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Zhu Y, Huang Z, Su J, Tang B. Actively tunable and switchable terahertz metamaterials with multi-band perfect absorption and polarization conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11649-11656. [PMID: 38592750 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06310k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically present and numerically demonstrate an actively tunable and switchable multi-functional metamaterial based on vanadium dioxide (VO2) and graphene in the terahertz region. When VO2 is in the metallic phase, the proposed metamaterial serves as a multi-band perfect absorber, which exhibits the characteristics of insensitive polarization and robust tolerance for variations of the incidence angle. When VO2 is in the insulator phase, the proposed metamaterial acts as a polarization converter, which can simultaneously achieve perfect linear-to-linear and linear-to-circular polarization conversions. The simulation results show the cross-polarization conversion rate can reach ∼100% at the frequency region from 6.09 to 6.43 THz as well as 8.15 THz. Moreover, the ellipticity of linear-to-circular polarization conversion reaches ±1 at frequencies of 5.75 and 8.34 THz, respectively, which means the linear polarization waves can be completely converted into circular polarization waves. The proposed metamaterial provides new insight for the design of optoelectronic devices with multi-functionality in the terahertz region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Jiangbin Su
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Bin Tang
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.
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Tang Z, Wu YR, Li SY, Zhang HF. An optimized metastructure switchable between ultra-wideband angle-insensitive absorption and transmissive polarization conversion: a theoretical study. Nanoscale 2024. [PMID: 38597125 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00727a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
An optimized metastructure (MS) switchable between ultra-wideband (UWB) angle-insensitive absorption, and transmissive linear-to-circular (LTC) polarization conversion (PC), is proposed, which is a theoretical study. The structural parameters of this MS are optimized by the thermal exchange optimization algorithm. By modulating the chemical potential (μc) of the graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterial embedded in the MS, the MS can achieve UWB absorption in the absorption state and LTC PC in the transmission state. At normal incidence, in the absorption state, the MS exhibits absorptivity exceeding 0.9 within 7-15.45 THz, with a relative bandwidth (RBW) of 75.28%. By elevating μc, an UWB LTC PC is realized, with a RBW of 118.8%, achieving transmittance above 0.9 and the axial ratio below 3 dB. When prioritizing the angular stability, in the absorption state, the MS secures the angular stability of 75° for TE waves and 65° for TM ones. In the transmission state, the angular stability of PC reaches 60°, with RBW = 100.7%. Moreover, by manipulating μc, the tunability of UWB absorption is realized. The optimized MS provides a reference for designing multifunctional intelligent terahertz modulators, with promising application potential in domains like electromagnetic shielding, communication systems, and THz modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Tang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - You-Ran Wu
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Si-Ying Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Barzegar-Parizi S, Ebrahimi A, Ghorbani K. Two bits dual-band switchable terahertz absorber enabled by composite graphene and vanadium dioxide metamaterials. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5818. [PMID: 38461328 PMCID: PMC10924928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This article presents the design of a 2-bit dual-band switchable terahertz absorber using a stacked combination of graphene and vanadium dioxide (VO2) metamaterials. For the first time, the proposed absorber design offers four switchable states by controlling the conductivity of graphene and VO2 metamaterial layers. The lower absorption band is produced by the graphene metamaterial, whereas the upper band is implemented by the VO2 metamaterial pattern. The structure shows two absorption bands (State 11) at 0.745-0.775 THz and 2.3-5.63 THz, when the Fermi graphene level of graphene is 0.2 eV and the VO2 is in the metallic phase. The lower absorption band is turned off, while keeping the upper band (State 01), when the graphene Fermi level is 0 eV and the VO2 layer is in the metallic phase. The upper absorption band is turned off, while preserving the lower absorption band (State 10) by switching the VO2 into the insulator phase and keeping the graphene Fermi level at 0.2 eV. Finally, both of the absorption bands are turned off by setting the graphene Fermi level to 0 eV and switching the VO2 into the insulating phase. Equivalent circuit modelling analysis and full-wave electromagnetic simulations are used to explain the operation principle of the proposed absorber. Very good agreement is obtained between the theoretical analysis and the simulations confirming the presented design principle for the 2-bit switchable absorber.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Ebrahimi
