1
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Li J, Li K, Zhang X, Popmintchev D, Xu H, Wang Y, Li R, Zhang G, Tang J, Niu J, Ma Y, Meng R, Ke C, Qiu J, Ma Y, Popmintchev T, Fan Z. Highly efficient and aberration-free off-plane grating spectrometer and monochromator for EUV-soft X-ray applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:12. [PMID: 38185683 PMCID: PMC10772113 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel flat-field, dual-optic imaging EUV-soft X-ray spectrometer and monochromator that attains an unprecedented throughput efficiency exceeding 60% by design, along with a superb spectral resolution of λ/Δλ > 200 accomplished without employing variable line spacing gratings. Exploiting the benefits of the conical diffraction geometry, the optical system is globally optimized in multidimensional parameter space to guarantee optimal imaging performance over a broad spectral range while maintaining circular and elliptical polarization states at the first, second, and third diffraction orders. Moreover, our analysis indicates minimal temporal dispersion, with pulse broadening confined within 80 fs tail-to-tail and an FWHM value of 29 fs, which enables ultrafast spectroscopic and pump-probe studies with femtosecond accuracy. Furthermore, the spectrometer can be effortlessly transformed into a monochromator spanning the EUV-soft X-ray spectral region using a single grating with an aberration-free spatial profile. Such capability allows coherent diffractive imaging applications to be conducted with highly monochromatic light in a broad spectral range and extended to the soft X-ray region with minimal photon loss, thus facilitating state-of-the-art imaging of intricate nano- and bio-systems, with a significantly enhanced spatiotemporal resolution, down to the nanometer-femtosecond level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China.
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Kui Li
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China.
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
| | | | - Hao Xu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Ruixuan Li
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangyin Zhang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiyue Tang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin Niu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongjun Ma
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Runyu Meng
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650011, China
| | - Changjun Ke
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jisi Qiu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunfeng Ma
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tenio Popmintchev
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Vienna, A-1040, Austria.
- University of California, Physics Department, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Zhongwei Fan
- School of Optoelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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2
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Fanciulli M, Bresteau D, Gaudin J, Dong S, Géneaux R, Ruchon T, Tcherbakoff O, Minár J, Heckmann O, Richter MC, Hricovini K, Beaulieu S. Ultrafast Hidden Spin Polarization Dynamics of Bright and Dark Excitons in 2H-WSe_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:066402. [PMID: 37625042 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.066402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
We performed spin-, time- and angle-resolved extreme ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy of excitons prepared by photoexcitation of inversion-symmetric 2H-WSe_{2} with circularly polarized light. The very short probing depth of XUV photoemission permits selective measurement of photoelectrons originating from the top-most WSe_{2} layer, allowing for direct measurement of hidden spin polarization of bright and momentum-forbidden dark excitons. Our results reveal efficient chiroptical control of bright excitons' hidden spin polarization. Following optical photoexcitation, intervalley scattering between nonequivalent K-K^{'} valleys leads to a decay of bright excitons' hidden spin polarization. Conversely, the ultrafast formation of momentum-forbidden dark excitons acts as a local spin polarization reservoir, which could be used for spin injection in van der Waals heterostructures involving multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fanciulli
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et Surfaces, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - David Bresteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Jérôme Gaudin
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - Shuo Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Romain Géneaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Thierry Ruchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | | | - Ján Minár
- University of West Bohemia, New Technologies Research Centre, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Heckmann
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et Surfaces, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Maria Christine Richter
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et Surfaces, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Karol Hricovini
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et Surfaces, CY Cergy Paris Université, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, LIDYL, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - Samuel Beaulieu
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
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3
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Broadband Time-Delay and Chirp Compensator for X-ray Pulses. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new type of aberration-corrected time-delay compensating monochromator (TDCM) for soft X-rays is presented. Composed of two identical reflection zone plates (RZPs) on spherical substrates and an intermediate flat mirror for band-pass selection, the TDCM can operate in a wide energy range of about ±20% around the design energy of 410eV. Assuming a source size of 50μm and an angular acceptance of 1 mrad, the spectral resolving power may reach 6×102, at a pulse length as short as 4.3femtoseconds(fs). In the case of μm-sized sources, the resolution can be better than 0.1eV and the sub-fs regime could become accessible. The overall transmission efficiency varies within (4.2–6.0)% across the energy range (310–510) eV. In the complementary mode, chirped-pulse compression works as well. Depending on the properties of the source, simulations predict an up to 9-fold reduction in pulse duration, whereas ≤50% of the peak intensity is maintained.
