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Antolini C, Sosa Alfaro V, Reinhard M, Chatterjee G, Ribson R, Sokaras D, Gee L, Sato T, Kramer PL, Raj SL, Hayes B, Schleissner P, Garcia-Esparza AT, Lim J, Babicz JT, Follmer AH, Nelson S, Chollet M, Alonso-Mori R, van Driel TB. The Liquid Jet Endstation for Hard X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Molecules 2024; 29:2323. [PMID: 38792184 PMCID: PMC11124266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to study chemical dynamics on ultrafast timescales has greatly advanced with the introduction of X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) providing short pulses of intense X-rays tailored to probe atomic structure and electronic configuration. Fully exploiting the full potential of XFELs requires specialized experimental endstations along with the development of techniques and methods to successfully carry out experiments. The liquid jet endstation (LJE) at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) has been developed to study photochemistry and biochemistry in solution systems using a combination of X-ray solution scattering (XSS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). The pump-probe setup utilizes an optical laser to excite the sample, which is subsequently probed by a hard X-ray pulse to resolve structural and electronic dynamics at their intrinsic femtosecond timescales. The LJE ensures reliable sample delivery to the X-ray interaction point via various liquid jets, enabling rapid replenishment of thin samples with millimolar concentrations and low sample volumes at the 120 Hz repetition rate of the LCLS beam. This paper provides a detailed description of the LJE design and of the techniques it enables, with an emphasis on the diagnostics required for real-time monitoring of the liquid jet and on the spatiotemporal overlap methods used to optimize the signal. Additionally, various scientific examples are discussed, highlighting the versatility of the LJE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cali Antolini
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Reinhard
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Gourab Chatterjee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Ryan Ribson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Leland Gee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Takahiro Sato
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Patrick L. Kramer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Sumana Laxmi Raj
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Brandon Hayes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Pamela Schleissner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Angel T. Garcia-Esparza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Jinkyu Lim
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeffrey T. Babicz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Alec H. Follmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Silke Nelson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Tim B. van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; (C.A.); (V.S.A.); (M.R.); (G.C.); (R.R.); (D.S.); (L.G.); (T.S.); (P.L.K.); (S.L.R.); (B.H.); (P.S.); (A.T.G.-E.); (J.L.); (J.T.B.J.); (S.N.); (M.C.)
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Hua C, Tennant DA, Savici AT, Sedov V, Sala G, Winn B. Implementation of a laser-neutron pump-probe capability for inelastic neutron scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:033902. [PMID: 38445995 DOI: 10.1063/5.0181310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge about nonequilibrium dynamics in spin systems is of great importance to both fundamental science and technological applications. Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is an indispensable tool to study spin excitations in complex magnetic materials. However, conventional INS spectrometers currently only perform steady-state measurements and probe averaged properties over many collision events between spin excitations in thermodynamic equilibrium, while the exact picture of re-equilibration of these excitations remains unknown. In this paper, we report on the design and implementation of a time-resolved laser-neutron pump-probe capability at hybrid spectrometer (beamline 14-B) at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This capability allows us to excite out-of-equilibrium magnons with a nanosecond pulsed laser source and probe the resulting dynamics using INS. Here, we discussed technical aspects to implement such a capability in a neutron beamline, including choices of suitable neutron instrumentation and material systems, laser excitation scheme, experimental configurations, and relevant firmware and software development to allow for time-synchronized pump-probe measurements. We demonstrated that the laser-induced nonequilibrium structure factor is able to be resolved by INS in a quantum magnet. The method developed in this work will provide SNS with advanced capabilities for performing out-of-equilibrium measurements, opening up an entirely new research direction to study out-of-equilibrium phenomena using neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hua
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - D A Tennant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Shull Wollan Center-A joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A T Savici
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - V Sedov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - G Sala
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - B Winn
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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Błachucki W, Johnson PJM, Usov I, Divall E, Cirelli C, Knopp G, Juranić P, Patthey L, Szlachetko J, Lemke H, Milne C, Arrell C. Correlation of refractive index based and THz streaking arrival time tools for a hard X-ray free-electron laser. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:233-242. [PMID: 38252522 PMCID: PMC10914176 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523010500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
To fully exploit ultra-short X-ray pulse durations routinely available at X-ray free-electron lasers to follow out-of-equilibrium dynamics, inherent arrival time fluctuations of the X-ray pulse with an external perturbing laser pulse need to be measured. In this work, two methods of arrival time measurement were compared to measure the arrival time jitter of hard X-ray pulses. The methods were photoelectron streaking by a THz field and a transient refractive index change of a semiconductor. The methods were validated by shot-to-shot correction of a pump-probe transient reflectivity measurement. An ultimate shot-to-shot full width at half-maximum error between the devices of 19.2 ± 0.1 fs was measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Błachucki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Ivan Usov
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Edwin Divall
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Cirelli
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Knopp
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pavle Juranić
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Luc Patthey
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Szlachetko
- National Synchrotron Radiation Centre Solaris, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Henrik Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Milne
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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Casadei CM, Hosseinizadeh A, Bliven S, Weinert T, Standfuss J, Fung R, Schertler GFX, Santra R. Low-pass spectral analysis of time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography data. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:034101. [PMID: 37275629 PMCID: PMC10233406 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-pass spectral analysis (LPSA) is a recently developed dynamics retrieval algorithm showing excellent retrieval properties when applied to model data affected by extreme incompleteness and stochastic weighting. In this work, we apply LPSA to an experimental time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) dataset from the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and analyze its parametric sensitivity. While most dynamical modes are contaminated by nonphysical high-frequency features, we identify two dominant modes, which are little affected by spurious frequencies. The dynamics retrieved using these modes shows an isomerization signal compatible with previous findings. We employ synthetic data with increasing timing uncertainty, increasing incompleteness level, pixel-dependent incompleteness, and photon counting errors to investigate the root cause of the high-frequency contamination of our TR-SFX modes. By testing a range of methods, we show that timing errors comparable to the dynamical periods to be retrieved produce a smearing of dynamical features, hampering dynamics retrieval, but with no introduction of spurious components in the solution, when convergence criteria are met. Using model data, we are able to attribute the high-frequency contamination of low-order dynamical modes to the high levels of noise present in the data. Finally, we propose a method to handle missing observations that produces a substantial dynamics retrieval improvement from synthetic data with a significant static component. Reprocessing of the bR TR-SFX data using the improved method yields dynamical movies with strong isomerization signals compatible with previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Hosseinizadeh
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | - Spencer Bliven
- Science IT Infrastructure and Services, Division Scientific Computing, Theory and Data, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Biology and Chemistry Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Russell Fung
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
| | | | - Robin Santra
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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Diez M, Kirchberg H, Galler A, Schulz S, Biednov M, Bömer C, Choi TK, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, Gawelda W, Khakhulin D, Kubicek K, Lima F, Otte F, Zalden P, Coffee R, Thorwart M, Bressler C. A sensitive high repetition rate arrival time monitor for X-ray free electron lasers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2495. [PMID: 37120432 PMCID: PMC10148857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron laser sources enable time-resolved X-ray studies with unmatched temporal resolution. To fully exploit ultrashort X-ray pulses, timing tools are essential. However, new high repetition rate X-ray facilities present challenges for currently used timing tool schemes. Here we address this issue by demonstrating a sensitive timing tool scheme to enhance experimental time resolution in pump-probe experiments at very high pulse repetition rates. Our method employs a self-referenced detection scheme using a time-sheared chirped optical pulse traversing an X-ray stimulated diamond plate. By formulating an effective medium theory, we confirm subtle refractive index changes, induced by sub-milli-Joule intense X-ray pulses, that are measured in our experiment. The system utilizes a Common-Path-Interferometer to detect X-ray-induced phase shifts of the optical probe pulse transmitted through the diamond sample. Owing to the thermal stability of diamond, our approach is well-suited for MHz pulse repetition rates in superconducting linear accelerator-based free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Diez
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Henning Kirchberg
- I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Andreas Galler
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mykola Biednov
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christina Bömer
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tae-Kyu Choi
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- XFEL division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Jigok-ro 127-80, 37673, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Wojciech Gawelda
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Katharina Kubicek
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9-11, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederico Lima
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Otte
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Peter Zalden
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ryan Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
- The Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94028, USA
| | - Michael Thorwart
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- I. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Bressler
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany.
