports a monostable stochastic resonance (MSR) model for processing an UV NO absorption spectrum. By analyzing the characteristics of UV absorption spectrum of NO, the evaluation indexes were constructed, thereby an adaptive MSR method was designed for parameter optimization. The numerical simulation confirmed the absorbance peak can be amplified and spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be in the stable range of the proposed method, when noise intensity increased. Finally, this experiment obtained a NO detection limit (3σ) of 1.456 ppm and the maximum relative deviation of concentration is 6.32% by this proposed method, which is satisfactory for processing of the UV NO absorption spectrum.
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Zhao TM, Chen Y, Yu Y, Li Q, Davanco M, Liu J. Advanced technologies for quantum photonic devices based on epitaxial quantum dots. ADVANCED QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 3:10.1002/qute.201900034. [PMID: 36452403 PMCID: PMC9706462 DOI: 10.1002/qute.201900034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum photonic devices are candidates for realizing practical quantum computers and networks. The development of integrated quantum photonic devices can greatly benefit from the ability to incorporate different types of materials with complementary, superior optical or electrical properties on a single chip. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) serve as a core element in the emerging modern photonic quantum technologies by allowing on-demand generation of single-photons and entangled photon pairs. During each excitation cycle, there is one and only one emitted photon or photon pair. QD photonic devices are on the verge of unfolding for advanced quantum technology applications. In this review, we focus on the latest significant progress of QD photonic devices. We first discuss advanced technologies in QD growth, with special attention to droplet epitaxy and site-controlled QDs. Then we overview the wavelength engineering of QDs via strain tuning and quantum frequency conversion techniques. We extend our discussion to advanced optical excitation techniques recently developed for achieving the desired emission properties of QDs. Finally, the advances in heterogeneous integration of active quantum light-emitting devices and passive integrated photonic circuits are reviewed, in the context of realizing scalable quantum information processing chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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19
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Santandrea M, Stefszky M, Silberhorn C. General framework for the analysis of imperfections in nonlinear systems. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5398-5401. [PMID: 31730067 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we derive a framework to understand the effect of imperfections on the phase-matching spectrum of a wide class of nonlinear systems. We show that this framework is applicable to many physical systems, such as waveguides or fibers. Furthermore, this treatment reveals that the product of the system length and magnitude of the imperfections completely determines the phase-matching properties of these systems, thus offering a general rule for system design. Additionally, our framework provides a simple method to compare the performance of a wide range of nonlinear systems.
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20
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Siverns JD, Hannegan J, Quraishi Q. Demonstration of slow light in rubidium vapor using single photons from a trapped ion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav4651. [PMID: 31620552 PMCID: PMC6777970 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Practical implementation of quantum networks is likely to interface different types of quantum systems. Photonically linked hybrid systems, combining unique properties of each constituent system, have typically required sources with the same photon emission wavelength. Trapped ions and neutral atoms both have compelling properties as nodes and memories in a quantum network but have never been photonically linked because of vastly different operating wavelengths. Here, we demonstrate the first interaction between neutral atoms and photons emitted from a single trapped ion. We use slow light in 87Rb vapor to delay photons originating from a trapped 138Ba+ ion by up to 13.5 ± 0.5 ns, using quantum frequency conversion to overcome the frequency difference between the ion and neutral atoms. The delay is tunable and preserves the temporal profile of the photons. This result showcases a hybrid photonic interface usable as a synchronization tool-a critical component in any future large-scale quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Siverns
- Joint Quantum Institute, IREAP, and Department of Physics, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. Hannegan
- Joint Quantum Institute, IREAP, and Department of Physics, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Q. Quraishi
- Joint Quantum Institute, IREAP, and Department of Physics, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
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21
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Kaiser F, Vergyris P, Martin A, Aktas D, De Micheli MP, Alibart O, Tanzilli S. Quantum optical frequency up-conversion for polarisation entangled qubits: towards interconnected quantum information devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:25603-25610. [PMID: 31510430 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.025603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Realising a global quantum network requires combining individual strengths of different quantum systems to perform universal tasks, notably using flying and stationary qubits. However, transferring coherently quantum information between different systems is challenging as they usually feature different properties, notably in terms of operation wavelength and wavepacket. To circumvent this problem for quantum photonics systems, we demonstrate a polarisation-preserving quantum frequency conversion device in which telecom wavelength photons are converted to the near infrared, at which a variety of quantum memories operate. Our device is essentially free of noise, which we demonstrate through near perfect single photon state transfer tomography and observation of high-fidelity entanglement after conversion. In addition, our guided-wave setup is robust, compact, and easily adaptable to other wavelengths. This approach therefore represents a major building block towards advantageously connecting quantum information systems based on light and matter.
