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Fröch JE, Chakravarthula P, Sun J, Tseng E, Colburn S, Zhan A, Miller F, Wirth-Singh A, Tanguy QAA, Han Z, Böhringer KF, Heide F, Majumdar A. Beating spectral bandwidth limits for large aperture broadband nano-optics. Nat Commun 2025; 16:3025. [PMID: 40155619 PMCID: PMC11953342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Flat optics have been proposed as an attractive approach for the implementation of new imaging and sensing modalities to replace and augment refractive optics. However, chromatic aberrations impose fundamental limitations on diffractive flat optics. As such, true broadband high-quality imaging has thus far been out of reach for fast f-numbers, large aperture, flat optics. In this work, we overcome intrinsic spectral bandwidth limitations, achieving broadband imaging in the visible wavelength range with a flat meta-optic, co-designed with computational reconstruction. We derive the necessary conditions for a broadband, 1 cm aperture, f/2 flat optic, with a diagonal field of view of 30° and average system MTF contrast of 20% or larger for a spatial frequency of 100 lp/mm in the visible band (>30% for <70 lp/mm). Finally, we use a coaxial, dual-aperture system to train the broadband imaging meta-optic with a learned reconstruction method operating on pair-wise captured imaging data. Fundamentally, our work challenges the entrenched belief of the inability of capturing high-quality, full-color images using a single large aperture meta-optic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E Fröch
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Praneeth Chakravarthula
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Jipeng Sun
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ethan Tseng
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Shane Colburn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alan Zhan
- Tunoptix, 4000 Mason Road 300, Fluke Hall, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Forrest Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna Wirth-Singh
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Quentin A A Tanguy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zheyi Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karl F Böhringer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Nano-Engineered Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felix Heide
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Sun M, Kovanis V, Lončar M, Lin Z. Bayesian optimization of Fisher Information in nonlinear multiresonant quantum photonics gyroscopes. NANOPHOTONICS (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2024; 13:2401-2416. [PMID: 39633665 PMCID: PMC11501923 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
We propose an on-chip gyroscope based on nonlinear multiresonant optics in a thin film χ (2) resonator that combines high sensitivity, compact form factor, and low power consumption simultaneously. We theoretically analyze a novel holistic metric - Fisher Information capacity of a multiresonant nonlinear photonic cavity - to fully characterize the sensitivity of our gyroscope under fundamental quantum noise conditions. Leveraging Bayesian optimization techniques, we directly maximize the nonlinear multiresonant Fisher Information. Our holistic optimization approach orchestrates a harmonious convergence of multiple physical phenomena - including noise squeezing, nonlinear wave mixing, nonlinear critical coupling, and noninertial signals - all encapsulated within a single sensor-resonator, thereby significantly augmenting sensitivity. We show that ∼ 470 × improvement is possible over the shot-noise limited linear gyroscope with the same footprint, intrinsic quality factors, and power budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Sun
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Vassilios Kovanis
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Marko Lončar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zin Lin
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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3
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Fu Y, Zhou X, Yu Y, Chen J, Wang S, Zhu S, Wang Z. Unleashing the potential: AI empowered advanced metasurface research. NANOPHOTONICS (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2024; 13:1239-1278. [PMID: 39679237 PMCID: PMC11635954 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, metasurface, as a representative of micro- and nano-optics, have demonstrated a powerful ability to manipulate light, which can modulate a variety of physical parameters, such as wavelength, phase, and amplitude, to achieve various functions and substantially improve the performance of conventional optical components and systems. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an emerging strong and effective computational tool that has been rapidly integrated into the study of physical sciences over the decades and has played an important role in the study of metasurface. This review starts with a brief introduction to the basics and then describes cases where AI and metasurface research have converged: from AI-assisted design of metasurface elements up to advanced optical systems based on metasurface. We demonstrate the advanced computational power of AI, as well as its ability to extract and analyze a wide range of optical information, and analyze the limitations of the available research resources. Finally conclude by presenting the challenges posed by the convergence of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlai Fu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Xuxi Zhou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Yiwan Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Jiawang Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Shuming Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing210093, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing210093, China
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4
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Li WF, Arya G, Roques-Carmes C, Lin Z, Johnson SG, Soljačić M. Transcending shift-invariance in the paraxial regime via end-to-end inverse design of freeform nanophotonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:24260-24272. [PMID: 37475257 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Traditional optical elements and conventional metasurfaces obey shift-invariance in the paraxial regime. For imaging systems obeying paraxial shift-invariance, a small shift in input angle causes a corresponding shift in the sensor image. Shift-invariance has deep implications for the design and functionality of optical devices, such as the necessity of free space between components (as in compound objectives made of several curved surfaces). We present a method for nanophotonic inverse design of compact imaging systems whose resolution is not constrained by paraxial shift-invariance. Our method is end-to-end, in that it integrates density-based full-Maxwell topology optimization with a fully iterative elastic-net reconstruction algorithm. By the design of nanophotonic structures that scatter light in a non-shift-invariant manner, our optimized nanophotonic imaging system overcomes the limitations of paraxial shift-invariance, achieving accurate, noise-robust image reconstruction beyond shift-invariant resolution.
