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Liu T, Huo F, Ge C, Li Y, He J, Zheng H, He Q, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Bo S. Systematic Study on Nonlinear Optical Chromophores with Improved Electro-Optic Activity by Introducing 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Derivative Isolation Groups into the Bridge. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020488. [PMID: 36677549 PMCID: PMC9862648 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel chromophores A, B, C, and D, based on the julolidinyl donor and the tricyanofuran (TCF) and CF3-tricyanofuran (CF3-Ph-TCF) acceptors, have been synthesized and systematically investigated. The 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene derivative isolation group was introduced into the bridge in the chromophores C and D. These nonlinear optical chromophores showed good thermal stability, and their decomposition temperatures were all above 220 °C. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to calculate the energy gaps and first-order hyperpolarizability (β). The macroscopic electro-optic (EO) activity was measured using a simple reflection method. The highest EO coefficient of poled films containing 35 wt% of chromophore D doped in amorphous polycarbonate afforded values of 54 pm/V at 1310 nm. The results indicate that the 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene isolation group can suppress the dipole-dipole interaction of chromophores. The moderate r33 value, good thermal stability, and good yield of chromophores suggest their potential use in the nonlinear optical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Liu
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Photonic Design Software, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fuyang Huo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (Z.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Changqing Ge
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Photonic Design Software, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya Li
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Photonic Design Software, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing He
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Photonic Design Software, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Photonic Design Software, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qian He
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Photonic Design Software, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yinsen Zhao
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Photonic Design Software, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (Z.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Shuhui Bo
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, School of Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Photonic Design Software, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (F.H.); (Z.C.); (S.B.)
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Elder DL, Dalton LR. Organic Electro-Optics and Optical Rectification: From Mesoscale to Nanoscale Hybrid Devices and Chip-Scale Integration of Electronics and Photonics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delwin L. Elder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Larry R. Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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Xu H, Elder DL, Johnson LE, Heni W, de Coene Y, De Leo E, Destraz M, Meier N, Vander Ghinst W, Hammond SR, Clays K, Leuthold J, Dalton LR, Robinson BH. Design and synthesis of chromophores with enhanced electro-optic activities in both bulk and plasmonic-organic hybrid devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:261-270. [PMID: 34590657 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates enhancement of in-device electro-optic activity via a series of theory-inspired organic electro-optic (OEO) chromophores based on strong (diarylamino)phenyl electron donating moieties. These chromophores are tuned to minimize trade-offs between molecular hyperpolarizability and optical loss. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measurements demonstrate that these chromophores, herein described as BAH, show >2-fold improvement in β versus standard chromophores such as JRD1, and approach that of the recent BTP and BAY chromophore families. Electric field poled bulk devices of neat and binary BAH chromophores exhibited significantly enhanced EO coefficients (r33) and poling efficiencies (r33/Ep) compared with state-of-the-art chromophores such as JRD1. The neat BAH13 devices with charge blocking layers produced very large poling efficiencies of 11.6 ± 0.7 nm2 V-2 and maximum r33 value of 1100 ± 100 pm V-1 at 1310 nm on hafnium dioxide (HfO2). These results were comparable to that of our recently reported BAY1 but with much lower loss (extinction coefficient, k), and greatly exceeding that of other previously reported OEO compounds. 3 : 1 BAH-FD : BAH13 blends showed a poling efficiency of 6.7 ± 0.3 nm2 V-2 and an even greater reduction in k. 1 : 1 BAH-BB : BAH13 showed a higher poling efficiency of 8.4 ± 0.3 nm2 V-2, which is approximately a 2.5-fold enhancement in poling efficiency vs. JRD1. Neat BAH13 was evaluated in plasmonic-organic hybrid (POH) Mach-Zehnder modulators with a phase shifter length of 10 μm and slot widths of 80 and 105 nm. In-device BAH13 achieved a maximum r33 of 208 pm V-1 at 1550 nm, which is ∼1.7 times higher than JRD1 under equivalent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Delwin L Elder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lewis E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wolfgang Heni
- Polariton Technologies AG, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Yovan de Coene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva De Leo
- Polariton Technologies AG, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Destraz
