1
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Wiesinger M, Stuhlmann F, Bohman M, Micke P, Will C, Yildiz H, Abbass F, Arndt BP, Devlin JA, Erlewein S, Fleck M, Jäger JI, Latacz BM, Schweitzer D, Umbrazunas G, Wursten E, Blaum K, Matsuda Y, Mooser A, Quint W, Soter A, Walz J, Smorra C, Ulmer S. Trap-integrated fluorescence detection with silicon photomultipliers for sympathetic laser cooling in a cryogenic Penning trap. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:123202. [PMID: 38109470 DOI: 10.1063/5.0170629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a fluorescence-detection system for laser-cooled 9Be+ ions based on silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) operated at 4 K and integrated into our cryogenic 1.9 T multi-Penning-trap system. Our approach enables fluorescence detection in a hermetically sealed cryogenic Penning-trap chamber with limited optical access, where state-of-the-art detection using a telescope and photomultipliers at room temperature would be extremely difficult. We characterize the properties of the SiPM in a cryocooler at 4 K, where we measure a dark count rate below 1 s-1 and a detection efficiency of 2.5(3)%. We further discuss the design of our cryogenic fluorescence-detection trap and analyze the performance of our detection system by fluorescence spectroscopy of 9Be+ ion clouds during several runs of our sympathetic laser-cooling experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wiesinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Stuhlmann
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Bohman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Micke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - C Will
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Yildiz
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Abbass
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - B P Arndt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - J A Devlin
- CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Erlewein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Fleck
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - J I Jäger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - B M Latacz
- CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - D Schweitzer
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - G Umbrazunas
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Wursten
- CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Blaum
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Matsuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - A Mooser
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Quint
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Soter
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Walz
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, Staudingerweg 18, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Smorra
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - S Ulmer
- RIKEN, Fundamental Symmetries Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Ma S, Liu G, Peng P, Zhang B, Jandura S, Claes J, Burgers AP, Pupillo G, Puri S, Thompson JD. High-fidelity gates and mid-circuit erasure conversion in an atomic qubit. Nature 2023; 622:279-284. [PMID: 37821593 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of scalable, high-fidelity qubits is a key challenge in quantum information science. Neutral atom qubits have progressed rapidly in recent years, demonstrating programmable processors1,2 and quantum simulators with scaling to hundreds of atoms3,4. Exploring new atomic species, such as alkaline earth atoms5-7, or combining multiple species8 can provide new paths to improving coherence, control and scalability. For example, for eventual application in quantum error correction, it is advantageous to realize qubits with structured error models, such as biased Pauli errors9 or conversion of errors into detectable erasures10. Here we demonstrate a new neutral atom qubit using the nuclear spin of a long-lived metastable state in 171Yb. The long coherence time and fast excitation to the Rydberg state allow one- and two-qubit gates with fidelities of 0.9990(1) and 0.980(1), respectively. Importantly, a large fraction of all gate errors result in decays out of the qubit subspace to the ground state. By performing fast, mid-circuit detection of these errors, we convert them into erasure errors; during detection, the induced error probability on qubits remaining in the computational space is less than 10-5. This work establishes metastable 171Yb as a promising platform for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Genyue Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Pai Peng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Bichen Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sven Jandura
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS (UMR 7006), aQCess, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jahan Claes
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex P Burgers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guido Pupillo
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, CESQ and ISIS (UMR 7006), aQCess, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shruti Puri
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Quantum Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeff D Thompson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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3
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de Leon NP, Itoh KM, Kim D, Mehta KK, Northup TE, Paik H, Palmer BS, Samarth N, Sangtawesin S, Steuerman DW. Materials challenges and opportunities for quantum computing hardware. Science 2021; 372:372/6539/eabb2823. [PMID: 33859004 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantum computing hardware technologies have advanced during the past two decades, with the goal of building systems that can solve problems that are intractable on classical computers. The ability to realize large-scale systems depends on major advances in materials science, materials engineering, and new fabrication techniques. We identify key materials challenges that currently limit progress in five quantum computing hardware platforms, propose how to tackle these problems, and discuss some new areas for exploration. Addressing these materials challenges will require scientists and engineers to work together to create new, interdisciplinary approaches beyond the current boundaries of the quantum computing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kohei M Itoh
- School of Fundamental Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Dohun Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Karan K Mehta
- Department of Physics, Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tracy E Northup
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hanhee Paik
- IBM Quantum, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.