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5
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Yang F, Lin HI, Chen P, Hu J, Gu T. Monocular depth sensing using metalens. NANOPHOTONICS (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2023; 12:2987-2996. [PMID: 39635492 PMCID: PMC11502008 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
3-D depth sensing is essential for many applications ranging from consumer electronics to robotics. Passive depth sensing techniques based on a double-helix (DH) point-spread-function (PSF) feature high depth estimation precision, minimal power consumption, and reduced system complexity compared to active sensing methods. Here, we propose and experimentally implemented a polarization-multiplexed DH metalens designed using an autonomous direct search algorithm, which utilizes two contra-rotating DH PSFs encoded in orthogonal polarization states to enable monocular depth perception. Using a reconstruction algorithm that we developed, concurrent depth calculation and scene reconstruction with minimum distortion and high resolution in all three dimensions were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Hung-I Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Tian Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA02139, USA
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6
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Shen Z, Zhao F, Jin C, Wang S, Cao L, Yang Y. Monocular metasurface camera for passive single-shot 4D imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1035. [PMID: 36823191 PMCID: PMC9950364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a grand challenge for an imaging system to simultaneously obtain multi-dimensional light field information, such as depth and polarization, of a scene for the accurate perception of the physical world. However, such a task would conventionally require bulky optical components, time-domain multiplexing, and active laser illumination. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a compact monocular camera equipped with a single-layer metalens that can capture a 4D image, including 2D all-in-focus intensity, depth, and polarization of a target scene in a single shot under ambient illumination conditions. The metalens is optimized to have a conjugate pair of polarization-decoupled rotating single-helix point-spread functions that are strongly dependent on the depth of the target object. Combined with a straightforward, physically interpretable image retrieval algorithm, the camera can simultaneously perform high-accuracy depth sensing and high-fidelity polarization imaging over an extended depth of field for both static and dynamic scenes in both indoor and outdoor environments. Such a compact multi-dimensional imaging system could enable new applications in diverse areas ranging from machine vision to microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Shen
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Feng Zhao
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Chunqi Jin
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Shuai Wang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Liangcai Cao
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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7
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Zheng H, Liu Q, Zhou Y, Kravchenko II, Huo Y, Valentine J. Meta-optic accelerators for object classifiers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6410. [PMID: 35895828 PMCID: PMC9328681 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in deep learning have led to paradigm shifts in a number of fields, from medical image analysis to autonomous systems. These advances, however, have resulted in digital neural networks with large computational requirements, resulting in high energy consumption and limitations in real-time decision-making when computation resources are limited. Here, we demonstrate a meta-optic-based neural network accelerator that can off-load computationally expensive convolution operations into high-speed and low-power optics. In this architecture, metasurfaces enable both spatial multiplexing and additional information channels, such as polarization, in object classification. End-to-end design is used to co-optimize the optical and digital systems, resulting in a robust classifier that achieves 93.1% accurate classification of handwriting digits and 93.8% accuracy in classifying both the digit and its polarization state. This approach could enable compact, high-speed, and low-power image and information processing systems for a wide range of applications in machine vision and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - You Zhou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Ivan I. Kravchenko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Yuankai Huo
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Jason Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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