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Tafone D, Huang I, Rehain P, Zhu S, Sua YM, Huang Y. Single-point material recognition by quantum parametric mode sorting and photon counting. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:4109-4112. [PMID: 33983173 DOI: 10.1364/ao.423420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore an active illumination approach to remote material recognition, based on quantum parametric mode sorting and single-photon detection. By measuring a photon's time of flight at picosecond resolution, 97.8% recognition is demonstrated by illuminating only a single point on the materials. Thanks to the exceptional detection sensitivity and noise rejection, a high recognition accuracy of 96.1% is achieved even when the materials are occluded by a lossy and multiscattering obscurant.
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2
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Maruca S, Rehain P, Sua YM, Zhu S, Huang Y. Non-invasive single photon imaging through strongly scattering media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:9981-9990. [PMID: 33820159 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive optical imaging through opaque and multi-scattering media remains highly desirable across many application domains. The random scattering and diffusion of light in such media inflict exponential decay and aberration, prohibiting diffraction-limited imaging. By non-interferometric few picoseconds optical gating of backscattered photons, we demonstrate single photon sensitive non-invasive 3D imaging of targets occluded by strongly scattering media with optical thicknesses reaching 9.5ls (19ls round trip). It achieves diffraction-limited imaging of a target placed 130 cm away through the opaque media, with millimeter lateral and depth resolution while requiring only one photon detection out of 50,000 probe pulses. Our single photon sensitive imaging technique does not require wavefront shaping nor computationally-intensive image reconstruction algorithms, promising practical solutions for diffraction-limited imaging through highly opaque and diffusive media with low illumination power.
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Rehain P, Sua YM, Zhu S, Dickson I, Muthuswamy B, Ramanathan J, Shahverdi A, Huang YP. Noise-tolerant single photon sensitive three-dimensional imager. Nat Commun 2020; 11:921. [PMID: 32066725 PMCID: PMC7026101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Active imagers capable of reconstructing 3-dimensional (3D) scenes in the presence of strong background noise are highly desirable for many sensing and imaging applications. A key to this capability is the time-resolving photon detection that distinguishes true signal photons from the noise. To this end, quantum parametric mode sorting (QPMS) can achieve signal to noise exceeding by far what is possible with typical linear optics filters, with outstanding performance in isolating temporally and spectrally overlapping noise. Here, we report a QPMS-based 3D imager with exceptional detection sensitivity and noise tolerance. With only 0.0006 detected signal photons per pulse, we reliably reconstruct the 3D profile of an obscured scene, despite 34-fold spectral-temporally overlapping noise photons, within the 6 ps detection window (amounting to 113,000 times noise per 20 ns detection period). Our results highlight a viable approach to suppress background noise and measurement errors of single photon imager operation in high-noise environments. Imagers capable of reconstructing three-dimensional scenes in the presence of strong background noise are desirable for many remote sensing and imaging applications. Here, the authors report an imager operating in photon-starved and noise-polluted environments through quantum parametric mode sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rehain
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Yong Meng Sua
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
| | - Shenyu Zhu
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Ivan Dickson
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Bharathwaj Muthuswamy
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jeevanandha Ramanathan
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Amin Shahverdi
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Huang
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
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4
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Kumar S, Zhang H, Maruca S, Huang YP. Mode-selective image upconversion. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:98-101. [PMID: 30645568 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study selective upconversion of optical signals according to their detailed transverse electromagnetic modes and demonstrate its proof of operation in a nonlinear crystal. The mode selectivity is achieved by preparing the pump wave in an optimized spatial profile to drive the upconversion. For signals in the Laguerre-Gaussian modes, we show that a mode can be converted with up to 60 times higher efficiency than an overlapping, but orthogonal, mode. This nonlinear optical approach may find applications in compressive imaging, pattern recognition, quantum communications, and others, where the existing linear optical methods are limited.
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Shahverdi A, Sua YM, Dickson I, Garikapati M, Huang YP. Mode selective up-conversion detection for LIDAR applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15914-15923. [PMID: 30114845 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study mode selective up-conversion detection as a viable approach to improving signal-to-noise and ranging resolution in LIDAR applications. It involves pumping a nonlinear waveguide at the edge of phase matching with picosecond pulses, so that only the backscattered signal photons in a single or few desirable time-frequency modes are efficiently up-converted while the broadband background noise in all other modes is rejected. We demonstrate a 41-dB increase in the signal-to-noise ratio for single-photon counting compared to that of direct detection using a commercial InGaAs single-photon detector, while achieving sub-millimeter ranging resolution with few detected photons. The proposed technique implies new LIDAR capabilities for ranging and imaging.
