1
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Shen Z, Xavier PL, Bean R, Bielecki J, Bergemann M, Daurer BJ, Ekeberg T, Estillore AD, Fangohr H, Giewekemeyer K, Karnevskiy M, Kirian RA, Kirkwood H, Kim Y, Koliyadu JCP, Lange H, Letrun R, Lübke J, Mall A, Michelat T, Morgan AJ, Roth N, Samanta AK, Sato T, Sikorski M, Schulz F, Vagovic P, Wollweber T, Worbs L, Maia F, Horke DA, Küpper J, Mancuso AP, Chapman HN, Ayyer K, Loh ND. Resolving Nonequilibrium Shape Variations among Millions of Gold Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38810115 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, exhibiting functionally relevant structural heterogeneity, are at the forefront of cutting-edge research. Now, high-throughput single-particle imaging (SPI) with X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) creates opportunities for recovering the shape distributions of millions of particles that exhibit functionally relevant structural heterogeneity. To realize this potential, three challenges have to be overcome: (1) simultaneous parametrization of structural variability in real and reciprocal spaces; (2) efficiently inferring the latent parameters of each SPI measurement; (3) scaling up comparisons between 105 structural models and 106 XFEL-SPI measurements. Here, we describe how we overcame these three challenges to resolve the nonequilibrium shape distributions within millions of gold nanoparticles imaged at the European XFEL. These shape distributions allowed us to quantify the degree of asymmetry in these particles, discover a relatively stable "shape envelope" among nanoparticles, discern finite-size effects related to shape-controlling surfactants, and extrapolate nanoparticles' shapes to their idealized thermodynamic limit. Ultimately, these demonstrations show that XFEL SPI can help transform nanoparticle shape characterization from anecdotally interesting to statistically meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Shen
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117551 Singapore
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Lourdu Xavier
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Benedikt J Daurer
- Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117557 Singapore
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Tomas Ekeberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Armando D Estillore
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Richard A Kirian
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | | | | | - Holger Lange
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Jannik Lübke
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abhishek Mall
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J Morgan
- University of Melbourne, Physics, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nils Roth
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amit K Samanta
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Florian Schulz
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrik Vagovic
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tamme Wollweber
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Worbs
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Filipe Maia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel Alfred Horke
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Küpper
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian P Mancuso
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Henry N Chapman
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- GermanyCenter for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N Duane Loh
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117551 Singapore
- Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117557 Singapore
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2
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Chalupský J, Vozda V, Hering J, Kybic J, Burian T, Dziarzhytski S, Frantálová K, Hájková V, Jelínek Š, Juha L, Keitel B, Kuglerová Z, Kuhlmann M, Petryshak B, Ruiz-Lopez M, Vyšín L, Wodzinski T, Plönjes E. Deep learning for laser beam imprinting. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:19703-19721. [PMID: 37381380 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Methods of ablation imprints in solid targets are widely used to characterize focused X-ray laser beams due to a remarkable dynamic range and resolving power. A detailed description of intense beam profiles is especially important in high-energy-density physics aiming at nonlinear phenomena. Complex interaction experiments require an enormous number of imprints to be created under all desired conditions making the analysis demanding and requiring a huge amount of human work. Here, for the first time, we present ablation imprinting methods assisted by deep learning approaches. Employing a multi-layer convolutional neural network (U-Net) trained on thousands of manually annotated ablation imprints in poly(methyl methacrylate), we characterize a focused beam of beamline FL24/FLASH2 at the Free-electron laser in Hamburg. The performance of the neural network is subject to a thorough benchmark test and comparison with experienced human analysts. Methods presented in this Paper pave the way towards a virtual analyst automatically processing experimental data from start to end.