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany.
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9-11, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
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Artificial intelligence for online characterization of ultrashort X-ray free-electron laser pulses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17809. [PMID: 36280680 PMCID: PMC9592592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) as the world’s brightest light sources provide ultrashort X-ray pulses with a duration typically in the order of femtoseconds. Recently, they have approached and entered the attosecond regime, which holds new promises for single-molecule imaging and studying nonlinear and ultrafast phenomena such as localized electron dynamics. The technological evolution of XFELs toward well-controllable light sources for precise metrology of ultrafast processes has been, however, hampered by the diagnostic capabilities for characterizing X-ray pulses at the attosecond frontier. In this regard, the spectroscopic technique of photoelectron angular streaking has successfully proven how to non-destructively retrieve the exact time–energy structure of XFEL pulses on a single-shot basis. By using artificial intelligence techniques, in particular convolutional neural networks, we here show how this technique can be leveraged from its proof-of-principle stage toward routine diagnostics even at high-repetition-rate XFELs, thus enhancing and refining their scientific accessibility in all related disciplines.
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7
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Koliyadu JCP, Letrun R, Kirkwood HJ, Liu J, Jiang M, Emons M, Bean R, Bellucci V, Bielecki J, Birnsteinova S, de Wijn R, Dietze T, E J, Grünert J, Kane D, Kim C, Kim Y, Lederer M, Manning B, Mills G, Morillo LL, Reimers N, Rompotis D, Round A, Sikorski M, Takem CMS, Vagovič P, Venkatesan S, Wang J, Wegner U, Mancuso AP, Sato T. Pump-probe capabilities at the SPB/SFX instrument of the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1273-1283. [PMID: 36073887 PMCID: PMC9455201 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522006701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pump-probe experiments at X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facilities are a powerful tool for studying dynamics at ultrafast and longer timescales. Observing the dynamics in diverse scientific cases requires optical laser systems with a wide range of wavelength, flexible pulse sequences and different pulse durations, especially in the pump source. Here, the pump-probe instrumentation available for measurements at the Single Particles, Clusters, and Biomolecules and Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SPB/SFX) instrument of the European XFEL is reported. The temporal and spatial stability of this instrumentation is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Letrun
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Jia Liu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Man Jiang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Moritz Emons
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Dietze
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Juncheng E
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Grünert
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Kane
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Chan Kim
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Max Lederer
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Nadja Reimers
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Adam Round
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Patrik Vagovič
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jinxiong Wang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wegner
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Tokushi Sato
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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8
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Casadei CM, Hosseinizadeh A, Schertler GFX, Ourmazd A, Santra R. Dynamics retrieval from stochastically weighted incomplete data by low-pass spectral analysis. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2022; 9:044101. [PMID: 35991704 PMCID: PMC9385225 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) provides access to protein dynamics on sub-picosecond timescales, and with atomic resolution. Due to the nature of the experiment, these datasets are often highly incomplete and the measured diffracted intensities are affected by partiality. To tackle these issues, one established procedure is that of splitting the data into time bins, and averaging the multiple measurements of equivalent reflections within each bin. This binning and averaging often involve a loss of information. Here, we propose an alternative approach, which we call low-pass spectral analysis (LPSA). In this method, the data are projected onto the subspace defined by a set of trigonometric functions, with frequencies up to a certain cutoff. This approach attenuates undesirable high-frequency features and facilitates retrieving the underlying dynamics. A time-lagged embedding step can be included prior to subspace projection to improve the stability of the results with respect to the parameters involved. Subsequent modal decomposition allows to produce a low-rank description of the system's evolution. Using a synthetic time-evolving model with incomplete and partial observations, we analyze the LPSA results in terms of quality of the retrieved signal, as a function of the parameters involved. We compare the performance of LPSA to that of a range of other sophisticated data analysis techniques. We show that LPSA allows to achieve excellent dynamics reconstruction at modest computational cost. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of dynamics retrieval by LPSA compared to time binning and merging, which is, to date, the most commonly used method to extract dynamical information from TR-SFX data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abbas Ourmazd
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Robin Santra
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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9
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Grychtol P, Rivas DE, Baumann TM, Boll R, De Fanis A, Erk B, Ilchen M, Liu J, Mazza T, Montaño J, Müller J, Music V, Ovcharenko Y, Rennhack N, Rouzé A, Schmidt P, Schulz S, Usenko S, Wagner R, Ziołkowski P, Schlarb H, Grünert J, Kabachnik N, Meyer M. Timing and X-ray pulse characterization at the Small Quantum Systems instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37429-37442. [PMID: 34808814 DOI: 10.1364/oe.440718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This contribution presents the initial characterization of the pump-probe performance at the Small Quantum Systems (SQS) instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. It is demonstrated that time-resolved experiments can be performed by measuring the X-ray/optical cross-correlation exploiting the laser-assisted Auger decay in neon. Applying time-of-arrival corrections based on simultaneous spectral encoding measurements allow us to significantly improve the temporal resolution of this experiment. These results pave the way for ultrafast pump-probe investigations of gaseous media at the SQS instrument combining intense and tunable soft X-rays with versatile optical laser capabilities.