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22
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Xie Z, Luo KH, Chang KC, Panoiu NC, Herrmann H, Silberhorn C, Wong CW. Efficient C-band single-photon upconversion with chip-scale Ti-indiffused pp-LiNbO 3 waveguides. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:5910-5915. [PMID: 31503905 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.005910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frequency upconversion for single photons at telecom wavelengths is important to simultaneously meet the different wavelength requirements for long-distance communications and quantum memories in a quantum nodal network. It also enables the detection for the telecom "flying qubit" photons with silicon-based efficient single-photon detectors with low dark count (DC) rates. Here, we demonstrate the frequency upconversion of attenuated single photons, using a low-loss titanium-indiffused periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide, pumped with a readily available erbium-doped fiber amplifier in the L-band. Internal and conversion efficiencies up to 84.4% and 49.9% have been achieved, respectively. The DC rates are suppressed down to 44 kHz at 13.9% end-to-end quantum efficiency (including full conversion and detection), enabled by our long-wavelength pump configuration and narrow 3.5-GHz bandpass filtering.
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23
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Meng L, Padhye A, Pedersen C, Ebrahim-Zadeh M, Rodrigo PJ. SHG (532 nm)-induced spontaneous parametric downconversion noise in 1064-nm-pumped IR upconversion detectors. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1670-1673. [PMID: 30933118 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a novel technique for infrared detection, frequency upconversion has been successfully deployed in many applications. However, investigations into the noise properties of upconversion detectors (UCDs) have also received considerable attention. In this Letter, to the best of our knowledge, we present a new noise source-second-harmonic generation (SHG)-induced spontaneous parametric downconversion-experimentally and theoretically shown to exist in short-wavelength-pumped UCDs. We investigate the noise properties of two UCDs based on single-pass 1064-nm-pumped periodically poled LiNbO3 bulk crystals. One UCD is designed to detect signals in the telecom band and the other in the mid-infrared regime. Our experimental demonstration and theoretical analysis reveal the basic properties of this newly discovered UCD noise source, including its dependence on crystal temperature and pump power. Furthermore, the principle behind the generation of this noise source can also be applied to other UCDs, which utilize nonlinear crystals either in waveguide form or with different bulk materials. This study may also aid in developing methods to suppress the newly identified noise in future UCD designs.
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24
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Liang L, Wang F, Sang Y, Zhou F, Xie X, Sun D, Zheng M, Liu H. Facile approach for the periodic poling of MgO-doped lithium niobate with liquid electrodes. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01748d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leakage current elimination by the SiO2 dielectric layer for high-quality periodic poling of 76.2 mm-diameter Mg:LN wafers using liquid electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyue Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Fulei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology
- Jinan
- China
| | - Xiuping Xie
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology
- Jinan
- China
- Shandong Institute of Quantum Science and Technology Co., Ltd
- Jinan
| | - Dehui Sun
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Mingyang Zheng
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology
- Jinan
- China
- Shandong Institute of Quantum Science and Technology Co., Ltd
- Jinan
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research
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25
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Flamini F, Spagnolo N, Sciarrino F. Photonic quantum information processing: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:016001. [PMID: 30421725 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aad5b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Flamini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
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26
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Esfandyarpour V, Langrock C, Fejer M. Cascaded downconversion interface to convert single-photon-level signals at 650 nm to the telecom band. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:5655-5658. [PMID: 30439918 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.005655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a device designed for two-step downconversion of single-photon-level signals at 650 nm to the 1.5-μm band with low excess noise and low required pump power as a quantum interface between matter-qubit-based nodes and low-loss photonic channels for quantum communication networks. The required pump power for this interface is around 60% of that for a comparable conventional single-pass device, which reduces the demand on the pump laser and yields a corresponding reduction in dark counts due to inelastic pump scattering. The single-photon-level signal at 649.7 nm is downconverted to the telecom band using a fiber-coupled reverse proton exchange periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide and a 2.19-μm pump laser. By testing the device in the linear regime with a classical input, we achieved 99% depletion efficiency for each stage, corresponding to an internal quantum efficiency of 63% at the optimum pump power for the complete cascaded process.