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3
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Peck A, Chang HY, Dujardin A, Ramalingam D, Uervirojnangkoorn M, Wang Z, Mancuso A, Poitevin F, Yoon CH. Skopi: a simulation package for diffractive imaging of noncrystalline biomolecules. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:1002-1010. [PMID: 35974743 PMCID: PMC9348890 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722005994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have the ability to produce ultra-bright femtosecond X-ray pulses for coherent diffraction imaging of biomolecules. While the development of methods and algorithms for macromolecular crystallography is now mature, XFEL experiments involving aerosolized or solvated biomolecular samples offer new challenges in terms of both experimental design and data processing. Skopi is a simulation package that can generate single-hit diffraction images for reconstruction algorithms, multi-hit diffraction images of aggregated particles for training machine learning classifiers using labeled data, diffraction images of randomly distributed particles for fluctuation X-ray scattering algorithms, and diffraction images of reference and target particles for holographic reconstruction algorithms. Skopi is a resource to aid feasibility studies and advance the development of algorithms for noncrystalline experiments at XFEL facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Peck
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Hsing-Yin Chang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Antoine Dujardin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Deeban Ramalingam
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Monarin Uervirojnangkoorn
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Zhaoyou Wang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Adrian Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Frédéric Poitevin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Chun Hong Yoon
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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4
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Mobley BR, Schmidt KE, Chen JPJ, Kirian RA. A Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm for merging single-particle diffraction intensities. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A FOUNDATIONS AND ADVANCES 2022; 78:200-211. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273322001395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Single-particle imaging with X-ray free-electron lasers depends crucially on algorithms that merge large numbers of weak diffraction patterns despite missing measurements of parameters such as particle orientations. The expand–maximize–compress (EMC) algorithm is highly effective at merging single-particle diffraction patterns with missing orientation values, but most implementations exhaustively sample the space of missing parameters and may become computationally prohibitive as the number of degrees of freedom extends beyond orientation angles. This paper describes how the EMC algorithm can be modified to employ Metropolis Monte Carlo sampling rather than grid sampling, which may be favorable for reconstruction problems with more than three missing parameters. Using simulated data, this variant is compared with the standard EMC algorithm.
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5
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Gorel A, Schlichting I, Barends TRM. Discerning best practices in XFEL-based biological crystallography - standards for nonstandard experiments. IUCRJ 2021; 8:532-543. [PMID: 34258002 PMCID: PMC8256713 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252100467x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) at X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) is a novel tool in structural biology. In contrast to conventional crystallography, SFX relies on merging partial intensities acquired with X-ray beams of often randomly fluctuating properties from a very large number of still diffraction images of generally randomly oriented microcrystals. For this reason, and possibly due to limitations of the still evolving data-analysis programs, XFEL-derived SFX data are typically of a lower quality than 'standard' crystallographic data. In contrast with this, the studies performed at XFELs often aim to investigate issues that require precise high-resolution data, for example to determine structures of intermediates at low occupancy, which often display very small conformational changes. This is a potentially dangerous combination and underscores the need for a critical evaluation of procedures including data-quality standards in XFEL-based structural biology. Here, such concerns are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gorel
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Thomas R. M. Barends
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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6
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Cho DH, Shen Z, Ihm Y, Wi DH, Jung C, Nam D, Kim S, Park SY, Kim KS, Sung D, Lee H, Shin JY, Hwang J, Lee SY, Lee SY, Han SW, Noh DY, Loh ND, Song C. High-Throughput 3D Ensemble Characterization of Individual Core-Shell Nanoparticles with X-ray Free Electron Laser Single-Particle Imaging. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4066-4076. [PMID: 33506675 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structures as building blocks for designing functional nanomaterials have fueled the development of versatile nanoprobes to understand local structures of noncrystalline specimens. Progress in analyzing structures of individual specimens with atomic scale accuracy has been notable recently. In most cases, however, only a limited number of specimens are inspected lacking statistics to represent the systems with structural inhomogeneity. Here, by employing single-particle imaging with X-ray free electron lasers and algorithms for multiple-model 3D imaging, we succeeded in investigating several thousand specimens in a couple of hours and identified intrinsic heterogeneities with 3D structures. Quantitative analysis has unveiled 3D morphology, facet indices, and elastic strain. The 3D elastic energy distribution is further corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations to gain mechanical insight at the atomic level. This work establishes a route to high-throughput characterization of individual specimens in large ensembles, hence overcoming statistical deficiency while providing quantitative information at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyung Cho
