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Li ZX, Zhu D, Tang JS, Chen MY, Ruan YP, Liu JJ, Zhang H, Chen P, Xia KY, Zhang LJ, Lu YQ. Quantum ghost imaging of a vector field. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5898-5907. [PMID: 38439305 DOI: 10.1364/oe.508060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Quantum ghost image technique utilizing position or momentum correlations between entangled photons can realize nonlocal reconstruction of the image of an object. In this work, based on polarization entanglement, we experimentally demonstrate quantum ghost imaging of vector images by using a geometric phase object. We also provide a corresponding theoretical analysis. Additionally, we offer a geometrical optics path explanation of ghost imaging for vector fields. The proposed strategy offers new insights into the fundamental development of ghost imaging and also holds great promise for developing complex structured ghost imaging techniques. Our work expanding the principle of ghost imaging to spatially varying vector beams will lead to interesting developments of this field.
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Salari V, Paneru D, Saglamyurek E, Ghadimi M, Abdar M, Rezaee M, Aslani M, Barzanjeh S, Karimi E. Quantum face recognition protocol with ghost imaging. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2401. [PMID: 36765078 PMCID: PMC9918728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Face recognition is one of the most ubiquitous examples of pattern recognition in machine learning, with numerous applications in security, access control, and law enforcement, among many others. Pattern recognition with classical algorithms requires significant computational resources, especially when dealing with high-resolution images in an extensive database. Quantum algorithms have been shown to improve the efficiency and speed of many computational tasks, and as such, they could also potentially improve the complexity of the face recognition process. Here, we propose a quantum machine learning algorithm for pattern recognition based on quantum principal component analysis, and quantum independent component analysis. A novel quantum algorithm for finding dissimilarity in the faces based on the computation of trace and determinant of a matrix (image) is also proposed. The overall complexity of our pattern recognition algorithm is [Formula: see text]-N is the image dimension. As an input to these pattern recognition algorithms, we consider experimental images obtained from quantum imaging techniques with correlated photons, e.g. "interaction-free" imaging or "ghost" imaging. Interfacing these imaging techniques with our quantum pattern recognition processor provides input images that possess a better signal-to-noise ratio, lower exposures, and higher resolution, thus speeding up the machine learning process further. Our fully quantum pattern recognition system with quantum algorithm and quantum inputs promises a much-improved image acquisition and identification system with potential applications extending beyond face recognition, e.g., in medical imaging for diagnosing sensitive tissues or biology for protein identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Salari
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.462072.50000 0004 0467 2410BCAM - Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, 48009 Bilbao, Basque Country Spain
| | - Dilip Paneru
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Nexus for Quantum Technologies, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Erhan Saglamyurek
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada ,grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XDepartment of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Milad Ghadimi
- grid.411751.70000 0000 9908 3264Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111 Iran
| | - Moloud Abdar
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Institute for Intelligent Systems Research and Innovation (IISRI), Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mohammadreza Rezaee
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Nexus for Quantum Technologies, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Mehdi Aslani
- grid.411751.70000 0000 9908 3264Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 8415683111 Iran
| | - Shabir Barzanjeh
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Ebrahim Karimi
- Nexus for Quantum Technologies, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada. .,National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Dogra S, McCord JJ, Paraoanu GS. Coherent interaction-free detection of microwave pulses with a superconducting circuit. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7528. [PMID: 36476574 PMCID: PMC9729670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction-free measurement is a fundamental quantum effect whereby the presence of a photosensitive object is determined without irreversible photon absorption. Here we propose the concept of coherent interaction-free detection and demonstrate it experimentally using a three-level superconducting transmon circuit. In contrast to standard interaction-free measurement setups, where the dynamics involves a series of projection operations, our protocol employs a fully coherent evolution that results, surprisingly, in a higher probability of success. We show that it is possible to ascertain the presence of a microwave pulse resonant with the second transition of the transmon, while at the same time avoid exciting the device onto the third level. Experimentally, this is done by using a series of Ramsey microwave pulses coupled into the first transition and monitoring the ground-state population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Dogra
- grid.5373.20000000108389418QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - John J. McCord
- grid.5373.20000000108389418QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Gheorghe Sorin Paraoanu