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10
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Zastrau U, Appel K, Baehtz C, Baehr O, Batchelor L, Berghäuser A, Banjafar M, Brambrink E, Cerantola V, Cowan TE, Damker H, Dietrich S, Di Dio Cafiso S, Dreyer J, Engel HO, Feldmann T, Findeisen S, Foese M, Fulla-Marsa D, Göde S, Hassan M, Hauser J, Herrmannsdörfer T, Höppner H, Kaa J, Kaever P, Knöfel K, Konôpková Z, Laso García A, Liermann HP, Mainberger J, Makita M, Martens EC, McBride EE, Möller D, Nakatsutsumi M, Pelka A, Plueckthun C, Prescher C, Preston TR, Röper M, Schmidt A, Seidel W, Schwinkendorf JP, Schoelmerich MO, Schramm U, Schropp A, Strohm C, Sukharnikov K, Talkovski P, Thorpe I, Toncian M, Toncian T, Wollenweber L, Yamamoto S, Tschentscher T. The High Energy Density Scientific Instrument at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1393-1416. [PMID: 34475288 PMCID: PMC8415338 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521007335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The European XFEL delivers up to 27000 intense (>1012 photons) pulses per second, of ultrashort (≤50 fs) and transversely coherent X-ray radiation, at a maximum repetition rate of 4.5 MHz. Its unique X-ray beam parameters enable groundbreaking experiments in matter at extreme conditions at the High Energy Density (HED) scientific instrument. The performance of the HED instrument during its first two years of operation, its scientific remit, as well as ongoing installations towards full operation are presented. Scientific goals of HED include the investigation of extreme states of matter created by intense laser pulses, diamond anvil cells, or pulsed magnets, and ultrafast X-ray methods that allow their diagnosis using self-amplified spontaneous emission between 5 and 25 keV, coupled with X-ray monochromators and optional seeded beam operation. The HED instrument provides two target chambers, X-ray spectrometers for emission and scattering, X-ray detectors, and a timing tool to correct for residual timing jitter between laser and X-ray pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Karen Appel
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Carsten Baehtz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Baehr
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Mohammadreza Banjafar
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas E. Cowan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Horst Damker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jörn Dreyer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Olaf Engel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Manon Foese
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Mohammed Hassan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hauke Höppner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Kaa
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Kaever
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Knöfel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jona Mainberger
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mikako Makita
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Emma E. McBride
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dominik Möller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Pelka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michael Röper
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Schramm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Talkovski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ian Thorpe
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Monika Toncian
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Toma Toncian
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Shingo Yamamoto
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf eV, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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11
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Jana S, Muralidhar S, Åkerman J, Schüßler-Langeheine C, Pontius N. Using the photoinduced L 3 resonance shift in Fe and Ni as time reference for ultrafast experiments at low flux soft x-ray sources. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:044304. [PMID: 34395721 PMCID: PMC8357444 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study the optical-pump induced ultrafast transient change of x-ray absorption at L 3 absorption resonances of the transition metals Ni and Fe in the Fe0.5Ni0.5 alloy. We find the effect for both elements to occur simultaneously on a femtosecond timescale. This effect may hence be used as a handy cross correlation scheme, providing a time-zero reference for ultrafast optical-pump soft x-ray-probe measurement. The method benefits from a relatively simple experimental setup as the sample itself acts as time-reference tool. In particular, this technique works with low flux ultrafast soft x-ray sources. The measurements are compared to the cross correlation method introduced in an earlier publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Jana
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shreyas Muralidhar
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Åkerman
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Niko Pontius
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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12
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A self-referenced in-situ arrival time monitor for X-ray free-electron lasers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3562. [PMID: 33574378 PMCID: PMC7878505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel, highly versatile, and self-referenced arrival time monitor for measuring the femtosecond time delay between a hard X-ray pulse from a free-electron laser and an optical laser pulse, measured directly on the same sample used for pump-probe experiments. Two chirped and picosecond long optical supercontinuum pulses traverse the sample with a mutually fixed time delay of 970 fs, while a femtosecond X-ray pulse arrives at an instant in between both pulses. Behind the sample the supercontinuum pulses are temporally overlapped to yield near-perfect destructive interference in the absence of the X-ray pulse. Stimulation of the sample with an X-ray pulse delivers non-zero contributions at certain optical wavelengths, which serve as a measure of the relative arrival time of the X-ray pulse with an accuracy of better than 25 fs. We find an excellent agreement of our monitor with the existing timing diagnostics at the SACLA XFEL with a Pearson correlation value of 0.98. We demonstrate a high sensitivity to measure X-ray pulses with pulse energies as low as 30 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu $$\end{document}μJ. Using a free-flowing liquid jet as interaction sample ensures the full replacement of the sample volume for each X-ray/optical event, thus enabling its utility even at MHz repetition rate XFEL sources.
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13
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Bratos S, Leicknam JC. Jitter of pump-probe time delays in XFEL experiments: How to eliminate it? Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Droste S, Zohar S, Shen L, White VE, Diaz-Jacobo E, Coffee RN, Reid AH, Tavella F, Minitti MP, Turner JJ, Robinson JS, Fry AR, Coslovich G. High-sensitivity x-ray/optical cross-correlator for next generation free-electron lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:23545-23553. [PMID: 32752349 DOI: 10.1364/oe.398048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We design and realize an arrival time diagnostic for ultrashort X-ray pulses achieving unprecedented high sensitivity in the soft X-ray regime via cross-correlation with a ≈1550 nm optical laser. An interferometric detection scheme is combined with a multi-layer sample design to greatly improve the sensitivity of the measurement. We achieve up to 275% of relative signal change when exposed to 1.6 mJ/cm2 of soft X-rays at 530 eV, more than a hundred-fold improvement in sensitivity as compared to previously reported techniques. The resolution of the arrival time measurement is estimated to around 2.8 fs (rms). The demonstrated X-ray arrival time monitor paves the way for sub-10 fs-level timing jitter at high repetition rate X-ray facilities.
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15
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Deng Y, Zerdane S, Xie X, Divall E, Johnson PJM, Arrell C, Lemke HT, Mankowsky R, Oggenfuss A, Svetina C, Erny C, Cirelli C, Milne C, Knopp G, Beaud P, Johnson SL. Optical second harmonic generation in LiB 3O 5 modulated by intense femtosecond X-ray pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:11117-11127. [PMID: 32403629 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many of the scientific applications for X-ray free-electron lasers seek to exploit the ultrashort pulse durations of intense X-rays to obtain femtosecond time resolution of various processes in a "pump-probe" scheme. One of the limiting factors for such experiments is the timing jitter between the X-rays and ultrashort pulses from more conventional lasers operating at near-optical wavelengths. In this work, we investigate the potential of using X-ray-induced changes in the optical second harmonic generation efficiency of a nonlinear crystal to retrieve single-shot arrival times of X-ray pulses with respect to optical laser pulses. Our experimental results and simulations show changes to the efficiency of the second harmonic generation of 12%, approximately three times larger than the measured changes in the transmission of the 800 nm center-wavelength fundamental pulse. Further experiments showing even larger changes in the transmission of 400 nm center-wavelength pulses show that the mechanism of the second harmonic generation efficiency modulation is mainly the result of X-ray-induced changes in the linear absorption coefficients near 400 nm. We demonstrate and characterize a cross-correlation tool based on this effect in reference to a previously demonstrated method of X-ray/optical cross-correlation.
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16
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Pandey S, Bean R, Sato T, Poudyal I, Bielecki J, Cruz Villarreal J, Yefanov O, Mariani V, White TA, Kupitz C, Hunter M, Abdellatif MH, Bajt S, Bondar V, Echelmeier A, Doppler D, Emons M, Frank M, Fromme R, Gevorkov Y, Giovanetti G, Jiang M, Kim D, Kim Y, Kirkwood H, Klimovskaia A, Knoska J, Koua FHM, Letrun R, Lisova S, Maia L, Mazalova V, Meza D, Michelat T, Ourmazd A, Palmer G, Ramilli M, Schubert R, Schwander P, Silenzi A, Sztuk-Dambietz J, Tolstikova A, Chapman HN, Ros A, Barty A, Fromme P, Mancuso AP, Schmidt M. Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at the European XFEL. Nat Methods 2020; 17:73-78. [PMID: 31740816 PMCID: PMC9113060 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0628-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The European XFEL (EuXFEL) is a 3.4-km long X-ray source, which produces femtosecond, ultrabrilliant and spatially coherent X-ray pulses at megahertz (MHz) repetition rates. This X-ray source has been designed to enable the observation of ultrafast processes with near-atomic spatial resolution. Time-resolved crystallographic investigations on biological macromolecules belong to an important class of experiments that explore fundamental and functional structural displacements in these molecules. Due to the unusual MHz X-ray pulse structure at the EuXFEL, these experiments are challenging. Here, we demonstrate how a biological reaction can be followed on ultrafast timescales at the EuXFEL. We investigate the picosecond time range in the photocycle of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) with MHz X-ray pulse rates. We show that difference electron density maps of excellent quality can be obtained. The results connect the previously explored femtosecond PYP dynamics to timescales accessible at synchrotrons. This opens the door to a wide range of time-resolved studies at the EuXFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Pandey
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Ishwor Poudyal
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Jorvani Cruz Villarreal
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valerio Mariani
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Mark Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed H Abdellatif
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Austin Echelmeier
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Diandra Doppler
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Raimund Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yaroslav Gevorkov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Vision Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Man Jiang
- European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Daihyun Kim
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Juraj Knoska
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Faisal H M Koua
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stella Lisova
- Physics Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Luis Maia
- European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Victoria Mazalova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Domingo Meza
- Integrated Biology Infrastructure Life-Science Facility at the European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Abbas Ourmazd
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Robin Schubert
- Integrated Biology Infrastructure Life-Science Facility at the European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Peter Schwander
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Alexandra Tolstikova
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Adrian P Mancuso
- European XFEL GmbH, Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Direct visualization of electronic and molecular events during biochemical reactions is essential to mechanistic insights. This Letter presents an in-depth analysis of the serial crystallographic data sets collected by Barends and Schlichting et al. ( Science 2015 , 350 , 445 ) that probe the ligand photodissociation in carbonmonoxy myoglobin. This analysis reveals electron density changes caused by the formation of high-spin 3d atomic orbitals of the heme iron upon photolysis and their dynamic behaviors within the first few picoseconds. The heme iron is found popping out of and recoiling back into the heme plane in succession. These findings provide long-awaited visual validations for previous works using ultrafast spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Electron density variations are also found largely in the solvent during the first period of a low-frequency oscillation. This work demonstrates the importance of the analytical methods in detecting and isolating weak, transient signals of electronic changes arising from chemical reactions.