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kamran Ghorbani
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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Zhang YG, Liu W, Yao HY, Liang LJ, Yan X, Zong MJ, Gao S, Huang CC, Qiu F, Feng ZW, Zhang R, Hu XF, Li ZH, Wang ZQ. Broad/narrowband switchable terahertz absorber based on Dirac semimetal and strontium titanate for temperature sensing. Appl Opt 2024; 63:1306-1312. [PMID: 38437310 DOI: 10.1364/ao.509826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
A broadband and narrowband switchable terahertz (THz) absorber based on a bulk Dirac semimetal (BDS) and strontium titanate (STO) is proposed. Narrowband and broadband absorption can be switched by adjusting the Fermi level of the BDS. When the Fermi level of the BDS is 100 meV, the device is an absorber with three narrowband absorption peaks. The frequencies are 0.44, 0.86, and 1.96 THz, respectively, when the temperature of STO is 250 K. By adjusting the temperature of STO from 250 to 500 K, the blue shifts of the frequencies are approximately 0.14, 0.32, and 0.60 THz, respectively. The sensitivities of the three absorption peaks are 0.56, 1.27, and 2.38 GHz/K, respectively. When the Fermi level of the BDS is adjusted from 100 to 30 meV, the device can be switched to a broadband absorber with a bandwidth of 0.70 THz. By adjusting the temperature of STO from 250 to 500 K, the central frequency shifts from 1.40 to 1.79 THz, and the bandwidth broadens from 0.70 to 0.96 THz. The sensitivity of the central frequency is 1.57 GHz/K. The absorber also has a wide range of potential applications in multifunctional tunable devices, such as temperature sensors, stealth equipment, and filters.
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Wang P, Han W, Tao H, Zhang C, Xu Y, Wang Q. Multifunctional Graphene Metasurface for Highly Flexible Control of Microwave Absorption. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:2649-2658. [PMID: 38174876 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Reconfigurable multifunctional electromagnetic absorbers have shown broad application prospects in effectively dealing with a series of problems caused by complex electromagnetic environments due to their dynamic reflection wave control characteristics. In this work, we experimentally propose a multifunctional absorber based on a graphene metasurface. Its absorption mode can be flexibly switched among three modes of dual band, broadband, and single band. The reflection amplitude in each absorption mode can be controlled simultaneously. The measurement results of the prepared graphene metasurface indicate that the absorption modes and amplitudes can be dynamically controlled by changing two independent sets of bias voltages applied to the patterned graphene sandwich structures. The proposed graphene metasurface achieves peak absorption rates above 99.9% in both dual-band and single-band absorption modes. Specifically, in the broadband absorption mode, the bandwidth with an absorption rate greater than 90% reaches 17.8 GHz. In addition, it also integrates many advantages, such as optical transparency, polarization-insensitivity, stability of oblique incidence angles, and conformability to the application targets. Therefore, the proposed graphene metasurface is expected to be applied in platforms with optical windows that require resistance to electromagnetic interference and avoidance of electromagnetic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wenlong Han
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hui Tao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Canran Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yijing Xu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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Zhang YG, Feng ZW, Liang LJ, Yao HY, Wang YR, Xu L, Yan X, Liu W. High-performance dual-tunable terahertz absorber based on strontium titanate and bulk Dirac semimetal for temperature sensing and switching function. Appl Opt 2023; 62:5822-5829. [PMID: 37707202 DOI: 10.1364/ao.495749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a perfect metamaterial absorber based on strontium titanate and bulk Dirac semimetals is proposed. When the temperature of strontium titanate was 300K, the dual-band absorptions were 99.74% and 99.99% at 1.227 and 1.552 THz, respectively. The sensitivities based on a transverse magnetic (TM) wave were 0.95 and 1.22 GHz/K; the sensitivity based on a transverse electric (TE) wave was 0.76 GHz/K. The TE and TM waves were modulated by inserting a bulk Dirac semimetal between the concave and convex devices. The modulation depth of the TE wave was 97.9% at 1.1 THz; the extinction ratio was 16.9 dB. The modulation depth of the TE wave at 1.435 THz was 95.9%; the extinction ratio was 13.89 dB. The TM wave modulation depth at 1.552 THz was 95.9%; the extinction ratio was 13.98 dB. Irrespective of a TE or TM wave, the terahertz absorber has good switching and temperature-sensing performance based on strontium titanate and bulk Dirac semimetals as well as broad application prospects in temperature sensing and switching devices.