- Department of Physics and Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Zhou Shen
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551
| | - Yungok Ihm
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Dae Han Wi
- Center for Nanotectonics, Department of Chemistry and KI for the NanoCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Chulho Jung
- Department of Physics and Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Daeho Sung
- Department of Physics and Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Heemin Lee
- Department of Physics and Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Shin
- Department of Physics and Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Junha Hwang
- Department of Physics and Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sung Yun Lee
- Department of Physics and Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Su Yong Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Han
- Center for Nanotectonics, Department of Chemistry and KI for the NanoCentury, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Do Young Noh
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - N Duane Loh
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117557
| | - Changyong Song
- Department of Physics and Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics (APCTP), POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
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7
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Vozda V, Burian T, Hájková V, Juha L, Enkisch H, Faatz B, Hermann M, Jacyna I, Jurek M, Keitel B, Klinger D, Loch R, Louis E, Makhotkin IA, Plönjes E, Saksl K, Siewert F, Sobierajski R, Strobel S, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, de Vries G, Zelinger Z, Chalupský J. Characterization of megahertz X-ray laser beams by multishot desorption imprints in PMMA. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:25664-25681. [PMID: 32906853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proper diagnostics of intense free-electron laser (FEL) X-ray pulses is indisputably important for experimental data analysis as well as for the protection of beamline optical elements. New challenges for beam diagnostic methods are introduced by modern FEL facilities capable of delivering powerful pulses at megahertz (MHz) repetition rates. In this paper, we report the first characterization of a defocused MHz 13.5-nm beam generated by the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) using the method of multi-pulse desorption imprints in poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA). The beam fluence profile is reconstructed in a novel and highly accurate way that takes into account the nonlinear response of material removal to total dose delivered by multiple pulses. The algorithm is applied to experimental data of single-shot ablation imprints and multi-shot desorption imprints at both low (10 Hz) and high (1 MHz) repetition rates. Reconstructed response functions show a great agreement with the theoretical desorption response function model.
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8
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Sala S, Daurer BJ, Odstrcil M, Capotondi F, Pedersoli E, Hantke MF, Manfredda M, Loh ND, Thibault P, Maia FRNC. Pulse-to-pulse wavefront sensing at free-electron lasers using ptychography. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:949-956. [PMID: 32788902 PMCID: PMC7401787 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720006913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pressing need for knowledge of the detailed wavefront properties of ultra-bright and ultra-short pulses produced by free-electron lasers has spurred the development of several complementary characterization approaches. Here a method based on ptychography is presented that can retrieve high-resolution complex-valued wavefunctions of individual pulses without strong constraints on the illumination or sample object used. The technique is demonstrated within experimental conditions suited for diffraction experiments and exploiting Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing optics. This lensless technique, applicable to many other short-pulse instruments, can achieve diffraction-limited resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Benedikt J. Daurer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Max F. Hantke
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - N. Duane Loh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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9
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Ho PJ, Daurer BJ, Hantke MF, Bielecki J, Al Haddad A, Bucher M, Doumy G, Ferguson KR, Flückiger L, Gorkhover T, Iwan B, Knight C, Moeller S, Osipov T, Ray D, Southworth SH, Svenda M, Timneanu N, Ulmer A, Walter P, Hajdu J, Young L, Maia FRNC, Bostedt C. The role of transient resonances for ultra-fast imaging of single sucrose nanoclusters. Nat Commun 2020; 11:167. [PMID: 31919346 PMCID: PMC6952381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses hold great promise for imaging function in nanoscale and biological systems with atomic resolution. So far, however, the spatial resolution obtained from single shot experiments lags averaging static experiments. Here we report on a combined computational and experimental study about ultrafast diffractive imaging of sucrose clusters which are benchmark organic samples. Our theoretical model matches the experimental data from the water window to the keV x-ray regime. The large-scale dynamic scattering calculations reveal that transient phenomena driven by non-linear x-ray interaction are decisive for ultrafast imaging applications. Our study illuminates the complex interplay of the imaging process with the rapidly changing transient electronic structures in XFEL experiments and shows how computational models allow optimization of the parameters for ultrafast imaging experiments. X-ray free electron lasers provide high photon flux to explore single particle diffraction imaging of biological samples. Here the authors present dynamic electronic structure calculations and benchmark them to single-particle XFEL diffraction data of sucrose clusters to predict optimal single-shot imaging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phay J Ho
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Benedikt J Daurer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Max F Hantke
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.,Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Johan Bielecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.,European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andre Al Haddad