- Polariton Technologies AG, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Meier
- Polariton Technologies AG, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Wouter Vander Ghinst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Scott R Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Koen Clays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juerg Leuthold
- Polariton Technologies AG, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Institute of Electromagnetic Fields, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Larry R Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Bruce H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Xu H, Elder DL, Johnson LE, de Coene Y, Hammond SR, Vander Ghinst W, Clays K, Dalton LR, Robinson BH. Electro-Optic Activity in Excess of 1000 pm V -1 Achieved via Theory-Guided Organic Chromophore Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104174. [PMID: 34545643 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High performance organic electro-optic (OEO) materials enable ultrahigh bandwidth, small footprint, and extremely low drive voltage in silicon-organic hybrid and plasmonic-organic hybrid photonic devices. However, practical OEO materials under device-relevant conditions are generally limited to performance of ≈300 pm V-1 (10× the EO response of lithium niobate). By means of theory-guided design, a new series of OEO chromophores is demonstrated, based on strong bis(4-dialkylaminophenyl)phenylamino electron donating groups, capable of EO coefficients (r33 ) in excess of 1000 pm V-1 . Density functional theory modeling and hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurements are performed and confirm the large improvement in hyperpolarizability due to the stronger donor. The EO performance of the exemplar chromophore in the series, BAY1, is evaluated neat and at various concentrations in polymer host and shows a nearly linear increase in r33 and poling efficiency (r33 /Ep , Ep is poling field) with increasing chromophore concentration. 25 wt% BAY1/polymer composite shows a higher poling efficiency (3.9 ± 0.1 nm2 V-2 ) than state-of-the-art neat chromophores. Using a high-ε charge blocking layer with BAY1, a record-high r33 (1100 ± 100 pm V-1 ) and poling efficiency (17.8 ± 0.8 nm2 V-2 ) at 1310 nm are achieved. This is the first reported OEO material with electro-optic response larger than thin-film barium titanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Delwin L Elder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, 2212 Queen Anne Ave North, Box #324, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lewis E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, 2212 Queen Anne Ave North, Box #324, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yovan de Coene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Scott R Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Nonlinear Materials Corporation, 2212 Queen Anne Ave North, Box #324, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Wouter Vander Ghinst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Clays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Larry R Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Bruce H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Duarte VC, Prata JG, Ribeiro CF, Nogueira RN, Winzer G, Zimmermann L, Walker R, Clements S, Filipowicz M, Napierała M, Nasiłowski T, Crabb J, Kechagias M, Stampoulidis L, Anzalchi J, Drummond MV. Modular coherent photonic-aided payload receiver for communications satellites. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1984. [PMID: 31040290 PMCID: PMC6491822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitous satellite communications are in a leading position for bridging the digital divide. Fulfilling such a mission will require satellite services on par with fibre services, both in bandwidth and cost. Achieving such a performance requires a new generation of communications payloads powered by large-scale processors, enabling a dynamic allocation of hundreds of beams with a total capacity beyond 1 Tbit s-1. The fact that the scale of the processor is proportional to the wavelength of its signals has made photonics a key technology for its implementation. However, one last challenge hinders the introduction of photonics: while large-scale processors demand a modular implementation, coherency among signals must be preserved using simple methods. Here, we demonstrate a coherent photonic-aided receiver meeting such demands. This work shows that a modular and coherent photonic-aided payload is feasible, making way to an extensive introduction of photonics in next generation communications satellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa C Duarte
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal. .,IHP, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.
| | - João G Prata
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos F Ribeiro
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rogério N Nogueira
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.,Watgrid Lda., Via do Conhecimento, 3830-352, Ílhavo, Portugal
| | - Georg Winzer
- IHP, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Lars Zimmermann
- IHP, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Rob Walker
- aXenic Ltd., Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD, UK
| | | | - Marta Filipowicz
- InPhoTech Sp. z o.o., Meksykańska 6 lok. 102, Warsaw, 03-948, Poland
| | - Marek Napierała
- InPhoTech Sp. z o.o., Meksykańska 6 lok. 102, Warsaw, 03-948, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nasiłowski
- InPhoTech Sp. z o.o., Meksykańska 6 lok. 102, Warsaw, 03-948, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Javad Anzalchi
- Airbus Defence & Space, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, SG1 2AS, UK
| | - Miguel V Drummond
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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