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4
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Karashima S, Humeniuk A, Uenishi R, Horio T, Kanno M, Ohta T, Nishitani J, Mitrić R, Suzuki T. Ultrafast Ring-Opening Reaction of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene: Identification of Nonadiabatic Pathway via Doubly Excited State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8034-8045. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Alexander Humeniuk
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Ryuta Uenishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Horio
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Manabu Kanno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ohta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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5
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Murari M, Lucarelli GD, Lucchini M, Nisoli M. Robustness of the ePIE algorithm for the complete characterization of femtosecond, extreme ultra-violet pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:10210-10224. [PMID: 32225611 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-resolved optical gating for the complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts (FROG-CRAB) is a well-known technique for the complete temporal characterization of ultrashort extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses, with durations down to a few tens of attoseconds. Recently, this technique was extended to few-femtosecond XUV pulses, produced by high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gases, thanks to the implementation of a robust iterative algorithm: the extended ptychographic iterative engine (ePIE). We demonstrate, by using numerical simulations, that the ptychographic reconstruction technique is characterized by an excellent degree of convergence and robustness. We analyse the effects on pulse reconstruction of various experimental imperfections, namely, the jitter of the relative temporal delay between the XUV pulse and a suitably delayed infrared (IR) pulse and the noise of the measured FROG-CRAB spectrograms. We also show that the ePIE approach is particularly suitable for the reconstruction of incomplete FROG-CRAB spectrograms (i.e., spectrograms with a reduced number of measured time delays) and of spectrograms acquired with a reduced spectral resolution, particularly when relatively high-intensity IR pulses are employed.
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6
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Ito K, Haraguchi E, Kaneshima K, Sekikawa T. Polarimetry of a single-order circularly polarized high harmonic separated by a time-delay compensated monochromator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38735-38743. [PMID: 31878635 DOI: 10.1364/oe.382423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monochromatic elliptically polarized (CP) ultrashort extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source with higher ellipticity than 0.80 is developed for the investigation of molecular chirality and electromagnetic phenomena. Elliptically polarized 47-nm high harmonic (HH) is monochromatized from the comb spectrum of HHs by a time-delay compensated monochromator (TDCM) consisting of a pair of Pt-coated toroidal gratings. The ellipticity of EUV light, which is higher than 0.10 at high harmonic generation, is compensated by the anisotropies of the diffraction efficiency and of the phase shift of the toroidal gratings. The degree of polarization is also improved by the diffraction on the gratings. Prior to the polarization compensation, the unknown optical parameters of the toroidal grating at 47 and 50 nm were determined using CP light source and Mueller matrices. The optical parameters were found to be close to those of coated substance Pt. The single-order CP HH light source will be versatile both for spectroscopy and for diffractive imaging.
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7
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Lazzarino LL, Kazemi MM, Haunhorst C, Becker C, Hartwell S, Jakob MA, Przystawik A, Usenko S, Kip D, Hartl I, Laarmann T. Shaping femtosecond laser pulses at short wavelength with grazing-incidence optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:13479-13491. [PMID: 31052869 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.013479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the design of an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse shaper relying on reflective optics. The instrument will allow tailoring of the time-frequency spectrum of femtosecond pulses generated by seeded free-electron lasers (FEL) and high-harmonic generation (HHG) sources down to a central wavelength of ~15 nm. The device is based on the geometry of a 4f grating compressor that is a standard concept in ultrafast laser science and technology. We apply it to shorter wavelengths using grazing-incidence optics operated under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The design blaze angle and the line density of the gratings allow the manipulation of all different harmonics typical for seeded FEL and HHG photon sources without the need of realignment of the instrument and even simultaneously in multi-color experiments. A proof-of-principle pulse shaping experiment using 266 nm laser light has been performed, demonstrating relative phase-control of femtosecond UV pulses.
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8
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Lucchini M, Murari M, Lucarelli GD, Frassetto F, Poletto L, Nisoli M. Ultrafast mapping of relaxation dynamics of ethylene cation. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920506002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex ultrafast molecular relaxation dynamics of ethylene, initiated by tunable vacuum-ultraviolet ~10-fs pulses, was measured. Exploiting state selectivity, an unprecedented time-energy mapping of the process was demonstrated on a few-femtosecond temporal scale.
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9
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Lucchini M, Lucarelli GD, Murari M, Trabattoni A, Fabris N, Frassetto F, De Silvestri S, Poletto L, Nisoli M. Generation and complete temporal characterization of 5-fs EUV pulses. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201920502009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme-ultraviolet pulses as short as 5 fs, produced by high-order harmonic generation and selected by a time-delay compensated monochromator, were fully reconstructed thanks to an advanced ptychographic technique, while most commonly used reconstruction methods fail. These pulses constitute the shortest extreme ultraviolet pulses ever achieved via a time-delay compensated monochromator.