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Maximilian Bucher
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ken R Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Bianca Iwan
- Stanford Pulse Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Christopher Knight
- Computational Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Moeller
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Timur Osipov
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Dipanwita Ray
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Stephen H Southworth
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Martin Svenda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anatoli Ulmer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Janos Hajdu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA.,Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Filipe R N C Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland. .,LUXS Laboratory for Ultrafast X-ray Sciences, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Lee H, Shin J, Cho DH, Jung C, Sung D, Ahn K, Nam D, Kim S, Kim KS, Park SY, Fan J, Jiang H, Kang HC, Tono K, Yabashi M, Ishikawa T, Noh DY, Song C. Characterizing the intrinsic properties of individual XFEL pulses via single-particle diffraction. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:17-24. [PMID: 31868731 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519015443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With each single X-ray pulse having its own characteristics, understanding the individual property of each X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulse is essential for its applications in probing and manipulating specimens as well as in diagnosing the lasing performance. Intensive research using XFEL radiation over the last several years has introduced techniques to characterize the femtosecond XFEL pulses, but a simple characterization scheme, while not requiring ad hoc assumptions, to address multiple aspects of XFEL radiation via a single data collection process is scant. Here, it is shown that single-particle diffraction patterns collected using single XFEL pulses can provide information about the incident photon flux and coherence property simultaneously, and the X-ray beam profile is inferred. The proposed scheme is highly adaptable to most experimental configurations, and will become an essential approach to understanding single X-ray pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heemin Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Jaeyong Shin
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Do Hyung Cho
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Chulho Jung
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Daeho Sung
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Kangwoo Ahn
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- PAL-XFEL Beamline Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- PAL-XFEL Beamline Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- PAL-XFEL Beamline Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Sang Yeon Park
- PAL-XFEL Beamline Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Jiadong Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaidong Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Hyun Chol Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, South Korea
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | | | - Do Young Noh
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Changyong Song
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
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11
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Toyota K, Jurek Z, Son SK, Fukuzawa H, Ueda K, Berrah N, Rudek B, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Santra R. xcalib: a focal spot calibrator for intense X-ray free-electron laser pulses based on the charge state distributions of light atoms. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1017-1030. [PMID: 31274423 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519003564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The xcalib toolkit has been developed to calibrate the beam profile of an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) at the focal spot based on the experimental charge state distributions (CSDs) of light atoms. Characterization of the fluence distribution at the focal spot is essential to perform the volume integrations of physical quantities for a quantitative comparison between theoretical and experimental results, especially for fluence-dependent quantities. The use of the CSDs of light atoms is advantageous because CSDs directly reflect experimental conditions at the focal spot, and the properties of light atoms have been well established in both theory and experiment. Theoretical CSDs are obtained using xatom, a toolkit to calculate atomic electronic structure and to simulate ionization dynamics of atoms exposed to intense XFEL pulses, which involves highly excited multiple core-hole states. Employing a simple function with a few parameters, the spatial profile of an XFEL beam is determined by minimizing the difference between theoretical and experimental results. The optimization procedure employing the reinforcement learning technique can automatize and organize calibration procedures which, before, had been performed manually. xcalib has high flexibility, simultaneously combining different optimization methods, sets of charge states, and a wide range of parameter space. Hence, in combination with xatom, xcalib serves as a comprehensive tool to calibrate the fluence profile of a tightly focused XFEL beam in the interaction region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudai Toyota
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sang Kil Son
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hironobu Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nora Berrah
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Benedikt Rudek