- grid.5373.20000000108389418QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Saxena A, Kaur M, Devrari V, Singh M. Quantum ghost imaging of a transparent polarisation sensitive phase pattern. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21105. [PMID: 36473960 PMCID: PMC9727067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A transparent polarisation sensitive phase pattern exhibits a position and polarisation dependent phase shift of transmitted light and it represents a unitary transformation. A quantum ghost image of this pattern is produced with hyper-entangled photons consisting of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) and polarisation entanglement. In quantum ghost imaging, a single photon interacts with the pattern and is detected by a stationary detector and a non-interacting photon is imaged on a coincidence camera. EPR entanglement manifests spatial correlations between an object plane and a ghost image plane, whereas a polarisation dependent phase shift exhibited by the pattern is detected with polarisation entanglement. In this quantum ghost imaging, the which-position-polarisation information of a photon interacting with the pattern is not present in the experiment. A quantum ghost image is constructed by measuring correlations of the polarisation-momentum of an interacting photon with polarisation-position of a non-interacting photon. The experiment is performed with a coincidence single photon detection camera, where a non-interacting photon travels a long optical path length of 17.83 m from source to camera and a pattern is positioned at an optical distance of 19.16 m from the camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Saxena
- grid.458435.b0000 0004 0406 1521Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- grid.458435.b0000 0004 0406 1521Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 India
| | - Vipin Devrari
- grid.458435.b0000 0004 0406 1521Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 India
| | - Mandip Singh
- grid.458435.b0000 0004 0406 1521Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Mohali, 140306 India
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Photon-counting statistics-based support vector machine with multi-mode photon illumination for quantum imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16594. [PMID: 36198730 PMCID: PMC9534992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a photon-counting-statistics-based imaging process for quantum imaging where background photon noise can be distinguished and eliminated by photon mode estimation from the multi-mode Bose–Einstein distribution. Photon-counting statistics show multi-mode behavior in a practical, low-cost single-photon-level quantum imaging system with a short coherence time and a long measurement time interval. Different mode numbers in photon-counting probability distributions from single-photon illumination and background photon noise can be classified by a machine learning technique such as a support vector machine (SVM). The proposed photon-counting statistics-based support vector machine (PSSVM) learns the difference in the photon-counting distribution of each pixel to distinguish between photons from the source and the background photon noise to improve the image quality. We demonstrated quantum imaging of a binary-image object with photon illumination from a spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) source. The experiment results show that the PSSVM applied quantum image improves a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) gain of 2.89dB and a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) gain of 27.7% compared to the conventional direct single-photon imaging.
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Quantum imaging with a photon counting camera. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8286. [PMID: 35585160 PMCID: PMC9117684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical light sources emit a randomly-timed stream of individual photons, the spatial distribution of which can be detected with a camera to form an image. Quantum light sources, based on parametric down conversion, emit photons as correlated photon-pairs. The spatial correlations between the photons enables imaging systems where the preferential selection of photon-pairs allows for enhancements in the noise performance over what is possible using classical light sources. However, until now the technical challenge of measuring, and correlating both photons has led to system complexity. Here we show that a camera capable of resolving the number of individual photons in each pixel of the detector array can be used to record an image formed from these photon-pair events and hence achieve a greater contrast than possible using a classical light source. We achieve an enhancement in the ratio of two-photon events compared to one-photon events using spatially correlated SPDC light compared to uncorrelated illumination by a LED. These results indicate the potential advantages of using photon counting cameras in quantum imaging schemes and these advantages will further increase as the technology is developed. Operating in photon sparse regimes such systems have potential applications in low-light microscopy and covert imaging.
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Elitzur AC, Cohen E. Some Notes on Counterfactuals in Quantum Mechanics. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22030266. [PMID: 33286040 PMCID: PMC7516718 DOI: 10.3390/e22030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Counterfactuals, i.e., events that could have occurred but eventually did not, play a unique role in quantum mechanics in that they exert causal effects despite their non-occurrence. They are therefore vital for a better understanding of quantum mechanics (QM) and possibly the universe as a whole. In earlier works, we have studied counterfactuals both conceptually and experimentally. A fruitful framework termed quantum oblivion has emerged, referring to situations where one particle seems to "forget" its interaction with other particles despite the latter being visibly affected. This framework proved to have significant explanatory power, which we now extend to tackle additional riddles. The time-symmetric causality employed by the Two State-Vector Formalism (TSVF) reveals a subtle realm ruled by "weak values," already demonstrated by numerous experiments. They offer a realistic, simple and intuitively appealing explanation to the unique role of quantum non-events, as well as to the foundations of QM. In this spirit, we performed a weak value analysis of quantum oblivion and suggest some new avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avshalom C. Elitzur
- Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA;
- Iyar, The Israeli Institute for Advanced Research, POB 651, Zichron Ya’akov 3095303, Israel
| | - Eliahu Cohen
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-373-84268
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