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Wang X, Liu Y, Jia Y, Su N, Wu Q. Ultra-Wideband and Narrowband Switchable, Bi-Functional Metamaterial Absorber Based on Vanadium Dioxide. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1381. [PMID: 37512692 PMCID: PMC10384486 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A switchable ultra-wideband THz absorber based on vanadium dioxide was proposed, which consists of a lowermost gold layer, a PMI dielectric layer, and an insulating and surface vanadium dioxide layer. Based on the phase transition properties of vanadium dioxide, switching performance between ultra-broadband and narrowband can achieve a near-perfect absorption. The constructed model was simulated and analyzed using finite element analysis. Simulations show that the absorption frequency of vanadium dioxide above 90% is between 3.8 THz and 15.6 THz when the vanadium dioxide is in the metallic state. The broadband absorber has an absorption bandwidth of 11.8 THz, is insensitive to TE and TM polarization, and has universal incidence angle insensitivity. When vanadium dioxide is in the insulating state, the narrowband absorber has a Q value as high as 1111 at a frequency of 13.89 THz when the absorption is more excellent than 99%. The absorber proposed in this paper has favorable symmetry properties, excellent TE and TM wave insensitivity, overall incidence angle stability, and the advantages of its small size, ultra-widebands and narrowbands, and elevated Q values. The designed absorber has promising applications in multifunctional devices, electromagnetic cloaking, and optoelectronic switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Center for Microsystem Integration, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Instrument and Intelligent Future Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Center for Microsystem Integration, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Instrument and Intelligent Future Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Semiconductors and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yilin Jia
- Center for Microsystem Integration, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Instrument and Intelligent Future Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Semiconductors and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Ningning Su
- Center for Microsystem Integration, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Instrument and Intelligent Future Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Semiconductors and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qiannan Wu
- Center for Microsystem Integration, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Instrument and Intelligent Future Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- School of Semiconductors and Physics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Zhu C, Shao Y, Ma S, Chen J, Chen X, Wang X, Luo Y. Polarization-independent and reciprocity-unbroken multifunctional device with composite symmetrical structure. Opt Express 2023; 31:23563-23578. [PMID: 37475437 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
A design method for a dynamically tunable multifunctional device, which is insensitive to polarization while maintaining unbroken reciprocity, is proposed. The device utilizes a multilayer composite symmetrical structure incorporating vanadium dioxide (VO2). This design enables dynamic switching among the functions of linear polarization conversion, filtering, and absorption. In the polarization conversion state, the device achieves orthogonal deflection of incident waves at any polarization angle, with a polarization conversion ratio (PCR) exceeding 95%. When switched to the filtering function, a band-stop filter with a -20 dB bandwidth of 0.56 THz is obtained. In the absorption function, the device exhibits a peak absorption efficiency of up to 99%. Furthermore, the paper discusses the potential for a dual-band device based on the proposed structure. The device maintains reciprocity in all functions and effectively handles incident waves from both positive and negative directions. This adaptability and flexibility make it suitable for various applications, including switches, sensors, and modulators.
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Feng J, Wu LS, Mao JF. Switchable broadband/narrowband absorber based on a hybrid metasurface of graphene and metal structures. Opt Express 2023; 31:12220-12231. [PMID: 37157386 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a switchable broadband/narrowband absorber based on a hybrid metasurface comprising graphene and metal in the millimeter-wave regime. The designed absorber achieves broadband absorption when the surface resistivity of graphene Rs = 450 Ω/◻ and narrowband absorption when Rs = 1300 Ω/◻ and 2000 Ω/◻. The physical mechanism behind the graphene absorber is explored by analyzing the distributions of power loss, electric field, and surface current densities. An equivalent circuit model (ECM) based on transmission-line theory is derived to theoretically investigate the performance of the absorber, with ECM results in good agreement with simulation results. Furthermore, we fabricate a prototype and evaluate its reflectivity by applying various biasing voltages. The results obtained from the experiment are also consistent with those obtained from the simulation. When the external bias voltage is changed from +1.4 V to -3.2 V, the proposed absorber has an average reflectivity ranging from -5 dB to -33 dB. The proposed absorber has potential applications in radar cross-section (RCS) reduction, antenna design, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and EM camouflage techniques.