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10
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Kaneshima K, Ninota Y, Sekikawa T. Time-resolved high-harmonic spectroscopy of ultrafast photoisomerization dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:31039-31054. [PMID: 30469991 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.031039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the first time-resolved high-harmonic spectroscopy (TR-HHS) study of a chemical bond rearrangement. We investigate the transient change of the high-harmonic signal from 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD), which undergoes ring-opening and isomerizes to 1,3,5-hexatriene (HT) upon photoexcitation. We associated the harmonic yield variation with the changes in the molecule's electronic state and vibrational frequencies, which are caused by isomerization. This showed us that the electronic excited state of CHD created through two-photon absorption of 3.1 eV photons relaxes almost completely within 100 fs to the electronic ground state of CHD with vibrational excitation. Subsequently, the molecule isomerizes to HT (i.e., ring-opening occurs, around 400 fs after the excitation). The present results demonstrate that TR-HHS, which can track both electronic and nuclear dynamics, is a powerful tool for studying ultrafast photochemical reactions.
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11
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Iikubo R, Sekikawa T, Harabuchi Y, Taketsugu T. Structural dynamics of photochemical reactions probed by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using high harmonic pulses. Faraday Discuss 2018; 194:147-160. [PMID: 27711881 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00063k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond ring-opening dynamics of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) in gas phase upon two-photon excitation at 400 nm (=3.1 eV) was investigated by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using 42 nm (=29.5 eV) high harmonic photons probing the dynamics of the lower-lying occupied molecular orbitals (MOs), which are the fingerprints of the molecular structure. After 500 fs, the photoelectron intensity of the MO constituting the C[double bond, length as m-dash]C sigma bond (σC[double bond, length as m-dash]C) of CHD was enhanced, while that of the MO forming the C-C sigma bond (σCC) of CHD was decreased. The changes in the photoelectron spectra suggest that the ring of CHD opens to form a 1,3,5-hexatriene (HT) after 500 fs. The dynamics of the σC[double bond, length as m-dash]C and σCC bands between 200 and 500 fs reflects the ring deformation to a conical intersection between the 21A and 11A potential energy surfaces prior to the ring-opening reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Iikubo
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Taro Sekikawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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12
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Lucchini M, Lucarelli GD, Murari M, Trabattoni A, Fabris N, Frassetto F, De Silvestri S, Poletto L, Nisoli M. Few-femtosecond extreme-ultraviolet pulses fully reconstructed by a ptychographic technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:6771-6784. [PMID: 29609365 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.006771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sub-10-fs pulses tunable in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) spectral region are particularly important in many research fields: from atomic and molecular spectroscopy to the study of relaxation processes in solids and transition phase processes, from holography to free-electron laser injection. A crucial prerequisite for all applications is the accurate measurement of the temporal characteristics of these pulses. To fulfill this purpose, many phase retrieval algorithms have been successfully applied to reconstruct XUV attosecond pulses. Nevertheless, their extension to XUV femtosecond pulses is not trivial and has never been investigated/reported so far. We demonstrate that ultrashort XUV pulses, produced by high-order harmonic generation, spectrally filtered by a time-delay compensated monochromator, can be fully characterized, in terms of temporal intensity and phase, by employing the ptychographic reconstruction technique while other common reconstruction algorithms fail. This allows us to report on the generation and complete temporal characterization of XUV pulses with duration down to 5 fs, which constitute the shortest XUV pulse ever achieved via a time-delay compensated monochromator.
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Poletto L, Frassetto F. Cost-effective plane-grating monochromator design for extreme-ultraviolet application. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:1202-1211. [PMID: 29469865 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The optical design of a plane-grating monochromator mainly intended for high resolution in the extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray is presented. The configuration has three optical elements. It uses a uniform line-spaced plane grating illuminated in the converging light coming from a focusing concave mirror and an additional plane mirror that is needed to change the grating subtended angle to keep the system in focus on a fixed slit. The parameters of the focusing mirror are determined to introduce a coma that compensates for the coma given by the grating. A monochromator for the 12-50 eV region is designed for application to high-order laser harmonics.
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14
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Abstract
The temporal response of double-grating monochromators is analyzed considering two effects on the ultrafast pulse given by the configuration. The first effect is the compensation of the pulse-front tilt, i.e., all the rays emitted by the source in different directions at the same wavelength have to travel the same optical path. The second effect is the group delay introduced by the two gratings, i.e., different wavelengths within the bandwidth transmitted by the slit travel different paths. The methodology to calculate the group delay introduced by the double-grating configuration is presented. Some practical design examples are provided to show the design rules and the achieved performances.