| | - B S Palmer
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA.,Quantum Materials Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - N Samarth
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- School of Physics and Center of Excellence in Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - D W Steuerman
- Kavli Foundation, 5715 Mesmer Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90230, USA
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4
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Clements ER, Kim ME, Cui K, Hankin AM, Brewer SM, Valencia J, Chen JS, Chou CW, Leibrandt DR, Hume DB. Lifetime-Limited Interrogation of Two Independent ^{27}Al^{+} Clocks Using Correlation Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:243602. [PMID: 33412042 PMCID: PMC8646206 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.243602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laser decoherence limits the stability of optical clocks by broadening the observable resonance linewidths and adding noise during the dead time between clock probes. Correlation spectroscopy avoids these limitations by measuring correlated atomic transitions between two ensembles, which provides a frequency difference measurement independent of laser noise. Here, we apply this technique to perform stability measurements between two independent clocks based on the ^{1}S_{0}↔^{3}P_{0} transition in ^{27}Al^{+}. By stabilizing the dominant sources of differential phase noise between the two clocks, we observe coherence between them during synchronous Ramsey interrogations as long as 8 s at a frequency of 1.12×10^{15} Hz. The observed contrast in the correlation spectroscopy signal is consistent with the 20.6 s ^{3}P_{0} state lifetime and represents a measurement instability of (1.8±0.5)×10^{-16}/sqrt[τ/s] for averaging periods longer than the probe duration when dead time is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R. Clements
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - May E. Kim
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kaifeng Cui
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- HEP Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Aaron M. Hankin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Samuel M. Brewer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jose Valencia
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jwo-Sy Chen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Chou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - David R. Leibrandt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - David B. Hume
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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5
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Wang Y, Crain S, Fang C, Zhang B, Huang S, Liang Q, Leung PH, Brown KR, Kim J. High-Fidelity Two-Qubit Gates Using a Microelectromechanical-System-Based Beam Steering System for Individual Qubit Addressing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:150505. [PMID: 33095613 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.150505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a large scale trapped atomic ion quantum computer, high-fidelity two-qubit gates need to be extended over all qubits with individual control. We realize and characterize high-fidelity two-qubit gates in a system with up to four ions using radial modes. The ions are individually addressed by two tightly focused beams steered using microelectromechanical system mirrors. We deduce a gate fidelity of 99.49(7)% in a two-ion chain and 99.30(6)% in a four-ion chain by applying a sequence of up to 21 two-qubit gates and measuring the final state fidelity. We characterize the residual errors and discuss methods to further improve the gate fidelity towards values that are compatible with fault-tolerant quantum computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Stephen Crain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Bichen Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Shilin Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Qiyao Liang
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Pak Hong Leung
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Kenneth R Brown
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jungsang Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- IonQ, Inc., College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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6
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A Dual Hollow Core Antiresonant Optical Fiber Coupler Based on a Highly Birefringent Structure-Numerical Design and Analysis. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7120109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the growing interest in hollow-core antiresonant fibers (HC-ARF), attributed to the development of their fabrication technology, the appearance of more sophisticated structures is understandable. One of the recently advancing concepts is that of dual hollow-core antiresonant fibers, which have the potential to be used as optical fiber couplers. In the following paper, a design of a dual hollow-core antiresonant fiber (DHC-ARF) acting as a polarization fiber coupler is presented. The structure is based on a highly birefringent hollow-core fiber design, which is proven to be a promising solution for the purpose of propagation of polarized signals. The design of an optimized DHC-ARF with asymmetrical cores is proposed, together with analysis of its essential coupling parameters, such as the extinction ratio, coupling length ratio, and coupling strength. The latter two for the x- and y-polarized signals were ~2 and 1, respectively, while the optical losses were below 0.3 dB/cm in the 1500–1700 nm transmission band.