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Zhang YG, Zhang R, Liang LJ, Yao HY, Yan X, Huang CC, Ying KH. Multifunctional terahertz absorber based on the Dirac semimetal and vanadium dioxide. Appl Opt 2023; 62:813-819. [PMID: 36821288 DOI: 10.1364/ao.478846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a multifunctional terahertz (THz) absorber based on Dirac semimetal and vanadium dioxide (V O 2) is proposed. By modulating the temperature of V O 2, the absorber can be switched between the narrow band and wide band. When V O 2 is in the metallic state, the absorber has a broadband absorption effect with a bandwidth of approximately 4 THz. It has the advantages of insensitivity to polarization and wide-angle absorption. When V O 2 is in the insulating state, the absorber has two absorption peaks with absorptivity exceeding 90% and sensitivities of 297.7 and 402 GHz/RIU, and thus can be used as a highly sensitive sensor for cell detection. When the Fermi level of the Dirac semimetal is changed, the absorption characteristics can be modulated. The absorber has broad application prospects in multifunctional modulated devices.
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Zeng D, Zong S, Liu G, Yuan W, Liu X, Liu Z. Dynamically electrical/thermal-tunable perfect absorber for a high-performance terahertz modulation. Opt Express 2022; 30:39736-39746. [PMID: 36298919 DOI: 10.1364/oe.474970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a high-performance functional perfect absorber in a wide range of terahertz (THz) wave based on a hybrid structure of graphene and vanadium dioxide (VO2) resonators. Dynamically electrical and thermal tunable absorption is achieved due to the management on the resonant properties via the external surroundings. Multifunctional manipulations can be further realized within such absorber platform. For instance, a wide-frequency terahertz perfect absorber with the operation frequency range covering from 1.594 THz to 3.272 THz can be realized when the conductivity of VO2 is set to 100000 S/m (metal phase) and the Fermi level of graphene is 0.01 eV. The absorption can be dynamically changed from 0 to 99.98% and in verse by adjusting the conductivity of VO2. The impedance matching theory is introduced to analyze and elucidate the wideband absorption rate. In addition, the absorber can be changed from wideband absorption to dual-band absorption by adjusting the Fermi level of graphene from 0.01 eV to 0.7 eV when the conductivity of VO2 is fixed at 100000 S/m. Besides, the analysis of the chiral characteristics of the helical structure shows that the extinction cross-section has a circular dichroic response under the excitation of two different circularly polarized lights (CPL). Our study proposes approaches to manipulate the wide-band terahertz wave with multiple ways, paving the way for the development of technologies in the fields of switches, modulators, and imaging devices.
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Wang G, Wu T, Jia Y, Gao Y, Gao Y. Switchable Terahertz Absorber from Single Broadband to Dual Broadband Based on Graphene and Vanadium Dioxide. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:2172. [PMID: 35808007 PMCID: PMC9268442 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A multifunctional switchable terahertz (THz) absorber based on graphene and vanadium dioxide (VO2) is presented. The properties of the absorber are studied theoretically by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The results illustrate that the structure switches between the single-broadband or double-broadband absorption depending on the temperature of VO2. Moreover, the amplitude of the absorptivity can be adjusted by changing the Fermi energy level (EF) of graphene or the conductivity of VO2 separately. Via impedance matching theory, the physical mechanism of the absorber is researched. Furthermore, the effects of incidence angle on absorption have also been studied. It is found that the absorber is insensitive to the polarization of electromagnetic waves.
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Yan D, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Feng Q, Li X, Li J, Qiu G, Li J. A Review: The Functional Materials-Assisted Terahertz Metamaterial Absorbers and Polarization Converters. Photonics 2022; 9:335. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9050335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
When metamaterial structures meet functional materials, what will happen? The recent rise of the combination of metamaterial structures and functional materials opens new opportunities for dynamic manipulation of terahertz wave. The optical responses of functional materials are greatly improved based on the highly-localized structures in metamaterials, and the properties of metamaterials can in turn be manipulated in a wide dynamic range based on the external stimulation. In the topical review, we summarize the recent progress of the functional materials-based metamaterial structures for flexible control of the terahertz absorption and polarization conversion. The reviewed devices include but are not limited to terahertz metamaterial absorbers with different characteristics, polarization converters, wave plates, and so on. We review the dynamical tunable metamaterial structures based on the combination with functional materials such as graphene, vanadium dioxide (VO2) and Dirac semimetal (DSM) under various external stimulation. The faced challenges and future prospects of the related researches will also be discussed in the end.