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18
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Nass Kovacs G, Colletier JP, Grünbein ML, Yang Y, Stensitzki T, Batyuk A, Carbajo S, Doak RB, Ehrenberg D, Foucar L, Gasper R, Gorel A, Hilpert M, Kloos M, Koglin JE, Reinstein J, Roome CM, Schlesinger R, Seaberg M, Shoeman RL, Stricker M, Boutet S, Haacke S, Heberle J, Heyne K, Domratcheva T, Barends TRM, Schlichting I. Three-dimensional view of ultrafast dynamics in photoexcited bacteriorhodopsin. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3177. [PMID: 31320619 PMCID: PMC6639342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump. The primary photochemical event upon light absorption is isomerization of the retinal chromophore. Here we used time-resolved crystallography at an X-ray free-electron laser to follow the structural changes in multiphoton-excited bR from 250 femtoseconds to 10 picoseconds. Quantum chemistry and ultrafast spectroscopy were used to identify a sequential two-photon absorption process, leading to excitation of a tryptophan residue flanking the retinal chromophore, as a first manifestation of multiphoton effects. We resolve distinct stages in the structural dynamics of the all-trans retinal in photoexcited bR to a highly twisted 13-cis conformation. Other active site sub-picosecond rearrangements include correlated vibrational motions of the electronically excited retinal chromophore, the surrounding amino acids and water molecules as well as their hydrogen bonding network. These results show that this extended photo-active network forms an electronically and vibrationally coupled system in bR, and most likely in all retinal proteins. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump. Here the authors combine time-resolved crystallography at a free-electron laser, ultrafast spectroscopy and quantum chemistry to study the structural changes following multiphoton photoexcitation of bR and find that they occur within 300 fs not only in the light-absorbing chromophore but also in the surrounding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Nass Kovacs
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacques-Philippe Colletier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Luise Grünbein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Stensitzki
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Batyuk
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - R Bruce Doak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Ehrenberg
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raphael Gasper
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Gorel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Hilpert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Kloos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jochen Reinstein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher M Roome
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramona Schlesinger
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Robert L Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Stricker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Haacke
- Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, UMR 7504, IPCMS, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Heyne
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatiana Domratcheva
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas R M Barends
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Glownia JM, Gumerlock K, Lemke HT, Sato T, Zhu D, Chollet M. Pump-probe experimental methodology at the Linac Coherent Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:685-691. [PMID: 31074431 PMCID: PMC6510196 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751900225x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Experimental methods that use free-electron laser (FEL) sources that can deliver short X-ray pulses below a 10 fs pulse duration and traditional optical lasers are ideal tools for pump-probe experiments. However, these new methods also come with a unique set of challenges, such as how to accurately determine temporal overlap between two sources at the femtosecond scale and how to correct for the pulse-to-pulse beam property fluctuations of the FEL light derived from the self-amplified spontaneous emission process. Over the past several years of performing pump-probe experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), new methods and tools have been developed to improve the ways experimental timing is measured, monitored and scanned. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the most commonly used techniques at LCLS to perform pump-probe-type experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Karl Gumerlock
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Henrik T. Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, WBBA/022, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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20
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Owada S, Nakajima K, Togashi T, Katayama T, Yumoto H, Ohashi H, Yabashi M. Arrival timing diagnostics at a soft X-ray free-electron laser beamline of SACLA BL1. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:887-890. [PMID: 31074453 PMCID: PMC6510193 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519002315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An arrival timing monitor for the soft X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) beamline of SACLA BL1 has been developed. A small portion of the soft XFEL pulse is branched using the wavefront-splitting method. The branched FEL pulse is one-dimensionally focused onto a GaAs wafer to induce a transient reflectivity change. The beam branching method enables the simultaneous operation of the arrival timing diagnostics and experiments. The temporal resolution evaluated from the imaging system is ∼22 fs in full width at half-maximum, which is sufficient considering the temporal durations of the soft XFEL and the optical laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Owada
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795148, Japan
| | - Kyo Nakajima
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795148, Japan
| | - Tadashi Togashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795148, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Katayama
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795148, Japan
| | - Hirokatsu Yumoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795148, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ohashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795148, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 6795148, Japan
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21
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Ingold G, Abela R, Arrell C, Beaud P, Böhler P, Cammarata M, Deng Y, Erny C, Esposito V, Flechsig U, Follath R, Hauri C, Johnson S, Juranic P, Mancini GF, Mankowsky R, Mozzanica A, Oggenfuss RA, Patterson BD, Patthey L, Pedrini B, Rittmann J, Sala L, Savoini M, Svetina C, Zamofing T, Zerdane S, Lemke HT. Experimental station Bernina at SwissFEL: condensed matter physics on femtosecond time scales investigated by X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:874-886. [PMID: 31074452 PMCID: PMC6510206 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751900331x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Bernina instrument at the SwissFEL Aramis hard X-ray free-electron laser is designed for studying ultrafast phenomena in condensed matter and material science. Ultrashort pulses from an optical laser system covering a large wavelength range can be used to generate specific non-equilibrium states, whose subsequent temporal evolution can be probed by selective X-ray scattering techniques in the range 2-12 keV. For that purpose, the X-ray beamline is equipped with optical elements which tailor the X-ray beam size and energy, as well as with pulse-to-pulse diagnostics that monitor the X-ray pulse intensity, position, as well as its spectral and temporal properties. The experiments can be performed using multiple interchangeable endstations differing in specialization, diffractometer and X-ray analyser configuration and load capacity for specialized sample environment. After testing the instrument in a series of pilot experiments in 2018, regular user operation begins in 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Ingold
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Abela
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Beaud
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Böhler
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cammarata
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, Université de Rennes, 35042 Rennes CEDEX, France
| | - Yunpei Deng
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christian Erny
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Esposito
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Flechsig
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Follath
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hauri
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Steven Johnson
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pavle Juranic
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Roman Mankowsky
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Mozzanica
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Luc Patthey
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Bill Pedrini
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Rittmann
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Sala
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Savoini
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Svetina
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Zamofing
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Serhane Zerdane
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
A review that summarizes the most recent technological developments in the field of ultrafast structural dynamics with focus on the use of ultrashort X-ray and electron pulses follows. Atomistic views of chemical processes and phase transformations have long been the exclusive domain of computer simulators. The advent of femtosecond (fs) hard X-ray and fs-electron diffraction techniques made it possible to bring such a level of scrutiny to the experimental area. The following review article provides a summary of the main ultrafast techniques that enabled the generation of atomically resolved movies utilizing ultrashort X-ray and electron pulses. Recent advances are discussed with emphasis on synchrotron-based methods, tabletop fs-X-ray plasma sources, ultrabright fs-electron diffractometers, and timing techniques developed to further improve the temporal resolution and fully exploit the use of intense and ultrashort X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) pulses.