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7
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McCormick KC, Keller J, Burd SC, Wineland DJ, Wilson AC, Leibfried D. Quantum-enhanced sensing of a single-ion mechanical oscillator. Nature 2019; 572:86-90. [PMID: 31332388 PMCID: PMC6986265 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Special quantum states are used in metrology to achieve sensitivities below the limits established by classically behaving states1,2. In bosonic interferometers, squeezed states3, number states4,5 and 'Schrödinger cat' states5 have been implemented on various platforms and have demonstrated improved measurement precision over interferometers using coherent states6,7. Another metrologically useful state is an equal superposition of two eigenstates with maximally different energies; this state ideally reaches the full interferometric sensitivity allowed by quantum mechanics8,9. Here we demonstrate the enhanced sensitivity of these quantum states in the case of a harmonic oscillator. We extend an existing experimental technique10 to create number states of order up to n = 100 and to generate superpositions of a harmonic oscillator ground state and a number state of the form [Formula: see text] with n up to 18 in the motion of a single trapped ion. Although experimental imperfections prevent us from reaching the ideal Heisenberg limit, we observe enhanced sensitivity to changes in the frequency of the mechanical oscillator. This sensitivity initially increases linearly with n and reaches a maximum at n = 12, where we observe a metrological enhancement of 6.4(4) decibels (the uncertainty is one standard deviation of the mean) compared to an ideal measurement on a coherent state with the same average occupation number. Such measurements should provide improved characterization of motional decoherence, which is an important source of error in quantum information processing with trapped ions11,12. It should also be possible to use the quantum advantage from number-state superpositions to achieve precision measurements in other harmonic oscillator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C McCormick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Jonas Keller
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shaun C Burd
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David J Wineland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Andrew C Wilson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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8
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Leopold T, King SA, Micke P, Bautista-Salvador A, Heip JC, Ospelkaus C, Crespo López-Urrutia JR, Schmidt PO. A cryogenic radio-frequency ion trap for quantum logic spectroscopy of highly charged ions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:073201. [PMID: 31370455 DOI: 10.1063/1.5100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A cryogenic radio-frequency ion trap system designed for quantum logic spectroscopy of highly charged ions (HCI) is presented. It includes a segmented linear Paul trap, an in-vacuum imaging lens, and a helical resonator. We demonstrate ground state cooling of all three modes of motion of a single 9Be+ ion and determine their heating rates as well as excess axial micromotion. The trap shows one of the lowest levels of electric field noise published to date. We investigate the magnetic-field noise suppression in cryogenic shields made from segmented copper, the resulting magnetic field stability at the ion position and the resulting coherence time. Using this trap in conjunction with an electron beam ion trap and a deceleration beamline, we have been able to trap single highly charged Ar13+ (Ar XIV) ions concurrently with single Be+ ions, a key prerequisite for the first quantum logic spectroscopy of a HCI. This major stepping stone allows us to push highly-charged-ion spectroscopic precision from the gigahertz to the hertz level and below.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Leopold
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S A King
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - P Micke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Bautista-Salvador
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J C Heip
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - C Ospelkaus
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - P O Schmidt
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Sahin S, Zhang M, Chen Y, Cai Y. Transmission of a polychromatic electromagnetic multi-Gaussian Schell-model beam in an inhomogeneous gradient-index fiber. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:1604-1611. [PMID: 30183017 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We derive analytical expressions for the cross-spectral density matrix of polychromatic electromagnetic multi-Gaussian Schell-model (EMGSM) beam transmission through a gradient-index fiber. The space-spectrum evolution properties for the spectral density, spectral shift, degree of polarization, and electromagnetic coherence state of a polychromatic EMGSM beam with Lorentzian line type spectrum and central wavelength λ0=1550 nm propagation in a silica-clad germania core inhomogeneous graded-index fiber are studied in detail. We show that these statistical properties exhibit periodicity in the fiber, caused by the focusing property of square-law media, which can be reminiscent of the self-imaging effect of optical fields. The effects of the nonconventional correlation functions of the polychromatic EMGSM beam on the transmission properties are also investigated.