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Artem Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Hua W, Zhou G, Hu Z, Yang S, Liao K, Zhou P, Dong X, Wang Y, Bian F, Wang J. On-line monitoring of the spatial properties of hard X-ray free-electron lasers based on a grating splitter. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:619-628. [PMID: 31074424 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) play an increasingly important role in addressing the new scientific challenges relating to their high brightness, high coherence and femtosecond time structure. As a result of pulse-by-pulse fluctuations, the pulses of an XFEL beam may demonstrate subtle differences in intensity, energy spectrum, coherence, wavefront, etc., and thus on-line monitoring and diagnosis of a single pulse are required for many XFEL experiments. Here a new method is presented, based on a grating splitter and bending-crystal analyser, for single-pulse on-line monitoring of the spatial characteristics including the intensity profile, coherence and wavefront, which was suggested and applied experimentally to the temporal diagnosis of an XFEL single pulse. This simulation testifies that the intensity distribution, coherence and wavefront of the first-order diffracted beam of a grating preserve the properties of the incident beam, by using the coherent mode decomposition of the Gaussian-Schell model and Fourier optics. Indicatively, the first-order diffraction of appropriate gratings can be used as an alternative for on-line monitoring of the spatial properties of a single pulse without any characteristic deformation of the principal diffracted beam. However, an interesting simulation result suggests that the surface roughness of gratings will degrade the spatial characteristics in the case of a partially coherent incident beam. So, there exists a suitable roughness value for non-destructive monitoring of the spatial properties of the downstream beam, which depends on the specific optical path. Here, experiments based on synchrotron radiation X-rays are carried out in order to verify this method in principle. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Hua
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhao Zhou
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Keliang Liao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohao Dong
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Shanghai Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
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13
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Coherent diffractive imaging of single helium nanodroplets with a high harmonic generation source. Nat Commun 2017; 8:493. [PMID: 28887513 PMCID: PMC5591197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent diffractive imaging of individual free nanoparticles has opened routes for the in situ analysis of their transient structural, optical, and electronic properties. So far, single-shot single-particle diffraction was assumed to be feasible only at extreme ultraviolet and X-ray free-electron lasers, restricting this research field to large-scale facilities. Here we demonstrate single-shot imaging of isolated helium nanodroplets using extreme ultraviolet pulses from a femtosecond-laser-driven high harmonic source. We obtain bright wide-angle scattering patterns, that allow us to uniquely identify hitherto unresolved prolate shapes of superfluid helium droplets. Our results mark the advent of single-shot gas-phase nanoscopy with lab-based short-wavelength pulses and pave the way to ultrafast coherent diffractive imaging with phase-controlled multicolor fields and attosecond pulses. Diffraction imaging studies of free individual nanoparticles have so far been restricted to XUV and X-ray free - electron laser facilities. Here the authors demonstrate the possibility of using table-top XUV laser sources to image prolate shapes of superfluid helium droplets.
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14
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Sala S, Daurer BJ, Hantke MF, Ekeberg T, Loh ND, Maia FRNC, Thibault P. Ptychographic imaging for the characterization of X-ray free-electron laser beams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/849/1/012032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Daurer BJ, Okamoto K, Bielecki J, Maia FRNC, Mühlig K, Seibert MM, Hantke MF, Nettelblad C, Benner WH, Svenda M, Tîmneanu N, Ekeberg T, Loh ND, Pietrini A, Zani A, Rath AD, Westphal D, Kirian RA, Awel S, Wiedorn MO, van der Schot G, Carlsson GH, Hasse D, Sellberg JA, Barty A, Andreasson J, Boutet S, Williams G, Koglin J, Andersson I, Hajdu J, Larsson DSD. Experimental strategies for imaging bioparticles with femtosecond hard X-ray pulses. IUCRJ 2017; 4:251-262. [PMID: 28512572 PMCID: PMC5414399 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517003591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the capabilities of the Coherent X-ray Imaging Instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source to image small biological samples. The weak signal from small samples puts a significant demand on the experiment. Aerosolized Omono River virus particles of ∼40 nm in diameter were injected into the submicrometre X-ray focus at a reduced pressure. Diffraction patterns were recorded on two area detectors. The statistical nature of the measurements from many individual particles provided information about the intensity profile of the X-ray beam, phase variations in the wavefront and the size distribution of the injected particles. The results point to a wider than expected size distribution (from ∼35 to ∼300 nm in diameter). This is likely to be owing to nonvolatile contaminants from larger droplets during aerosolization and droplet evaporation. The results suggest that the concentration of nonvolatile contaminants and the ratio between the volumes of the initial droplet and the sample particles is critical in such studies. The maximum beam intensity in the focus was found to be 1.9 × 1012 photons per µm2 per pulse. The full-width of the focus at half-maximum was estimated to be 500 nm (assuming 20% beamline transmission), and this width is larger than expected. Under these conditions, the diffraction signal from a sample-sized particle remained above the average background to a resolution of 4.25 nm. The results suggest that reducing the size of the initial droplets during aerosolization is necessary to bring small particles into the scope of detailed structural studies with X-ray lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt J. Daurer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenta Okamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Bielecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Filipe R. N. C. Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kerstin Mühlig
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Marvin Seibert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Max F. Hantke
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Nettelblad
- Division of Scientific Computing, Department of Information Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 2 (Box 337), SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - W. Henry Benner