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27
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Meng L, Høgstedt L, Tidemand-Lichtenberg P, Pedersen C, Rodrigo PJ. Enhancing the detectivity of an upconversion single-photon detector by spatial filtering of upconverted parametric fluorescence. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:24712-24722. [PMID: 30469584 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.024712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to advantages of low dark-count rate, reduced dead-time, and room-temperature operation, single-photon upconversion detectors for the telecom band are gaining strong interest as an alternative to other single-photon counters. In this work, we investigate the spatial and spectral distribution of upconverted spontaneous parametric downconversion (USPDC) noise, which is the typical dominant noise source in short-wavelength-pumped single-photon upconversion detectors for 1.5 µm - 1.6 µm. Our upconversion detector relies on a bulk periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal and a 1064 nm intracavity pump system that spectrally translates the signal to the visible (~630 nm) where efficient, uncooled, and low dark-count Si based single-photon detectors operate. Experimental results show that the spectral and spatial distribution of the USPDC noise has a relatively broadband and radially modulated pattern that depends on the PPLN temperature, which is in good agreement with our numerical simulations. We also demonstrate that for narrow-linewidth 1575 nm signal photons, the dark-count rate can be significantly reduced by (1) using a phase-matched signal angle that corresponds to an upconverted output angle where the USPDC noise is at a "local minimum" and (2) applying a spatial filter (instead of an ultra-narrow bandpass filter) at the output. This simple spatial filtering technique resulted in a 14 dB dark-count rate reduction. Due to a corresponding decrease in the interaction length of the signal with the pump, the upconversion efficiency also decreased, but only with a 2.2 dB penalty.
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28
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Luo W, Weng Q, Long M, Wang P, Gong F, Fang H, Luo M, Wang W, Wang Z, Zheng D, Hu W, Chen X, Lu W. Room-Temperature Single-Photon Detector Based on Single Nanowire. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5439-5445. [PMID: 30133292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon detectors that can resolve photon number play a key role in advanced quantum information technologies. Despite significant progress in improving conventional photon-counting detectors and developing novel device concepts, single-photon detectors that are capable of distinguishing incident photon number at room temperature are still very limited. We demonstrate a room-temperature photon-number-resolving detector by integrating a field-effect transistor configuration with core/shell-like nanowires. The shell serves as a photosensitive gate, shielding negative back-gated voltage, and leads to a persistent photocurrent. At room temperature, our detector is demonstrated to identify 1, 2, and 3 photon-number states with a confidence of >82%. The detection efficiency is determined to be 23%, and the dark count rate is 1.87 × 10-3 Hz. Importantly, benefiting from the anisotropic nature of 1D nanowires, the detector shows an intrinsic photon-polarization selection, which distinguishes itself from existing intensity single-photon detectors. The unique performance for the single-photon detectors based on single nanowire demonstrates the great potential for future single-photon detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qianchun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Mingsheng Long
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Fan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
| | - Hehai Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Man Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Dingshan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
| | - Weida Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics , Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200083 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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29
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Ansari V, Donohue JM, Allgaier M, Sansoni L, Brecht B, Roslund J, Treps N, Harder G, Silberhorn C. Tomography and Purification of the Temporal-Mode Structure of Quantum Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:213601. [PMID: 29883172 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional quantum information processing promises capabilities beyond the current state of the art, but addressing individual information-carrying modes presents a significant experimental challenge. Here we demonstrate effective high-dimensional operations in the time-frequency domain of nonclassical light. We generate heralded photons with tailored temporal-mode structures through the pulse shaping of a broadband parametric down-conversion pump. We then implement a quantum pulse gate, enabled by dispersion-engineered sum-frequency generation, to project onto programmable temporal modes, reconstructing the quantum state in seven dimensions. We also manipulate the time-frequency structure by selectively removing temporal modes, explicitly demonstrating the effectiveness of engineered nonlinear processes for the mode-selective manipulation of quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ansari
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - John M Donohue
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Markus Allgaier
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Linda Sansoni
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Brecht
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Roslund
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France; 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Treps
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France; 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Georg Harder