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23
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Kirkwood HJ, Letrun R, Tanikawa T, Liu J, Nakatsutsumi M, Emons M, Jezynski T, Palmer G, Lederer M, Bean R, Buck J, Di Dio Cafisio S, Graceffa R, Grünert J, Göde S, Höppner H, Kim Y, Konopkova Z, Mills G, Makita M, Pelka A, Preston TR, Sikorski M, Takem CMS, Giewekemeyer K, Chollet M, Vagovic P, Chapman HN, Mancuso AP, Sato T. Initial observations of the femtosecond timing jitter at the European XFEL. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1650-1653. [PMID: 30933113 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intense, ultrashort, and high-repetition-rate X-ray pulses, combined with a femtosecond optical laser, allow pump-probe experiments with fast data acquisition and femtosecond time resolution. However, the relative timing of the X-ray pulses and the optical laser pulses can be controlled only to a level of the intrinsic error of the instrument which, without characterization, limits the time resolution of experiments. This limitation inevitably calls for a precise determination of the relative arrival time, which can be used after measurement for sorting and tagging the experimental data to a much finer resolution than it can be controlled to. The observed root-mean-square timing jitter between the X-ray and the optical laser at the SPB/SFX instrument at European XFEL was 308 fs. This first measurement of timing jitter at the European XFEL provides an important step in realizing ultrafast experiments at this novel X-ray source. A method for determining the change in the complex refractive index of samples is also presented.
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24
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Schmidt M. Time-Resolved Macromolecular Crystallography at Pulsed X-ray Sources. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061401. [PMID: 30897736 PMCID: PMC6470897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of structural biology is shifting from the determination of static structures to the investigation of dynamical aspects of macromolecular function. With time-resolved macromolecular crystallography (TRX), intermediates that form and decay during the macromolecular reaction can be investigated, as well as their reaction dynamics. Time-resolved crystallographic methods were initially developed at synchrotrons. However, about a decade ago, extremely brilliant, femtosecond-pulsed X-ray sources, the free electron lasers for hard X-rays, became available to a wider community. TRX is now possible with femtosecond temporal resolution. This review provides an overview of methodological aspects of TRX, and at the same time, aims to outline the frontiers of this method at modern pulsed X-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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25
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Baker KL, Steele PT, Stewart RE, Vernon SP, Hsing WW, Remington BA. Solid-state framing camera operating in interferometric mode. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10G107. [PMID: 30399661 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high speed solid-state framing camera has been developed which can operate in interferometric mode. This camera measures the change in the index of refraction of a semiconductor when x-rays are incident upon it. This instrument uses an x-ray transmission grating/mask in front of the semiconductor to induce a corresponding phase grating in the semiconductor which can then be measured by an infrared probe beam. The probe beam scatters off of this grating, enabling a measure of the x-ray signal incident on the semiconductor. In this particular instrument, the zero-order reflected probe beam is attenuated and interfered with the diffracted orders to produce an interferometric image on a charge coupled device camera of the phase change induced inside the semiconductor by the incident x-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Baker
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-5507, USA
| | - P T Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-5507, USA
| | - R E Stewart
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-5507, USA
| | - S P Vernon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-5507, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-5507, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-5507, USA
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26
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Juranić P, Rehanek J, Arrell CA, Pradervand C, Ischebeck R, Erny C, Heimgartner P, Gorgisyan I, Thominet V, Tiedtke K, Sorokin A, Follath R, Makita M, Seniutinas G, David C, Milne CJ, Lemke H, Radovic M, Hauri CP, Patthey L. SwissFEL Aramis beamline photon diagnostics. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1238-1248. [PMID: 29979187 PMCID: PMC6038612 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518005775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The SwissFEL Aramis beamline, covering the photon energies between 1.77 keV and 12.7 keV, features a suite of online photon diagnostics tools to help both users and FEL operators in analysing data and optimizing experimental and beamline performance. Scientists will be able to obtain information about the flux, spectrum, position, pulse length, and arrival time jitter versus the experimental laser for every photon pulse, with further information about beam shape and size available through the use of destructive screens. This manuscript is an overview of the diagnostics tools available at SwissFEL and presents their design, working principles and capabilities. It also features new developments like the first implementation of a THz-streaking based temporal diagnostics for a hard X-ray FEL, capable of measuring pulse lengths to 5 fs r.m.s. or better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Juranić
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Jens Rehanek
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Christian Erny
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Kai Tiedtke
- DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Andrey Sorokin
- DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Politekhnicheskaya 26, St Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Rolf Follath
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Mikako Makita
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Henrik Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Milan Radovic
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Luc Patthey
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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27
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Nogly P, Weinert T, James D, Carbajo S, Ozerov D, Furrer A, Gashi D, Borin V, Skopintsev P, Jaeger K, Nass K, Båth P, Bosman R, Koglin J, Seaberg M, Lane T, Kekilli D, Brünle S, Tanaka T, Wu W, Milne C, White T, Barty A, Weierstall U, Panneels V, Nango E, Iwata S, Hunter M, Schapiro I, Schertler G, Neutze R, Standfuss J. Retinal isomerization in bacteriorhodopsin captured by a femtosecond x-ray laser. Science 2018; 361:science.aat0094. [PMID: 29903883 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast isomerization of retinal is the primary step in photoresponsive biological functions including vision in humans and ion transport across bacterial membranes. We used an x-ray laser to study the subpicosecond structural dynamics of retinal isomerization in the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. A series of structural snapshots with near-atomic spatial resolution and temporal resolution in the femtosecond regime show how the excited all-trans retinal samples conformational states within the protein binding pocket before passing through a twisted geometry and emerging in the 13-cis conformation. Our findings suggest ultrafast collective motions of aspartic acid residues and functional water molecules in the proximity of the retinal Schiff base as a key facet of this stereoselective and efficient photochemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Nogly
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.,Photon Science Division-Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Daniel James
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Science IT, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Furrer
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dardan Gashi
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Veniamin Borin
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Petr Skopintsev
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Jaeger
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Karol Nass
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.,Photon Science Division-Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Petra Båth
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE- 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Bosman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE- 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jason Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas Lane
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Demet Kekilli
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Brünle
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Tomoyuki Tanaka
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe- cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wenting Wu
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas White
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Valerie Panneels
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Eriko Nango
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe- cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe- cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mark Hunter
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Gebhard Schertler
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE- 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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28
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Bratos S, Wulff M, Leicknam JC. XFEL experiments: jitter of pump-probe time delays and pulse intensities. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:650-654. [PMID: 29714176 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518003624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Jitter of XFEL signals due to fluctuations in shot-to-shot time delays and intensities are explored in the frame of a statistical theory of X-ray diffraction from liquids. Deformed signals are calculated at different levels of pump-probe jitter. A new method is proposed to eliminate these distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bratos
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Wulff
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Complex Systems and Biomedical Sciences (CBS), CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cédex 9, France
| | - J Cl Leicknam
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée, 75005 Paris, France
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29
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Feng Y, Schafer DW, Song S, Sun Y, Zhu D, Krzywinski J, Robert A, Wu J, Decker FJ. Direct experimental observation of the gas density depression effect using a two-bunch X-ray FEL beam. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:145-150. [PMID: 29271764 PMCID: PMC5741131 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517014278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The experimental observation of the depression effect in gas devices designed for X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) is reported. The measurements were carried out at the Linac Coherent Light Source using a two-bunch FEL beam at 6.5 keV with 122.5 ns separation passing through an argon gas cell. The relative intensities of the two pulses of the two-bunch beam were measured, after and before the gas cell, from X-ray scattering off thin targets by using fast diodes with sufficient temporal resolution. At a cell pressure of 140 hPa, it was found that the after-to-before ratio of the intensities of the second pulse was about 17% ± 6% higher than that of the first pulse, revealing lower effective attenuation of the gas cell due to heating by the first pulse and subsequent gas density reduction in the beam path. This measurement is important in guiding the design and/or mitigating the adverse effects in gas devices for high-repetition-rate FELs such as the LCLS-II and the European XFEL or other future high-repetition-rate upgrades to existing FEL facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Feng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - D. W. Schafer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - S. Song
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Y. Sun