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Ansari V, Donohue JM, Allgaier M, Sansoni L, Brecht B, Roslund J, Treps N, Harder G, Silberhorn C. Tomography and Purification of the Temporal-Mode Structure of Quantum Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:213601. [PMID: 29883172 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional quantum information processing promises capabilities beyond the current state of the art, but addressing individual information-carrying modes presents a significant experimental challenge. Here we demonstrate effective high-dimensional operations in the time-frequency domain of nonclassical light. We generate heralded photons with tailored temporal-mode structures through the pulse shaping of a broadband parametric down-conversion pump. We then implement a quantum pulse gate, enabled by dispersion-engineered sum-frequency generation, to project onto programmable temporal modes, reconstructing the quantum state in seven dimensions. We also manipulate the time-frequency structure by selectively removing temporal modes, explicitly demonstrating the effectiveness of engineered nonlinear processes for the mode-selective manipulation of quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ansari
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - John M Donohue
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Markus Allgaier
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Linda Sansoni
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Brecht
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Roslund
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France; 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Treps
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, Collège de France; 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Georg Harder
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Christine Silberhorn
- Integrated Quantum Optics, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Nguyen L, Rehain P, Sua YM, Huang YP. Programmable quantum random number generator without postprocessing. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:631-634. [PMID: 29444039 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a viable source of unbiased quantum random numbers whose statistical properties can be arbitrarily programmed without the need for any postprocessing such as randomness distillation or distribution transformation. It is based on measuring the arrival time of single photons in shaped temporal modes that are tailored with an electro-optical modulator. We show that quantum random numbers can be created directly in customized probability distributions and pass all randomness tests of the NIST and Dieharder test suites without any randomness extraction. The min-entropies of such generated random numbers are measured close to the theoretical limits, indicating their near-ideal statistics and ultrahigh purity. Easy to implement and arbitrarily programmable, this technique can find versatile uses in a multitude of data analysis areas.
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Sua YM, Fan H, Shahverdi A, Chen JY, Huang YP. Direct Generation and Detection of Quantum Correlated Photons with 3.2 um Wavelength Spacing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17494. [PMID: 29235534 PMCID: PMC5727511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum correlated, highly non-degenerate photons can be used to synthesize disparate quantum nodes and link quantum processing over incompatible wavelengths, thereby constructing heterogeneous quantum systems for otherwise unattainable superior performance. Existing techniques for correlated photons have been concentrated in the visible and near-IR domains, with the photon pairs residing within one micron. Here, we demonstrate direct generation and detection of high-purity photon pairs at room temperature with 3.2 um wavelength spacing, one at 780 nm to match the rubidium D2 line, and the other at 3950 nm that falls in a transparent, low-scattering optical window for free space applications. The pairs are created via spontaneous parametric downconversion in a lithium niobate waveguide with specially designed geometry and periodic poling. The 780 nm photons are measured with a silicon avalanche photodiode, and the 3950 nm photons are measured with an upconversion photon detector using a similar waveguide, which attains 34% internal conversion efficiency. Quantum correlation measurement yields a high coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 54, which indicates the strong correlation with the extremely non-degenerate photon pairs. Our system bridges existing quantum technology to the challenging mid-IR regime, where unprecedented applications are expected in quantum metrology and sensing, quantum communications, medical diagnostics, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Meng Sua
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Amin Shahverdi
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Jia-Yang Chen
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA
| | - Yu-Ping Huang
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA. .,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, 07030, USA.
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Quantum Parametric Mode Sorting: Beating the Time-Frequency Filtering. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6495. [PMID: 28747645 PMCID: PMC5529523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective detection of signal over noise is essential to measurement and signal processing. Time-frequency filtering has been the standard approach for the optimal detection of non-stationary signals. However, there is a fundamental tradeoff between the signal detection efficiency and the amount of undesirable noise detected simultaneously, which restricts its uses under weak signal yet strong noise conditions. Here, we demonstrate quantum parametric mode sorting based on nonlinear optics at the edge of phase matching to improve the tradeoff. By tailoring the nonlinear process in a commercial lithium-niobate waveguide through optical arbitrary waveform generation, we demonstrate highly selective detection of picosecond signals overlapping temporally and spectrally but in orthogonal time-frequency modes as well as against broadband noise, with performance well exceeding the theoretical limit of the optimized time-frequency filtering. We also verify that our device does not introduce any significant quantum noise to the detected signal and demonstrate faithful detection of pico-second single photons. Together, these results point to unexplored opportunities in measurement and signal processing under challenging conditions, such as photon-starving quantum applications.