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christine Silberhorn
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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30
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Kuo PS, Pelc JS, Langrock C, Fejer MM. Using temperature to reduce noise in quantum frequency conversion. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:2034-2037. [PMID: 29714739 PMCID: PMC6038917 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion is important in quantum networks to interface nodes operating at different wavelengths and to enable long-distance quantum communication using telecommunications wavelengths. Unfortunately, frequency conversion in actual devices is not a noise-free process. One main source of noise is spontaneous Raman scattering, which can be reduced by lowering the device operating temperature. We explore frequency conversion of 1554 nm photons to 837 nm using a 1813 nm pump in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide device. By reducing the temperature from 85°C to 40°C, we show a three-fold reduction in dark count rates, which is in good agreement with theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina S. Kuo
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jason S. Pelc
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Carsten Langrock
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M. M. Fejer
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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31
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Meng L, Fix A, Wirth M, Høgstedt L, Tidemand-Lichtenberg P, Pedersen C, Rodrigo PJ. Upconversion detector for range-resolved DIAL measurement of atmospheric CH 4. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:3850-3860. [PMID: 29475363 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.003850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a robust, compact, portable and efficient upconversion detector (UCD) for a differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system designed for range-resolved methane (CH4) atmospheric sensing. The UCD is built on an intracavity pump system that mixes a 1064 nm pump laser with the lidar backscatter signal at 1646 nm in a 25-mm long periodically poled lithium niobate crystal. The upconverted signal at 646 nm is detected by a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The UCD with a noise equivalent power around 127 fW/Hz1/2 outperforms a conventional InGaAs based avalanche photodetector when both are used for DIAL measurements. Using the UCD, CH4 DIAL measurements have been performed yielding differential absorption optical depths with relative errors of less than 11% at ranges between 3 km and 9 km.
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32
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Sua YM, Fan H, Shahverdi A, Chen JY, Huang YP. Direct Generation and Detection of Quantum Correlated Photons with 3.2 um Wavelength Spacing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17494. [PMID: 29235534 PMCID: PMC5727511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum correlated, highly non-degenerate photons can be used to synthesize disparate quantum nodes and link quantum processing over incompatible wavelengths, thereby constructing heterogeneous quantum systems for otherwise unattainable superior performance. Existing techniques for correlated photons have been concentrated in the visible and near-IR domains, with the photon pairs residing within one micron. Here, we demonstrate direct generation and detection of high-purity photon pairs at room temperature with 3.2 um wavelength spacing, one at 780 nm to match the rubidium D2 line, and the other at 3950 nm that falls in a transparent, low-scattering optical window for free space applications. The pairs are created via spontaneous parametric downconversion in a lithium niobate waveguide with specially designed geometry and periodic poling. The 780 nm photons are measured with a silicon avalanche photodiode, and the 3950 nm photons are measured with an upconversion photon detector using a similar waveguide, which attains 34% internal conversion efficiency. Quantum correlation measurement yields a high coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 54, which indicates the strong correlation with the extremely non-degenerate photon pairs. Our system bridges existing quantum technology to the challenging mid-IR regime, where unprecedented applications are expected in quantum metrology and sensing, quantum communications, medical diagnostics, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Meng Sua
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Amin Shahverdi
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jia-Yang Chen
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Huang
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Overlapping in an optical medium with nonlinear susceptibilities, lightwaves can interact, changing each other’s phase, wavelength, waveform shape, or other properties. Such nonlinear optical phenomena, discovered over a half-century ago, have led to a breadth of important applications. Applied to quantum-mechanical signals, however, these phenomena face fundamental challenges that arise from the multimodal nature of the interaction between the electromagnetic fields, such as phase noises and spontaneous Raman scattering. The quantum Zeno blockade allows strong interaction between lightwaves without physical overlap between them, thus offering a viable solution for the aforementioned challenges, as indicated in recent bulk-optics experiments. Here, we report on the observation of quantum Zeno blockade on chip, where a lightwave is modulated by another in a distinct “interaction-free” manner. For quantum applications, we also verify its operations on single-photon signals. Our results promise a scalable platform for overcoming several longstanding challenges in applied nonlinear and quantum optics, enabling manipulation and interaction of quantum signals without decoherence.