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - D. Zhu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - J. Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - A. Robert
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - J. Wu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - F.-J. Decker
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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30
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Abela R, Beaud P, van Bokhoven JA, Chergui M, Feurer T, Haase J, Ingold G, Johnson SL, Knopp G, Lemke H, Milne CJ, Pedrini B, Radi P, Schertler G, Standfuss J, Staub U, Patthey L. Perspective: Opportunities for ultrafast science at SwissFEL. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061602. [PMID: 29376109 PMCID: PMC5758366 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the main specifications of the newly constructed Swiss Free Electron Laser, SwissFEL, and explore its potential impact on ultrafast science. In light of recent achievements at current X-ray free electron lasers, we discuss the potential territory for new scientific breakthroughs offered by SwissFEL in Chemistry, Biology, and Materials Science, as well as nonlinear X-ray science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Abela
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Paul Beaud
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, and Department of Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-FSB, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Haase
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, and Department of Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Ingold
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Steven L Johnson
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Knopp
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Chris J Milne
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Bill Pedrini
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Radi
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Standfuss
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Staub
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Luc Patthey
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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31
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Šrajer V, Schmidt M. Watching Proteins Function with Time-resolved X-ray Crystallography. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2017; 50:373001. [PMID: 29353938 PMCID: PMC5771432 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa7d32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular crystallography was immensely successful in the last two decades. To a large degree this success resulted from use of powerful third generation synchrotron X-ray sources. An expansive database of more than 100,000 protein structures, of which many were determined at resolution better than 2 Å, is available today. With this achievement, the spotlight in structural biology is shifting from determination of static structures to elucidating dynamic aspects of protein function. A powerful tool for addressing these aspects is time-resolved crystallography, where a genuine biological function is triggered in the crystal with a goal of capturing molecules in action and determining protein kinetics and structures of intermediates (Schmidt et al., 2005a; Schmidt 2008; Neutze and Moffat, 2012; Šrajer 2014). In this approach, short and intense X-ray pulses are used to probe intermediates in real time and at room temperature, in an ongoing reaction that is initiated synchronously and rapidly in the crystal. Time-resolved macromolecular crystallography with 100 ps time resolution at synchrotron X-ray sources is in its mature phase today, particularly for studies of reversible, light-initiated reactions. The advent of the new free electron lasers for hard X-rays (XFELs; 5-20 keV), which provide exceptionally intense, femtosecond X-ray pulses, marks a new frontier for time-resolved crystallography. The exploration of ultra-fast events becomes possible in high-resolution structural detail, on sub-picosecond time scales (Tenboer et al., 2014; Barends et al., 2015; Pande et al., 2016). We review here state-of-the-art time-resolved crystallographic experiments both at synchrotrons and XFELs. We also outline challenges and further developments necessary to broaden the application of these methods to many important proteins and enzymes of biomedical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vukica Šrajer
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, IL, USA
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32
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33
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Kozina M, van Driel T, Chollet M, Sato T, Glownia JM, Wandel S, Radovic M, Staub U, Hoffmann MC. Ultrafast X-ray diffraction probe of terahertz field-driven soft mode dynamics in SrTiO 3. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:054301. [PMID: 28503632 PMCID: PMC5415405 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We use ultrafast X-ray pulses to characterize the lattice response of SrTiO3 when driven by strong terahertz fields. We observe transient changes in the diffraction intensity with a delayed onset with respect to the driving field. Fourier analysis reveals two frequency components corresponding to the two lowest energy zone-center optical modes in SrTiO3. The lower frequency mode exhibits clear softening as the temperature is decreased while the higher frequency mode shows slight temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kozina
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Sato
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J M Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Wandel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - U Staub
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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34
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35
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Schmidt M. A short history of structure based research on the photocycle of photoactive yellow protein. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:032201. [PMID: 28191482 PMCID: PMC5291790 DOI: 10.1063/1.4974172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The goals of time-resolved macromolecular crystallography are to extract the molecular structures of the reaction intermediates and the reaction dynamics from time-resolved X-ray data alone. To develop the techniques of time-resolved crystallography, biomolecules with special properties are required. The Photoactive Yellow Protein is the most sparkling of these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schmidt
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 3135 N. Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA
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36
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Gorgisyan I, Ischebeck R, Erny C, Dax A, Patthey L, Pradervand C, Sala L, Milne C, Lemke HT, Hauri CP, Katayama T, Owada S, Yabashi M, Togashi T, Abela R, Rivkin L, Juranić P. THz streak camera method for synchronous arrival time measurement of two-color hard X-ray FEL pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017. [PMID: 29519055 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.002080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The two-color operation of free electron laser (FEL) facilities allows the delivery of two FEL pulses with different energies, which opens new possibilities for user experiments. Measuring the arrival time of both FEL pulses relative to the external experimental laser and to each other improves the temporal resolution of the experiments using the two-color FEL beam and helps to monitor the performance of the machine itself. This work reports on the first simultaneous measurement of the arrival times of two hard X-ray FEL pulses with the THz streak camera. Measuring the arrival time of the two FEL pulses, the relative delay between them was calculated and compared to the set values. Furthermore, we present the first comparison of the THz streak camera method to the method of FEL induced transient transmission. The results indicate a good agreement between the two methods.
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37
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Abstract
Time-resolved macromolecular crystallography unifies protein structure determination with chemical kinetics. With the advent of fourth generation X-ray sources the time-resolution can be on the order of 10-40 fs, which opens the ultrafast time scale to structure determination. Fundamental motions and transitions associated with chemical reactions in proteins can now be observed. Moreover, new experimental approaches at synchrotrons allow for the straightforward investigation of all kind of reactions in biological macromolecules. Here, recent developments in the field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schmidt
- Kenwood Interdisciplinary Research Complex, Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Room 3087, 3135 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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38
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Erny C, Hauri CP. The SwissFEL Experimental Laser facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:1143-50. [PMID: 27577769 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516012595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The hard X-ray laser SwissFEL at the Paul Scherrer Institute is currently being commissioned and will soon become available for users. In the current article the laser facility is presented, an integral part of the user facility, as most time-resolved experiments will require a versatile optical laser infrastructure and precise information about the relative delay between the X-ray and optical pulse. The important key parameters are a high availability and long-term stability while providing advanced laser performance in the wavelength range from ultraviolet to terahertz. The concept of integrating a Ti:sapphire laser amplifier system with subsequent frequency conversion stages and drift compensation into the SwissFEL facility environment for successful 24 h/7 d user operation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Erny
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
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39
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Foucar L. CFEL-ASG Software Suite ( CASS): usage for free-electron laser experiments with biological focus. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1336-1346. [PMID: 27504079 PMCID: PMC4970498 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716009201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CASS [Foucar et al. (2012). Comput. Phys. Commun.183, 2207-2213] is a well established software suite for experiments performed at any sort of light source. It is based on a modular design and can easily be adapted for use at free-electron laser (FEL) experiments that have a biological focus. This article will list all the additional functionality and enhancements of CASS for use with FEL experiments that have been introduced since the first publication. The article will also highlight some advanced experiments with biological aspects that have been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Foucar
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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40
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Boll R, Erk B, Coffee R, Trippel S, Kierspel T, Bomme C, Bozek JD, Burkett M, Carron S, Ferguson KR, Foucar L, Küpper J, Marchenko T, Miron C, Patanen M, Osipov T, Schorb S, Simon M, Swiggers M, Techert S, Ueda K, Bostedt C, Rolles D, Rudenko A. Charge transfer in dissociating iodomethane and fluoromethane molecules ionized by intense femtosecond X-ray pulses. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:043207. [PMID: 27051675 PMCID: PMC4808069 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast electron transfer in dissociating iodomethane and fluoromethane molecules was studied at the Linac Coherent Light Source free-electron laser using an ultraviolet-pump, X-ray-probe scheme. The results for both molecules are discussed with respect to the nature of their UV excitation and different chemical properties. Signatures of long-distance intramolecular charge transfer are observed for both species, and a quantitative analysis of its distance dependence in iodomethane is carried out for charge states up to I(21+). The reconstructed critical distances for electron transfer are in good agreement with a classical over-the-barrier model and with an earlier experiment employing a near-infrared pump pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ryan Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sebastian Trippel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY , 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Cédric Bomme