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Zhu H, Wang K, Liu G, Mou J, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Qiu Y, Wei G. Metasurface absorber with ultra-thin thickness designed for a terahertz focal plane array detector. Opt Express 2022; 30:15939-15950. [PMID: 36221448 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) refers to electromagnetic waves with frequency from 0.1 to 10 THz, which lies between millimeter waves and infrared light. This paper proposes an ultra-thin metasurface absorber which is perfectly suited to be the signal coupling part of terahertz focal plane array (FPA) detector. The absorptance of the proposed metasurface is higher than 80% from 4.46 to 5.76 THz (25.4%) while the thickness is merely 1.12 µm (0.018 λ). Since the metasurface absorber will be applied to terahertz FPA detector which requires planar array formation, it is divided into meta-atoms. Each meta-atom consists of the same unit cell layout, and air gaps are introduced between adjacent meta-atoms to enhance the thermal isolation, which is crucial for FPA detector to obtain desired imaging results. Due to the symmetrical layout of meta-atoms, absorptance keeps stable for different polarized waves, moreover, good absorptance could also be achieved for incidence angles range of ± 30 °. Spectral measurements show good agreement with the simulation. As a result, features of ultra-thin thickness, polarization insensitivity, and high absorptance make the proposed metasurface absorber well suited to highly efficient coupling of terahertz signals in FPA detector.
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Zhang P, Chen G, Hou Z, Zhang Y, Shen J, Li C, Zhao M, Gao Z, Li Z, Tang T. Ultra-Broadband Tunable Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber Based on Double-Layer Vanadium Dioxide Square Ring Arrays. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13050669. [PMID: 35630136 PMCID: PMC9145387 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Based on the phase transition of vanadium dioxide(VO2), an ultra-broadband tunable terahertz metamaterial absorber is proposed. The absorber consists of bilayer VO2 square ring arrays with different sizes, which are completely wrapped in Topas and placed on gold substrate. The simulation results show that the absorption greater than 90% has frequencies ranging from 1.63 THz to 12.39 THz, which provides an absorption frequency bandwidth of 10.76 THz, and a relative bandwidth of 153.5%. By changing the electrical conductivity of VO2, the absorption intensity can be dynamically adjusted between 4.4% and 99.9%. The physical mechanism of complete absorption is elucidated by the impedance matching theory and field distribution. The proposed absorber has demonstrated its properties of polarization insensitivity and wide-angle absorption, and therefore has a variety of application prospects in the terahertz range, such as stealth, modulation, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zhang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guoquan Chen
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zheyu Hou
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yizhuo Zhang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jian Shen
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Chaoyang Li
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Maolin Zhao
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhuozhen Gao
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiqi Li
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (P.Z.); (G.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.); (Z.G.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resources Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Information Materials and Device Applications Key Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Universities, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China;
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16
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Zheng Z, Luo Y, Yang H, Yi Z, Zhang J, Song Q, Yang W, Liu C, Wu X, Wu P. Thermal tuning of terahertz metamaterial absorber properties based on VO 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8846-8853. [PMID: 35356962 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01070d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel, structurally simple, multifunctional broadband absorber. It consists of a patterned vanadium dioxide film and a metal plate spaced by a dielectric layer. Temperature control allows flexible adjustment of the absorption intensity from 0 to 0.999. The modulation mechanism of the absorber stems from the thermogenic phase change properties of the vanadium dioxide material. The absorber achieves total reflection properties in the terahertz band when the vanadium dioxide is in the insulated state. When the vanadium dioxide is in its metallic state, the absorber achieves near-perfect absorption in the ultra-broadband range of 3.7 THz-9.7 THz. Impedance matching theory and the analysis of electric field are also used to illustrate the mechanism of operation. Compared to previous reports, our structure utilizes just a single cell structure (3 layers only), and it is easy to process and manufacture. The absorption rate and operating bandwidth of the absorber are also optimised. In addition, the absorber is not only insensitive to polarization, but also very tolerant to the angle of incidence. Such a design would have great potential in wide-ranging applications, including photochemical energy harvesting, stealth devices, thermal emitters, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zheng
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Yao Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zao Yi
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Physics, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China.
| | - Qianjv Song
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Wenxing Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163318, P. R. China
| | - Xianwen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Pinghui Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Micro-nano Photonics Technology and Devices, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China.