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34
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Krutyanskiy V, Meraner M, Schupp J, Lanyon BP. Polarisation-preserving photon frequency conversion from a trapped-ion-compatible wavelength to the telecom C-band. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2017; 123:228. [PMID: 32009744 PMCID: PMC6961519 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-017-6806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate polarisation-preserving frequency conversion of single-photon-level light at 854 nm, resonant with a trapped-ion transition and qubit, to the 1550-nm telecom C band. A total photon in / fiber-coupled photon out efficiency of ∼ 30% is achieved, for a free-running photon noise rate of ∼ 60 Hz. This performance would enable telecom conversion of 854 nm polarisation qubits, produced in existing trapped-ion systems, with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 1. In combination with near-future trapped-ion systems, our converter would enable the observation of entanglement between an ion and a photon that has travelled more than 100 km in optical fiber: three orders of magnitude further than the state-of-the-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Krutyanskiy
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M. Meraner
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Schupp
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B. P. Lanyon
- Institut für Quantenoptik und Quanteninformation, Technikerstrasse 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Quantum Parametric Mode Sorting: Beating the Time-Frequency Filtering. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6495. [PMID: 28747645 PMCID: PMC5529523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective detection of signal over noise is essential to measurement and signal processing. Time-frequency filtering has been the standard approach for the optimal detection of non-stationary signals. However, there is a fundamental tradeoff between the signal detection efficiency and the amount of undesirable noise detected simultaneously, which restricts its uses under weak signal yet strong noise conditions. Here, we demonstrate quantum parametric mode sorting based on nonlinear optics at the edge of phase matching to improve the tradeoff. By tailoring the nonlinear process in a commercial lithium-niobate waveguide through optical arbitrary waveform generation, we demonstrate highly selective detection of picosecond signals overlapping temporally and spectrally but in orthogonal time-frequency modes as well as against broadband noise, with performance well exceeding the theoretical limit of the optimized time-frequency filtering. We also verify that our device does not introduce any significant quantum noise to the detected signal and demonstrate faithful detection of pico-second single photons. Together, these results point to unexplored opportunities in measurement and signal processing under challenging conditions, such as photon-starving quantum applications.
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Ma F, Zheng MY, Yao Q, Xie XP, Zhang Q, Pan JW. 1.064-μm-band up-conversion single-photon detector. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:14558-14564. [PMID: 28789041 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.014558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Based on the technique of periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide, up-conversion single-photon detection at 1.064-μm is demonstrated. We have achieved a system photon detection efficiency of 32.5% with a very low noise count rate of 45 counts per second by pumping with a 1.55-μm-band single frequency laser using the long-wavelength pumping technique and exploiting volume Bragg grating as a narrow band filter. Replacing the volume Bragg grating with a combination of adequate dielectric filters, a detection efficiency of up to 38% with a noise count rate of 700 counts per second is achieved, making the overall system stable and practical. The up-conversion single-photon detector operating at 1.064 μm can be a promising robust counter and find usage in many fields.