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - John D Bozek
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Mitchell Burkett
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Sebastian Carron
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ken R Ferguson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Tatiana Marchenko
- Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matiere et Rayonnement, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Timur Osipov
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Marc Simon
- Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matiere et Rayonnement, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michelle Swiggers
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- IMRAM, Tohoku University , 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Artem Rudenko
- J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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41
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Pande K, Hutchison CDM, Groenhof G, Aquila A, Robinson JS, Tenboer J, Basu S, Boutet S, DePonte DP, Liang M, White TA, Zatsepin NA, Yefanov O, Morozov D, Oberthuer D, Gati C, Subramanian G, James D, Zhao Y, Koralek J, Brayshaw J, Kupitz C, Conrad C, Roy-Chowdhury S, Coe JD, Metz M, Xavier PL, Grant TD, Koglin JE, Ketawala G, Fromme R, Šrajer V, Henning R, Spence JCH, Ourmazd A, Schwander P, Weierstall U, Frank M, Fromme P, Barty A, Chapman HN, Moffat K, van Thor JJ, Schmidt M. Femtosecond structural dynamics drives the trans/cis isomerization in photoactive yellow protein. Science 2016; 352:725-9. [PMID: 27151871 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A variety of organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect and respond to light, in which the response is mediated by protein structural changes after photon absorption. The initial step is often the photoisomerization of a conjugated chromophore. Isomerization occurs on ultrafast time scales and is substantially influenced by the chromophore environment. Here we identify structural changes associated with the earliest steps in the trans-to-cis isomerization of the chromophore in photoactive yellow protein. Femtosecond hard x-ray pulses emitted by the Linac Coherent Light Source were used to conduct time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography on photoactive yellow protein microcrystals over a time range from 100 femtoseconds to 3 picoseconds to determine the structural dynamics of the photoisomerization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanupriya Pande
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Post Office Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Andy Aquila
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Josef S Robinson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jason Tenboer
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Shibom Basu
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel P DePonte
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Mengning Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadia A Zatsepin
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Post Office Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Daniel James
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jake Koralek
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jennifer Brayshaw
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Christopher Kupitz
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Chelsie Conrad
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shatabdi Roy-Chowdhury
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jesse D Coe
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Markus Metz
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paulraj Lourdu Xavier
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. IMPRS-UFAST, Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas D Grant
- Hauptman-Woodward Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Gihan Ketawala
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Raimund Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Vukica Šrajer
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert Henning
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - John C H Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Abbas Ourmazd
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Peter Schwander
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Matthias Frank
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Keith Moffat
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jasper J van Thor
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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42
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Katayama T, Owada S, Togashi T, Ogawa K, Karvinen P, Vartiainen I, Eronen A, David C, Sato T, Nakajima K, Joti Y, Yumoto H, Ohashi H, Yabashi M. A beam branching method for timing and spectral characterization of hard X-ray free-electron lasers. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:034301. [PMID: 26958586 PMCID: PMC4733081 DOI: 10.1063/1.4939655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for achieving advanced photon diagnostics of x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) under a quasi-noninvasive condition by using a beam-splitting scheme. Here, we used a transmission grating to generate multiple branches of x-ray beams. One of the two primary diffracted branches (+1st-order) is utilized for spectral measurement in a dispersive scheme, while the other (-1st-order) is dedicated for arrival timing diagnostics between the XFEL and the optical laser pulses. The transmitted x-ray beam (0th-order) is guided to an experimental station. To confirm the validity of this timing-monitoring scheme, we measured the correlation between the arrival timings of the -1st and 0th branches. The observed error was as small as 7.0 fs in root-mean-square. Our result showed the applicability of the beam branching scheme to advanced photon diagnostics, which will further enhance experimental capabilities of XFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shigeki Owada
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | | | - Kanade Ogawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | | | | | - Anni Eronen
- Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Takahiro Sato
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | | | | | - Hirokatsu Yumoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ohashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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43
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Chergui M. Time-resolved X-ray spectroscopies of chemical systems: New perspectives. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:031001. [PMID: 27376102 PMCID: PMC4902826 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The past 3-5 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of time-resolved X-ray spectroscopic studies, mainly driven by novel technical and methodological developments. The latter include (i) the high repetition rate optical pump/X-ray probe studies, which have greatly boosted the signal-to-noise ratio for picosecond (ps) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, while enabling ps X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotrons; (ii) the X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are a game changer and have allowed the first femtosecond (fs) XES and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to be carried out; (iii) XFELs are also opening the road to the development of non-linear X-ray methods. In this perspective, I will mainly focus on the most recent technical developments and briefly address some examples of scientific questions that have been addressed thanks to them. I will look at the novel opportunities in the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , ISIC-FSB, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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44
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Gorgisyan I, Ischebeck R, Prat E, Reiche S, Rivkin L, Juranić P. Simulation of FEL pulse length calculation with THz streaking method. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2016; 23:643-51. [PMID: 27140142 PMCID: PMC4853869 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751600285x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Having accurate and comprehensive photon diagnostics for the X-ray pulses delivered by free-electron laser (FEL) facilities is of utmost importance. Along with various parameters of the photon beam (such as photon energy, beam intensity, etc.), the pulse length measurements are particularly useful both for the machine operators to measure the beam parameters and monitor the stability of the machine performance, and for the users carrying out pump-probe experiments at such facilities to better understand their measurement results. One of the most promising pulse length measurement techniques used for photon diagnostics is the THz streak camera which is capable of simultaneously measuring the lengths of the photon pulses and their arrival times with respect to the pump laser. This work presents simulations of a THz streak camera performance. The simulation procedure utilizes FEL pulses with two different photon energies in hard and soft X-ray regions, respectively. It recreates the energy spectra of the photoelectrons produced by the photon pulses and streaks them by a single-cycle THz pulse. Following the pulse-retrieval procedure of the THz streak camera, the lengths were calculated from the streaked spectra. To validate the pulse length calculation procedure, the precision and the accuracy of the method were estimated for streaking configuration corresponding to previously performed experiments. The obtained results show that for the discussed setup the method is capable of measuring FEL pulses with about a femtosecond accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Gorgisyan
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R. Ischebeck
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - E. Prat
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S. Reiche
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L. Rivkin
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P. Juranić
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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45
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Haldrup K, Gawelda W, Abela R, Alonso-Mori R, Bergmann U, Bordage A, Cammarata M, Canton SE, Dohn AO, van Driel TB, Fritz DM, Galler A, Glatzel P, Harlang T, Kjær KS, Lemke HT, Møller KB, Németh Z, Pápai M, Sas N, Uhlig J, Zhu D, Vankó G, Sundström V, Nielsen MM, Bressler C. Observing Solvation Dynamics with Simultaneous Femtosecond X-ray Emission Spectroscopy and X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1158-68. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring
19, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Abela
- Paul Scherrer
Institut, SwissFEL, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- LCLS, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- LCLS, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Amélie Bordage
- Wigner
Research
Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marco Cammarata
- LCLS, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sophie E. Canton
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Asmus O. Dohn
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tim Brandt van Driel
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David M. Fritz
- LCLS, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Andreas Galler
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring
19, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Tobias Harlang
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kasper S. Kjær
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik T. Lemke
- LCLS, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Paul Scherrer
Institut, SwissFEL, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Klaus B. Møller
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zoltán Németh
- Wigner
Research
Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Wigner
Research
Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Sas
- Wigner
Research
Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Diling Zhu
- LCLS, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - György Vankó
- Wigner
Research
Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin M. Nielsen
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 307, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Bressler
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring
19, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee
149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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46
