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Irfan M, Martin S, Obeidi MA, Miller S, Kuster F, Brabazon D, Naydenova I. A Magnetic Nanoparticle-Doped Photopolymer for Holographic Recording. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091858. [PMID: 35567027 PMCID: PMC9102196 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalised holograms are important for applications utilising smart diffractive optical elements for light redirection, shaping and in the development of sensors/indicators. This paper reports on holographic recording in novel magnetic nanocomposites and the observed temperature change in dry layers and liquid samples exposed to alternating magnetic field (AMF). The nanocomposite consists of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA)-based polymer doped with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and local heating is achieved through magnetic induction. Here, volume transmission holographic gratings (VTHGs) are recorded with up to 24% diffraction efficiency (DE) in the dry layers of magnetic nanocomposites. The dry layers and liquid samples are then exposed to AMF. Efficient heating was observed in the liquid samples doped with Fe3O4 MNPs of 20 nm average size where the temperature increased from 27 °C to 64 °C after 300 s exposure to 111 mT AMF. The temperature increase in the dry layers doped with the same nanoparticles after exposure to 4.4 mT AMF was observed to be 6 °C. No temperature change was observed in the undoped layers. Additionally, we have successfully recorded Denisyuk holograms in the magnetic nanocomposite materials. The results reveal that the magnetic nanocomposite layers are suitable for recording holograms and need further optimisation in developing holographic indicators for mapping AMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Science and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (M.I.); (S.M.)
| | - Suzanne Martin
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Science and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (M.I.); (S.M.)
| | - Muhannad Ahmed Obeidi
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre & Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, I-Form, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, 9 Dublin, Ireland; (M.A.O.); (D.B.)
| | - Scott Miller
- Ambrell, B.V., 7556 BS Hengelo, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (F.K.)
| | - Frank Kuster
- Ambrell, B.V., 7556 BS Hengelo, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (F.K.)
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre & Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, I-Form, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, 9 Dublin, Ireland; (M.A.O.); (D.B.)
| | - Izabela Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics, School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Science and Health, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Central Quad, Grangegorman Lower, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland; (M.I.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Kochan NS, Schmidt GR, Moore DT. Freeform gradient index progressive addition lens raytrace performance evaluation. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:A28-A36. [PMID: 35200763 DOI: 10.1364/ao.441603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Raytrace evaluation capable of evaluating progressive addition lens (PAL) designs with freeform surface and gradient index (GRIN) contributions is presented. The method is validated on an analytically generated PAL start design and on optimized surface designs. Surface raytrace evaluations are compared with the surface-geometric evaluation commonly presented for freeform surface PAL designs. The evaluation is also tested on analytically generated freeform GRIN PAL designs with spherical and plano surfaces. The raytrace method agrees with the analytic performance and surface-geometric performance near the center of the lens and deviates at the edge of the lens, due to ray obliquity with the surfaces and aggregate contributions of surfaces and/or GRIN. These deviations are expected, as the raytrace model accounts for more physical contributions to optical performance, including pupil diameter and eye position. This raytrace method enables the evaluation of lens performance contributions other than from polished surfaces on homogeneous materials, enabling further exploration of GRIN in PAL designs.
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