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17
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Peng H, Yang K, Huang Z, Chen Z. Broadband terahertz tunable multi-film absorber based on phase-change material. Appl Opt 2022; 61:3101-3106. [PMID: 35471285 DOI: 10.1364/ao.454639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on the impedance matching method, we have numerically demonstrated a broadband tunable multilayer structure in a terahertz (THz) regime. The switchable functional characteristics of the absorber can be achieved by utilizing the phase transition property of vanadium dioxide (VO2). When VO2 is in the metallic state, the designed device behaves as a broadband absorber with an absorbance greater than 90% under normal incident from a 4.5 to 10 THz range. When VO2 is in the insulating state, the absorption in this band is down to near 0%. Moreover, this high absorption band shows a good polarization insensitive property and can be maintained over a range of incident angles up to 45°. Our proposed device exhibits the merits of wideband reconfigure absorbance in THz, and the absorber can be easily fabricated without involving any lithographic process, both of which are very attractive to potential THz applications such as sensing, camouflaging, and modulation of THz waves.
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18
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Zheng Z, Zheng Y, Luo Y, Yi Z, Zhang J, Liu Z, Yang W, Yu Y, Wu X, Wu P. A switchable terahertz device combining ultra-wideband absorption and ultra-wideband complete reflection. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2527-2533. [PMID: 35023523 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04974g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz functional devices have been instrumental in the development of terahertz technology. Moreover, the advent of metamaterials has greatly contributed to the advancement of terahertz devices. However, most of today's metamaterials in the terahertz band exhibit poor performance and are mono-functional. This greatly limits the scalability and application potential of the devices. To achieve diversification and tunability of device functionality, we propose a combination of metamaterial structures and vanadium dioxide film. A metamaterial absorber based on the thermotropic phase change material VO2 has been designed. Flexible switching of absorption performance (complete reflection and ultra-broadband perfect absorption) can be achieved through temperature adjustment. Moreover, the perfectly absorbed bandwidth is a staggering 3.3 THz. The thermal tuning of spectral absorbance has a maximal range of 0.01 to 0.999. The shift in absorption properties is explained by the phase change process of vanadium oxide (MIT). The electric field intensity on the absorber surface at different temperatures was monitored and analysed as a way to correlate the VO2 film phase transition process. The impedance matching theory is applied to explain the high level of absorption generated by the absorber. Finally, the effects of the structural parameters on the performance of the absorber are analysed. This work will have many applications in the terahertz field and offers a wide range of ideas for the design of terahertz-enabled devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zheng
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Ying Zheng
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Yao Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Zao Yi
- Joint Laboratory for Extreme Conditions Matter Properties, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Physics, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- School of Science, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Wenxing Yang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xianwen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Pinghui Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Micro-nano Photonics Technology and Devices, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China
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19
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Zhou Y, Qin Z, Liang Z, Meng D, Xu H, Smith DR, Liu Y. Ultra-broadband metamaterial absorbers from long to very long infrared regime. Light Sci Appl 2021; 10:138. [PMID: 34226489 PMCID: PMC8257711 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Broadband metamaterials absorbers with high absorption, ultrathin thickness and easy configurations are in great demand for many potential applications. In this paper, we first analyse the coupling resonances in a Ti/Ge/Ti three-layer absorber, which can realise broadband absorption from 8 to 12 μm. Then we experimentally demonstrate two types of absorbers based on the Ti/Ge/Si3N4/Ti configuration. By taking advantage of coupling surface plasmon resonances and intrinsic absorption of lossy material Si3N4, the average absorptions of two types of absorbers achieve almost 95% from 8 to 14 μm (experiment result: 78% from 6.5 to 13.5 μm). In order to expand the absorption bandwidth, we further propose two Ti/Si/SiO2/Ti absorbers which can absorb 92% and 87% of ultra-broadband light in the 14-30 μm and 8-30 μm spectral range, respectively. Our findings establish general and systematic strategies for guiding the design of metamaterial absorbers with excellent broadband absorption and pave the way for enhancing the optical performance in applications of infrared thermal emitters, imaging and photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China.
| | - Dejia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130033, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - David R Smith
- Center for Metamaterials and Integrated Plasmonics, Duke University, P.O. Box 90291, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
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