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Kobayashi T, Yamazaki D, Matsuki K, Ikuta R, Miki S, Yamashita T, Terai H, Yamamoto T, Koashi M, Imoto N. Mach-Zehnder interferometer using frequency-domain beamsplitter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12052-12060. [PMID: 28788758 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a first-order interference between coherent light at 1580 nm and 795 nm by using a frequency-domain Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The MZI is implemented by two frequency-domain BSs based on a second-order nonlinear optical effect in a periodically-poled lithium niobate waveguide with a strong pump light. The observed visibility is over 0.99 at 50% conversion efficiencies of the BSs. Toward photonic quantum information processing, sufficiently small background photon rate is necessary. From measurement results with a superconducting single photon detector (SSPD), we discuss the feasibility of the frequency-domain MZI in a quantum regime. Our estimation shows that the single photon interference with the visibility above 0.9 is feasible with practical settings.
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Demur R, Grisard A, Morvan L, Lallier E, Treps N, Fabre C. High sensitivity narrowband wavelength mid-infrared detection at room temperature. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2006-2009. [PMID: 28504735 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report an upconversion experiment using an orientation-patterned gallium arsenide (OP-GaAs) crystal to detect small mid-infrared signals on an InGaAs avalanche photodiode. A conversion efficiency up to 20% with a nonpolarized pulsed fiber pump is demonstrated. Our uncooled setup is favorably compared in terms of noise equivalent power, dynamic range, and response time to cryogenically cooled HgCdTe detectors. Its dependence on the polarization of both the pump and signal beams is also investigated.
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Ly A, Siour C, Bretenaker F. 30-Hz relative linewidth watt output power 1.65 µm continuous-wave singly resonant optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:9049-9060. [PMID: 28437979 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.009049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We built a 1-watt cw singly resonant optical parametric oscillator operating at an idler wavelength of 1.65 µm for application to quantum interfaces. The non resonant idler is frequency stabilized by side-fringe locking on a relatively high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity, and the influence of intensity noise is carefully analyzed. A relative linewidth down to the sub-kHz level (about 30 Hz over 2 s) is achieved. A very good long term stability is obtained for both frequency and intensity.
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40
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Ma L, Slattery O, Tang X. Optical quantum memory based on electromagnetically induced transparency. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2017; 19:043001. [PMID: 28828172 PMCID: PMC5562294 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/19/4/043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a promising approach to implement quantum memory in quantum communication and quantum computing applications. In this paper, following a brief overview of the main approaches to quantum memory, we provide details of the physical principle and theory of quantum memory based specifically on EIT. We discuss the key technologies for implementing quantum memory based on EIT and review important milestones, from the first experimental demonstration to current applications in quantum information systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ma
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Oliver Slattery
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Xiao Tang
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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41
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Experimental demonstration of photon upconversion via cooperative energy pooling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14808. [PMID: 28294129 PMCID: PMC5355946 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Photon upconversion is a fundamental interaction of light and matter that has applications in fields ranging from bioimaging to microfabrication. However, all photon upconversion methods demonstrated thus far involve challenging aspects, including requirements of high excitation intensities, degradation in ambient air, requirements of exotic materials or phases, or involvement of inherent energy loss processes. Here we experimentally demonstrate a mechanism of photon upconversion in a thin film, binary mixture of organic chromophores that provides a pathway to overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages. This singlet-based process, called Cooperative Energy Pooling (CEP), utilizes a sensitizer-acceptor design in which multiple photoexcited sensitizers resonantly and simultaneously transfer their energies to a higher-energy state on a single acceptor. Data from this proof-of-concept implementation is fit by a proposed model of the CEP process. Design guidelines are presented to facilitate further research and development of more optimized CEP systems. Photon upconversion methods demonstrated thus far involve challenging requirements. Here Weingarten et al. demonstrate a mechanism called cooperative energy pooling, in which multiple photoexcited sensitizers resonantly and simultaneously transfer their energies to a higher-energy state on a single acceptor.