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Martin Svenda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicuşor Tîmneanu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Molecular and Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 1 (Box 516), SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Ekeberg
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N. Duane Loh
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alberto Pietrini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Zani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asawari D. Rath
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Daniel Westphal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard A. Kirian
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Salah Awel
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max O. Wiedorn
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gijs van der Schot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla H. Carlsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dirk Hasse
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas A. Sellberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Andreasson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Science, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Garth Williams
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, 743 Brookhaven Avenue, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jason Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Inger Andersson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janos Hajdu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel S. D. Larsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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17
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Samoylova L, Buzmakov A, Chubar O, Sinn H. WavePropaGator: interactive framework for X-ray free-electron laser optics design and simulations. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1347-1355. [PMID: 27504080 PMCID: PMC4970499 DOI: 10.1107/s160057671600995x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the WavePropaGator (WPG) package, a new interactive software framework for coherent and partially coherent X-ray wavefront propagation simulations. The package has been developed at European XFEL for users at the existing and emerging free-electron laser (FEL) facilities, as well as at the third-generation synchrotron sources and future diffraction-limited storage rings. The WPG addresses the needs of beamline scientists and user groups to facilitate the design, optimization and improvement of X-ray optics to meet their experimental requirements. The package uses the Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) C/C++ library and its Python binding for numerical wavefront propagation simulations. The framework runs reliably under Linux, Microsoft Windows 7 and Apple Mac OS X and is distributed under an open-source license. The available tools allow for varying source parameters and optics layouts and visualizing the results interactively. The wavefront history structure can be used for tracking changes in every particular wavefront during propagation. The batch propagation mode enables processing of multiple wavefronts in workflow mode. The paper presents a general description of the package and gives some recent application examples, including modeling of full X-ray FEL beamlines and start-to-end simulation of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Samoylova
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Alexey Buzmakov
- Institute of Crystallography, Leninskii prospekt 59, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Chubar
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Harald Sinn
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
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18
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Ayyer K, Lan TY, Elser V, Loh ND. Dragonfly: an implementation of the expand-maximize-compress algorithm for single-particle imaging. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1320-1335. [PMID: 27504078 PMCID: PMC4970497 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716008165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-particle imaging (SPI) with X-ray free-electron lasers has the potential to change fundamentally how biomacromolecules are imaged. The structure would be derived from millions of diffraction patterns, each from a different copy of the macromolecule before it is torn apart by radiation damage. The challenges posed by the resultant data stream are staggering: millions of incomplete, noisy and un-oriented patterns have to be computationally assembled into a three-dimensional intensity map and then phase reconstructed. In this paper, the Dragonfly software package is described, based on a parallel implementation of the expand-maximize-compress reconstruction algorithm that is well suited for this task. Auxiliary modules to simulate SPI data streams are also included to assess the feasibility of proposed SPI experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source, Stanford, California, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Ayyer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ti-Yen Lan
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Veit Elser
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - N. Duane Loh
- Centre for Bio-imaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117557, Singapore
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19
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Foucar L. CFEL-ASG Software Suite ( CASS): usage for free-electron laser experiments with biological focus. J Appl Crystallogr 2016; 49:1336-1346. [PMID: 27504079 PMCID: PMC4970498 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576716009201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CASS [Foucar et al. (2012). Comput. Phys. Commun.183, 2207-2213] is a well established software suite for experiments performed at any sort of light source. It is based on a modular design and can easily be adapted for use at free-electron laser (FEL) experiments that have a biological focus. This article will list all the additional functionality and enhancements of CASS for use with FEL experiments that have been introduced since the first publication. The article will also highlight some advanced experiments with biological aspects that have been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Foucar
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
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20