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Barends TRM, Foucar L, Ardevol A, Nass K, Aquila A, Botha S, Doak RB, Falahati K, Hartmann E, Hilpert M, Heinz M, Hoffmann MC, Köfinger J, Koglin JE, Kovacsova G, Liang M, Milathianaki D, Lemke HT, Reinstein J, Roome CM, Shoeman RL, Williams GJ, Burghardt I, Hummer G, Boutet S, Schlichting I. Direct observation of ultrafast collective motions in CO myoglobin upon ligand dissociation. Science 2015; 350:445-50. [PMID: 26359336 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The hemoprotein myoglobin is a model system for the study of protein dynamics. We used time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography at an x-ray free-electron laser to resolve the ultrafast structural changes in the carbonmonoxy myoglobin complex upon photolysis of the Fe-CO bond. Structural changes appear throughout the protein within 500 femtoseconds, with the C, F, and H helices moving away from the heme cofactor and the E and A helices moving toward it. These collective movements are predicted by hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations. Together with the observed oscillations of residues contacting the heme, our calculations support the prediction that an immediate collective response of the protein occurs upon ligand dissociation, as a result of heme vibrational modes coupling to global modes of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R M Barends
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lutz Foucar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Albert Ardevol
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karol Nass
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Aquila
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Botha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Bruce Doak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Falahati
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hartmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Hilpert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Heinz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jürgen Köfinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Gabriela Kovacsova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Despina Milathianaki
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Henrik T Lemke
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jochen Reinstein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher M Roome
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert L Shoeman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Garth J Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Max-Planck-Institut für Medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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47
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Minitti MP, Budarz JM, Kirrander A, Robinson JS, Ratner D, Lane TJ, Zhu D, Glownia JM, Kozina M, Lemke HT, Sikorski M, Feng Y, Nelson S, Saita K, Stankus B, Northey T, Hastings JB, Weber PM. Imaging Molecular Motion: Femtosecond X-Ray Scattering of an Electrocyclic Chemical Reaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015. [PMID: 26197134 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.255501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Structural rearrangements within single molecules occur on ultrafast time scales. Many aspects of molecular dynamics, such as the energy flow through excited states, have been studied using spectroscopic techniques, yet the goal to watch molecules evolve their geometrical structure in real time remains challenging. By mapping nuclear motions using femtosecond x-ray pulses, we have created real-space representations of the evolving dynamics during a well-known chemical reaction and show a series of time-sorted structural snapshots produced by ultrafast time-resolved hard x-ray scattering. A computational analysis optimally matches the series of scattering patterns produced by the x rays to a multitude of potential reaction paths. In so doing, we have made a critical step toward the goal of viewing chemical reactions on femtosecond time scales, opening a new direction in studies of ultrafast chemical reactions in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J M Budarz
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Brown University, Department of Chemistry, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - A Kirrander
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - J S Robinson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Ratner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T J Lane
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D Zhu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J M Glownia
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Kozina
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H T Lemke
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Sikorski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Y Feng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Nelson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K Saita
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - B Stankus
- Brown University, Department of Chemistry, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - T Northey
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - J B Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P M Weber
- Brown University, Department of Chemistry, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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48
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Minitti MP, Robinson JS, Coffee RN, Edstrom S, Gilevich S, Glownia JM, Granados E, Hering P, Hoffmann MC, Miahnahri A, Milathianaki D, Polzin W, Ratner D, Tavella F, Vetter S, Welch M, White WE, Fry AR. Optical laser systems at the Linac Coherent Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:526-31. [PMID: 25931064 PMCID: PMC4416671 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515006244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast optical lasers play an essential role in exploiting the unique capabilities of recently commissioned X-ray free-electron laser facilities such as the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Pump-probe experimental techniques reveal ultrafast dynamics in atomic and molecular processes and reveal new insights in chemistry, biology, material science and high-energy-density physics. This manuscript describes the laser systems and experimental methods that enable cutting-edge optical laser/X-ray pump-probe experiments to be performed at LCLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joseph S. Robinson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ryan N. Coffee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Steve Edstrom
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sasha Gilevich
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James M. Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Eduardo Granados
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philippe Hering
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthias C. Hoffmann
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alan Miahnahri
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Despina Milathianaki
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Wayne Polzin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel Ratner
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Franz Tavella
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sharon Vetter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marc Welch
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - William E. White
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alan R. Fry
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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49
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Chollet M, Alonso-Mori R, Cammarata M, Damiani D, Defever J, Delor JT, Feng Y, Glownia JM, Langton JB, Nelson S, Ramsey K, Robert A, Sikorski M, Song S, Stefanescu D, Srinivasan V, Zhu D, Lemke HT, Fritz DM. The X-ray Pump-Probe instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:503-7. [PMID: 25931060 PMCID: PMC4416667 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray Pump-Probe instrument achieves femtosecond time-resolution with hard X-ray methods using a free-electron laser source. It covers a photon energy range of 4-24 keV. A femtosecond optical laser system is available across a broad spectrum of wavelengths for generating transient states of matter. The instrument is designed to emphasize versatility and the scientific goals encompass ultrafast physical, chemical and biological processes involved in the transformation of matter and transfer of energy at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marco Cammarata
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel Damiani
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jim Defever
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James T. Delor
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yiping Feng
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James M. Glownia
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - J. Brian Langton
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Silke Nelson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Kelley Ramsey
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aymeric Robert
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Marcin Sikorski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sanghoon Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Daniel Stefanescu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - David M. Fritz
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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50
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Schulz S, Grguraš I, Behrens C, Bromberger H, Costello JT, Czwalinna MK, Felber M, Hoffmann MC, Ilchen M, Liu HY, Mazza T, Meyer M, Pfeiffer S, Prędki P, Schefer S, Schmidt C, Wegner U, Schlarb H, Cavalieri AL. Femtosecond all-optical synchronization of an X-ray free-electron laser. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5938. [PMID: 25600823 PMCID: PMC4309427 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many advanced applications of X-ray free-electron lasers require pulse durations and time resolutions of only a few femtoseconds. To generate these pulses and to apply them in time-resolved experiments, synchronization techniques that can simultaneously lock all independent components, including all accelerator modules and all external optical lasers, to better than the delivered free-electron laser pulse duration, are needed. Here we achieve all-optical synchronization at the soft X-ray free-electron laser FLASH and demonstrate facility-wide timing to better than 30 fs r.m.s. for 90 fs X-ray photon pulses. Crucially, our analysis indicates that the performance of this optical synchronization is limited primarily by the free-electron laser pulse duration, and should naturally scale to the sub-10 femtosecond level with shorter X-ray pulses. Few-femtosecond synchronization at free-electron lasers is key for nearly all experimental applications, stable operation and future light source development. Here, Schulz et al. demonstrate all-optical synchronization of the soft X-ray FEL FLASH to better than 30 fs and illustrate a pathway to sub-10 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Grguraš
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2] Center for Free-electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [3] University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Behrens
- 1] Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany [2] SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - H Bromberger
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J T Costello
- School of Physical Sciences and National Center for Plasma Science and Technology (NCPST), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - M K Czwalinna
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Felber
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Ilchen
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Y Liu
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Mazza
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Meyer
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Pfeiffer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Prędki
- Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wólczanska 221/223, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - S Schefer
- University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C Schmidt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Wegner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Schlarb
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A L Cavalieri
- 1] Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [2] Center for Free-electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany [3] University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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