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10
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Yu F, Cann M, Brunton A, Wadsworth W, Knight J. Single-mode solarization-free hollow-core fiber for ultraviolet pulse delivery. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:10879-10887. [PMID: 29716018 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.010879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report anti-resonant silica hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs) for solarization-free ultraviolet (UV) pulse transmission. The new fibers reported have lower attenuation than any previous HCFs for this spectral range. We report a single fiber that guides over a part of the UV-C and the whole of the UV-A spectral regions in adjacent transmission bands. A second AR-HCF is used for delivery of 17 nanosecond laser pulses at 266 nm at 30 kHz repetition rate. The fiber maintained a constant transmission, free of silica fluorescence and solarization-induced fiber degradation while delivering 0.46 μJ pulses for a period of over one hour. By direct comparison, we demonstrate that the single-mode AR-HCF significantly outperforms commercially-available high-OH and solarization-resistant silica multimode fibers for pulsed light delivery in this spectral range.
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11
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Letfullin RR, George TF. Nanotherapy of cancer by photoelectrons emitted from the surface of nanoparticles exposed to nonionizing ultraviolet radiation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1107-1117. [PMID: 28447907 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We introduce a new method for selectively destroying cancer cell organelles by electrons emitted from the surface of intracellularly localized nanoparticles exposed to the nonionizing ultraviolet (UV) radiation. METHODS We propose to target cancerous intracellular organelles by nanoparticles and expose them to UV radiation with energy density safe for healthy tissue. RESULTS We simulate the number of photoelectrons produced by the nanoparticles made of various metals and radii, calculate their kinetic energy and compare it to the threshold energy for producing biological damage. CONCLUSION Exposure of metal nanoparticles to UV radiation generates photoelectrons with kinetic energies up to 11 eV, which is high enough to produce single- to double-strand breaks in the DNA and damage the cancerous cell organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat R Letfullin
- Department of Physics & Optical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Ave, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA
| | - Thomas F George
- Office of the Chancellor & Center for Nanoscience, Departments of Chemistry/Biochemistry & Physics/Astronomy, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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12
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Chen JS, Brewer SM, Chou CW, Wineland DJ, Leibrandt DR, Hume DB. Sympathetic Ground State Cooling and Time-Dilation Shifts in an ^{27}Al^{+} Optical Clock. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:053002. [PMID: 28211723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.053002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on Raman sideband cooling of ^{25}Mg^{+} to sympathetically cool the secular modes of motion in a ^{25}Mg^{+}-^{27}Al^{+} two-ion pair to near the three-dimensional (3D) ground state. The evolution of the Fock-state distribution during the cooling process is studied using a rate-equation simulation, and various heating sources that limit the efficiency of 3D sideband cooling in our system are discussed. We characterize the residual energy and heating rates of all of the secular modes of motion and estimate a secular motion time-dilation shift of -(1.9±0.1)×10^{-18} for an ^{27}Al^{+} clock at a typical clock probe duration of 150 ms. This is a 50-fold reduction in the secular motion time-dilation shift uncertainty in comparison with previous ^{27}Al^{+} clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Chen
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - S M Brewer
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C W Chou
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D J Wineland
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - D R Leibrandt
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - D B Hume
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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13
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Gaebler JP, Tan TR, Lin Y, Wan Y, Bowler R, Keith AC, Glancy S, Coakley K, Knill E, Leibfried D, Wineland DJ. High-Fidelity Universal Gate Set for ^{9}Be^{+} Ion Qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:060505. [PMID: 27541451 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.060505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report high-fidelity laser-beam-induced quantum logic gates on magnetic-field-insensitive qubits comprised of hyperfine states in ^{9}Be^{+} ions with a memory coherence time of more than 1 s. We demonstrate single-qubit gates with an error per gate of 3.8(1)×10^{-5}. By creating a Bell state with a deterministic two-qubit gate, we deduce a gate error of 8(4)×10^{-4}. We characterize the errors in our implementation and discuss methods to further reduce imperfections towards values that are compatible with fault-tolerant processing at realistic overhead.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Gaebler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - T R Tan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Lin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Wan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - R Bowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - A C Keith