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Abstract
Photon upconversion is a fundamental interaction of light and matter that has applications in fields ranging from bioimaging to microfabrication. However, all photon upconversion methods demonstrated thus far involve challenging aspects, including requirements of high excitation intensities, degradation in ambient air, requirements of exotic materials or phases, or involvement of inherent energy loss processes. Here we experimentally demonstrate a mechanism of photon upconversion in a thin film, binary mixture of organic chromophores that provides a pathway to overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages. This singlet-based process, called Cooperative Energy Pooling (CEP), utilizes a sensitizer-acceptor design in which multiple photoexcited sensitizers resonantly and simultaneously transfer their energies to a higher-energy state on a single acceptor. Data from this proof-of-concept implementation is fit by a proposed model of the CEP process. Design guidelines are presented to facilitate further research and development of more optimized CEP systems.
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43
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Highly efficient frequency conversion with bandwidth compression of quantum light. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14288. [PMID: 28134242 PMCID: PMC5290268 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid quantum networks rely on efficient interfacing of dissimilar quantum nodes, as elements based on parametric downconversion sources, quantum dots, colour centres or atoms are fundamentally different in their frequencies and bandwidths. Although pulse manipulation has been demonstrated in very different systems, to date no interface exists that provides both an efficient bandwidth compression and a substantial frequency translation at the same time. Here we demonstrate an engineered sum-frequency-conversion process in lithium niobate that achieves both goals. We convert pure photons at telecom wavelengths to the visible range while compressing the bandwidth by a factor of 7.47 under preservation of non-classical photon-number statistics. We achieve internal conversion efficiencies of 61.5%, significantly outperforming spectral filtering for bandwidth compression. Our system thus makes the connection between previously incompatible quantum systems as a step towards usable quantum networks. In quantum information technology the output of one element often does not match the required frequency and bandwidth of the input of the next element. Here, Allgaier et al. demonstrate simultaneous frequency and bandwidth conversion of single photons without changing their quantum statistics.
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Burenkov IA, Gerrits T, Lita A, Nam SW, Krister Shalm L, Polyakov SV. Quantum frequency bridge: high-accuracy characterization of a nearly-noiseless parametric frequency converter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:907-917. [PMID: 28157979 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an efficient and inherently ultra-low noise frequency conversion via a parametric sum frequency generation. Due to the wide separation between the input and pump frequencies and the low pump frequency relative to the input photons, the upconversion results in only ≈100 background photons per hour. To measure such a low rate, we introduced a dark count reduction algorithm for an optical transition edge sensor.
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45
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Siverns JD, Li X, Quraishi Q. Ion-photon entanglement and quantum frequency conversion with trapped Ba + ions. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:B222-B230. [PMID: 28157932 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.00b222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trapped ions are excellent candidates for quantum nodes, as they possess many desirable features of a network node including long lifetimes, on-site processing capability, and production of photonic flying qubits. However, unlike classical networks in which data may be transmitted in optical fibers and where the range of communication is readily extended with amplifiers, quantum systems often emit photons that have a limited propagation range in optical fibers and, by virtue of the nature of a quantum state, cannot be noiselessly amplified. Here, we first describe a method to extract flying qubits from a Ba+ trapped ion via shelving to a long-lived, low-lying D-state with higher entanglement probabilities compared with current strong and weak excitation methods. We show a projected fidelity of ≈89% of the ion-photon entanglement. We compare several methods of ion-photon entanglement generation, and we show how the fidelity and entanglement probability varies as a function of the photon collection optic's numerical aperture. We then outline an approach for quantum frequency conversion of the photons emitted by the Ba+ ion to the telecommunication range for long-distance networking and to 780 nm for potential entanglement with rubidium-based quantum memories. Our approach is significant for extending the range of quantum networks and for the development of hybrid quantum networks compromised of different types of quantum memories.