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Reddy DV, Raymer MG. Engineering temporal-mode-selective frequency conversion in nonlinear optical waveguides: from theory to experiment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12952-12966. [PMID: 28786647 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantum frequency conversion (FC) in nonlinear optical media is a powerful tool for temporal-mode selective manipulation of light. Recent attempts at achieving high mode selectivities and/or fidelities have had to resort to multi-dimensional optimization schemes to determine the system's natural Schmidt modes. Certain combinations of relative-group velocities between the relevant frequency bands, medium length, and temporal pulse widths have been known to achieve good selectivities (exceeding 80%) for temporal modes that are nearly identical to pump pulse shapes, even for high conversion efficiencies. Working in this parameter regime using an off-the-shelf, second-harmonic generation, MgO:PPLN waveguide, and with pulses on the order of 500 fs at wavelengths around 800 nm, we verify experimentally that model-predicted Schmidt modes provide the high temporal-mode selectivity expected. The good agreement between experiment and theory paves the way to the implementation of a proposed two-stage FC scheme that is predicted by the present theory to reach near-perfect (100%) selectivity.
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11
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Feng S, Qin C, Shang K, Pathak S, Lai W, Guan B, Clements M, Su T, Liu G, Lu H, Scott RP, Ben Yoo SJ. Rapidly reconfigurable high-fidelity optical arbitrary waveform generation in heterogeneous photonic integrated circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:8872-8885. [PMID: 28437962 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.008872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates rapidly reconfigurable, high-fidelity optical arbitrary waveform generation (OAWG) in a heterogeneous photonic integrated circuit (PIC). The heterogeneous PIC combines advantages of high-speed indium phosphide (InP) modulators and low-loss, high-contrast silicon nitride (Si3N4) arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) so that high-fidelity optical waveform syntheses with rapid waveform updates are possible. The generated optical waveforms spanned a 160 GHz spectral bandwidth starting from an optical frequency comb consisting of eight comb lines separated by 20 GHz channel spacing. The Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) values of the generated waveforms were approximately 16.4%. The OAWG module can rapidly and arbitrarily reconfigure waveforms upon every pulse arriving at 2 ns repetition time. The result of this work indicates the feasibility of truly dynamic optical arbitrary waveform generation where the reconfiguration rate or the modulator bandwidth must exceed the channel spacing of the AWG and the optical frequency comb.
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12
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Manurkar P, Jain N, Kumar P, Kanter GS. Programmable optical waveform reshaping on a picosecond timescale. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:951-954. [PMID: 28248339 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the temporal reshaping of optical waveforms in the telecom wavelength band using the principle of quantum frequency conversion. The reshaped optical pulses do not undergo any wavelength translation. The interaction takes place in a nonlinear χ(2) waveguide using an appropriately designed pump pulse programmed via an optical waveform generator. We show the reshaping of a single-peak pulse into a double-peak pulse and vice versa. We also show that exponentially decaying pulses can be reshaped into a near Gaussian shape, and vice versa, which is a useful functionality for quantum communications.
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13
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Fisher KAG, England DG, MacLean JPW, Bustard PJ, Resch KJ, Sussman BJ. Frequency and bandwidth conversion of single photons in a room-temperature diamond quantum memory. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11200. [PMID: 27045988 PMCID: PMC4822040 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectral manipulation of photons is essential for linking components in a quantum network. Large frequency shifts are needed for conversion between optical and telecommunication frequencies, while smaller shifts are useful for frequency-multiplexing quantum systems, in the same way that wavelength division multiplexing is used in classical communications. Here we demonstrate frequency and bandwidth conversion of single photons in a room-temperature diamond quantum memory. Heralded 723.5 nm photons, with 4.1 nm bandwidth, are stored as optical phonons in the diamond via a Raman transition. Upon retrieval from the diamond memory, the spectral shape of the photons is determined by a tunable read pulse through the reverse Raman transition. We report central frequency tunability over 4.2 times the input bandwidth, and bandwidth modulation between 0.5 and 1.9 times the input bandwidth. Our results demonstrate the potential for diamond, and Raman memories in general, as an integrated platform for photon storage and spectral conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent A G Fisher
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Duncan G England
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Jean-Philippe W MacLean
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Philip J Bustard
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Kevin J Resch
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Benjamin J Sussman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6.,Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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