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - S Glancy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K Coakley
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E Knill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D J Wineland
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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14
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Mridha MK, Novoa D, Bauerschmidt ST, Abdolvand A, St J Russell P. Generation of a vacuum ultraviolet to visible Raman frequency comb in H 2-filled kagomé photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2811-2814. [PMID: 27304295 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of a purely vibrational Raman comb, extending from the vacuum ultraviolet (184 nm) to the visible (478 nm), in hydrogen-filled kagomé-style photonic crystal fiber pumped at 266 nm. Stimulated Raman scattering and molecular modulation processes are enhanced by higher Raman gain in the ultraviolet. Owing to the pressure-tunable normal dispersion landscape of the "fiber + gas" system in the ultraviolet, higher-order anti-Stokes bands are generated preferentially in higher-order fiber modes. The results pave the way toward tunable fiber-based sources of deep and vacuum ultraviolet light for applications in, e.g., spectroscopy and biomedicine.
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15
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Ott K, Garcia S, Kohlhaas R, Schüppert K, Rosenbusch P, Long R, Reichel J. Millimeter-long fiber Fabry-Perot cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9839-9853. [PMID: 27137597 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate fiber Fabry-Perot (FFP) cavities with concave mirrors that can be operated at cavity lengths as large as 1.5 mm without significant deterioration of the finesse. This is achieved by using a laser dot machining technique to shape spherical mirrors with ultralow roughness and employing single-mode fibers with large mode area for good mode matching to the cavity. Additionally, in contrast to previous FFPs, these cavities can be used over an octave-spanning frequency range with adequate coatings. We also show directly that shape deviations caused by the fiber's index profile lead to a finesse decrease as observed in earlier attempts to build long FFP cavities, and show a way to overcome this problem.
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16
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de Clercq LE, Lo HY, Marinelli M, Nadlinger D, Oswald R, Negnevitsky V, Kienzler D, Keitch B, Home JP. Parallel Transport Quantum Logic Gates with Trapped Ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:080502. [PMID: 26967401 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate single-qubit operations by transporting a beryllium ion with a controlled velocity through a stationary laser beam. We use these to perform coherent sequences of quantum operations, and to perform parallel quantum logic gates on two ions in different processing zones of a multiplexed ion trap chip using a single recycled laser beam. For the latter, we demonstrate individually addressed single-qubit gates by local control of the speed of each ion. The fidelities we observe are consistent with operations performed using standard methods involving static ions and pulsed laser fields. This work therefore provides a path to scalable ion trap quantum computing with reduced requirements on the optical control complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig E de Clercq
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hsiang-Yu Lo
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Marinelli
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Nadlinger
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Oswald
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vlad Negnevitsky
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Kienzler
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ben Keitch
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan P Home
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Jain D, Jung Y, Barua P, Sones C, Sahu JK. Large mode area multi-trench fiber for UV and visible transmission. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:5026-5029. [PMID: 26512510 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.005026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate all-solid 10 and 20 μm core diameter multi-trench fibers for UV and visible wavelengths. Measurements ensure an effective single-mode operation over a wide range of bend radii, which is suitable for applications such as beam delivery. Both fibers were fabricated by the conventional modified chemical vapor deposition process, which is suitable for mass production. Moreover, all-solid fiber design ensures easy cleaving and splicing.
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