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Zheng MY, Shentu GL, Ma F, Zhou F, Zhang HT, Dai YQ, Xie X, Zhang Q, Pan JW. Integrated four-channel all-fiber up-conversion single-photon-detector with adjustable efficiency and dark count. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:093115. [PMID: 27782601 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Up-conversion single photon detector (UCSPD) has been widely used in many research fields including quantum key distribution, lidar, optical time domain reflectrometry, and deep space communication. For the first time in laboratory, we have developed an integrated four-channel all-fiber UCSPD which can work in both free-running and gate modes. This compact module can satisfy different experimental demands with adjustable detection efficiency and dark count. We have characterized the key parameters of the UCSPD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Zheng
- Shandong Institute of Quantum Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shentu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | | | - Yun-Qi Dai
- QuantumCTek Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| | - Xiuping Xie
- Shandong Institute of Quantum Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Rigorous intensity and phase-shift manipulation in optical frequency conversion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27457. [PMID: 27272308 PMCID: PMC4895210 DOI: 10.1038/srep27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method is employed to investigate the nonlinear frequency conversion in optical superlattices (OSL) with pump depletion. Four rigorous phase-matching conditions for different purposes are obtained directly from the nonlinear coupled equations, and the resulting OSL domain structures are generally aperiodic rather than periodic. With this method, not only the intensity but also the phase-shift of the harmonic waves can be manipulated at will. The second-harmonic generation of Gaussian beam is further investigated. This work may provide a guidance for the practical applications of designing nonlinear optical devices with high conversion efficiency.
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48
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Høgstedt L, Fix A, Wirth M, Pedersen C, Tidemand-Lichtenberg P. Upconversion-based lidar measurements of atmospheric CO 2. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:5152-5161. [PMID: 29092342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.005152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For the first time an upconversion based detection scheme is demonstrated for lidar measurements of atmospheric CO2-concentrations, with a hard target at a range of 3 km and atmospheric backscatter from a range of ~450 m. The pulsed signals at 1572 nm are upconverted to 635 nm, and detected by a photomultiplier tube, to test how the upconversion technology performs in a long range detection system. The upconversion approach is compared to an existing direct detection scheme using a near-IR detector with respect to signal-to-noise ratio and quantum efficiency. It is for the first time analyzed how the field-of-view of a receiver system, for long range detection, depends critically on the parameters for the nonlinear up-conversion process, and how to optimize these parameters in future systems.
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Matsuda N. Deterministic reshaping of single-photon spectra using cross-phase modulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501223. [PMID: 27051862 PMCID: PMC4820381 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The frequency conversion of light has proved to be a crucial technology for communication, spectroscopy, imaging, and signal processing. In the quantum regime, it also offers great potential for realizing quantum networks incorporating disparate physical systems and quantum-enhanced information processing over a large computational space. The frequency conversion of quantum light, such as single photons, has been extensively investigated for the last two decades using all-optical frequency mixing, with the ultimate goal of realizing lossless and noiseless conversion. I demonstrate another route to this target using frequency conversion induced by cross-phase modulation in a dispersion-managed photonic crystal fiber. Owing to the deterministic and all-optical nature of the process, the lossless and low-noise spectral reshaping of a single-photon wave packet in the telecommunication band has been readily achieved with a modulation bandwidth as large as 0.4 THz. I further demonstrate that the scheme is applicable to manipulations of a nonclassical frequency correlation, wave packet interference, and entanglement between two photons. This approach presents a new coherent frequency interface for photons for quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Matsuda
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan. E-mail:
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50
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Pattanaik HS, Reichert M, Hagan DJ, Van Stryland EW. Three-dimensional IR imaging with uncooled GaN photodiodes using nondegenerate two-photon absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:1196-1205. [PMID: 26832502 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We utilize the recently demonstrated orders of magnitude enhancement of extremely nondegenerate two-photon absorption in direct-gap semiconductor photodiodes to perform scanned imaging of three-dimensional (3D) structures using IR femtosecond illumination pulses (1.6 µm and 4.93 µm) gated on the GaN detector by sub-gap, femtosecond pulses. While transverse resolution is limited by the usual imaging criteria, the longitudinal or depth resolution can be less than a wavelength, dependent on the pulsewidths in this nonlinear interaction within the detector element. The imaging system can accommodate a wide range of wavelengths in the mid-IR and near-IR without the need to modify the detection and imaging systems.
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