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Inoue I, Tono K, Joti Y, Kameshima T, Ogawa K, Shinohara Y, Amemiya Y, Yabashi M. Characterizing transverse coherence of an ultra-intense focused X-ray free-electron laser by an extended Young's experiment. IUCRJ 2015; 2:620-6. [PMID: 26594369 PMCID: PMC4645106 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252515015523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of transverse coherence is one of the most critical themes for advanced X-ray sources and their applications in many fields of science. However, for hard X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources there is very little knowledge available on their transverse coherence characteristics, despite their extreme importance. This is because the unique characteristics of the sources, such as the ultra-intense nature of XFEL radiation and the shot-by-shot fluctuations in the intensity distribution, make it difficult to apply conventional techniques. Here, an extended Young's interference experiment using a stream of bimodal gold particles is shown to achieve a direct measurement of the modulus of the complex degree of coherence of XFEL pulses. The use of interference patterns from two differently sized particles enables analysis of the transverse coherence on a single-shot basis without a priori knowledge of the instantaneous intensity ratio at the particles. For a focused X-ray spot as small as 1.8 µm (horizontal) × 1.3 µm (vertical) with an ultrahigh intensity that exceeds 10(18) W cm(-2) from the SPring-8 Ångstrom Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA), the coherence lengths were estimated to be 1.7 ± 0.2 µm (horizontal) and 1.3 ± 0.1 µm (vertical). The ratios between the coherence lengths and the focused beam sizes are almost the same in the horizontal and vertical directions, indicating that the transverse coherence properties of unfocused XFEL pulses are isotropic. The experiment presented here enables measurements free from radiation damage and will be readily applicable to the analysis of the transverse coherence of ultra-intense nanometre-sized focused XFEL beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Inoue
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kensuke Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Joti
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kameshima
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kanade Ogawa
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yuya Shinohara
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Amemiya
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Makina Yabashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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21
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Loh ND. A minimal view of single-particle imaging with X-ray lasers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130328. [PMID: 24914155 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to serially interrogate single biomolecules with femtosecond X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers has ushered in the possibility of determining the three-dimensional structure of biomolecules without crystallization. However, the complexity of imaging a sample's structure from very many of its noisy and incomplete diffraction data can be daunting. In this review, we introduce a simple analogue of this imaging workflow, use it to describe a structure reconstruction algorithm based on the expectation maximization principle, and consider the effects of extraneous noise. Such a minimal model can aid experiment and algorithm design in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Duane Loh
- Center for Bioimaging Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117411 PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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22
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Kayser Y, Rutishauser S, Katayama T, Ohashi H, Kameshima T, Flechsig U, Yabashi M, David C. Wavefront metrology measurements at SACLA by means of X-ray grating interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:9004-9015. [PMID: 24787789 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.009004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the X-ray wavefront is of importance for many experiments at synchrotron sources and hard X-ray free-electron lasers. We will report on metrology measurements performed at the SACLA X-ray Free Electron Laser by means of grating interferometry which allows for an at-wavelength, in-situ, and single-shot characterization of the X-ray wavefront. At SACLA the grating interferometry technique was used for the study of the X-ray optics installed upstream of the end station, two off-set mirror systems and a double crystal monochromator. The excellent quality of the optical components was confirmed by the experimental results. Consequently grating interferometry presents the ability to support further technical progresses in X-ray mirror manufacturing and mounting.
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Park HJ, Loh ND, Sierra RG, Hampton CY, Starodub D, Martin AV, Barty A, Aquila A, Schulz J, Steinbrener J, Shoeman RL, Lomb L, Kassemeyer S, Bostedt C, Bozek J, Epp SW, Erk B, Hartmann R, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Rudek B, Foucar L, Kimmel N, Weidenspointner G, Hauser G, Holl P, Pedersoli E, Liang M, Hunter MS, Gumprecht L, Coppola N, Wunderer C, Graafsma H, Maia FRNC, Ekeberg T, Hantke M, Fleckenstein H, Hirsemann H, Nass K, Tobias HJ, Farquar GR, Benner WH, Hau-Riege S, Reich C, Hartmann A, Soltau H, Marchesini S, Bajt S, Barthelmess M, Strueder L, Ullrich J, Bucksbaum P, Frank M, Schlichting I, Chapman HN, Bogan MJ, Elser V. Toward unsupervised single-shot diffractive imaging of heterogeneous particles using X-ray free-electron lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:28729-42. [PMID: 24514385 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.028729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Single shot diffraction imaging experiments via X-ray free-electron lasers can generate as many as hundreds of thousands of diffraction patterns of scattering objects. Recovering the real space contrast of a scattering object from these patterns currently requires a reconstruction process with user guidance in a number of steps, introducing severe bottlenecks in data processing. We present a series of measures that replace user guidance with algorithms that reconstruct contrasts in an unsupervised fashion. We demonstrate the feasibility of automating the reconstruction process by generating hundreds of contrasts obtained from soot particle diffraction experiments.
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