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15
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Nishitani J, West CW, Suzuki T. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of liquid water at 29.5 eV. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044014. [PMID: 28405592 PMCID: PMC5384855 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of liquid water was performed using extreme ultraviolet radiation at 29.5 eV and a time-of-flight photoelectron spectrometer. SiC/Mg coated mirrors were employed to select the single-order 19th harmonic from laser high harmonics, which provided a constant photon flux for different laser polarizations. The instrument was tested by measuring photoemission anisotropy for rare gases and water molecules and applied to a microjet of an aqueous NaI solution. The solute concentration was adjusted to eliminate an electric field gradient around the microjet. The observed photoelectron spectra were analyzed considering contributions from liquid water, water vapor, and an isotropic background. The anisotropy parameters of the valence bands (1b1, 3a1, and 1b2) of liquid water are considerably smaller than those of gaseous water, which is primarily attributed to electron scattering in liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Christopher W West
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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16
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Nisoli M, Decleva P, Calegari F, Palacios A, Martín F. Attosecond Electron Dynamics in Molecules. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10760-10825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Nisoli
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universitá di Trieste and IOM- CNR, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Calegari
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Palacios
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Design Study of Time-Preserving Grating Monochromators for Ultrashort Pulses in the Extreme-Ultraviolet and Soft X-Rays. PHOTONICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics4010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Hatayama M, Ichimaru S, Ohcni T, Takahashi EJ, Midorikawa K, Oku S. Wide-range narrowband multilayer mirror for selecting a single-order harmonic in the photon energy range of 40-70 eV. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:14546-14551. [PMID: 27410607 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.014546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An experimental demonstration of a wide-range narrowband multilayer mirror for selecting a single-order high-harmonic (HH) beam from multiple-order harmonics in the photon energy range between 40 eV and 70 eV was carried out. This extreme ultraviolet (XUV) mirror, based on a pair of Zr and Al0.7Si0.3 multilayers, has a reflectivity of 20-35% and contrast of more than 7 with respect to neighboring HHs at angles of incidence from 10 to 56.9 degrees, assuming HHs pumped at 1.55 eV. Thus, specific single-order harmonic beams can be arbitrarily selected from multiple-order harmonics in this photo energy range. In addition, the dispersion for input pulses of the order of 1 fs is negligible. This simple-to-align optical component is useful for the many various applications in physics, chemistry and biology that use ultrafast monochromatic HH beams.
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Ojeda J, Arrell CA, Grilj J, Frassetto F, Mewes L, Zhang H, van Mourik F, Poletto L, Chergui M. Harmonium: A pulse preserving source of monochromatic extreme ultraviolet (30-110 eV) radiation for ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:023602. [PMID: 26798833 PMCID: PMC4711517 DOI: 10.1063/1.4933008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A tuneable repetition rate extreme ultraviolet source (Harmonium) for time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids is presented. High harmonic generation produces 30-110 eV photons, with fluxes ranging from ∼2 × 10(11) photons/s at 36 eV to ∼2 × 10(8) photons/s at 100 eV. Four different gratings in a time-preserving grating monochromator provide either high energy resolution (0.2 eV) or high temporal resolution (40 fs) between 30 and 110 eV. Laser assisted photoemission was used to measure the temporal response of the system. Vibrational progressions in gas phase water were measured demonstrating the ∼0.2 eV energy resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ojeda
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C A Arrell
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Grilj
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Frassetto
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN) , via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - L Mewes
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H Zhang
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F van Mourik
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Poletto
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN) , via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Frassetto F, Poletto L. Grating configurations to compress extreme-ultraviolet ultrashort pulses. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:7985-7992. [PMID: 26368974 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.007985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is here discussed the design of ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) grating compressors that can be used to condition the spectral phase of ultrashort chirped pulses to compensate for the phase chirp and get closer to the Fourier limit. We discuss the two configurations that can be used to realize the compressor, the classical diffraction mount, and the off-plane one. The concept is applied to the realization of a XUV compressor with applications to free-electron lasers.
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21
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Grating Configurations for the Spectral Selection of Coherent Ultrashort Pulses in the Extreme-Ultraviolet. PHOTONICS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics1040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Poletto L, Miotti P, Frassetto F, Spezzani C, Grazioli C, Coreno M, Ressel B, Gauthier D, Ivanov R, Ciavardini A, de Simone M, Stagira S, De Ninno G. Double-configuration grating monochromator for extreme-ultraviolet ultrafast pulses. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:5879-88. [PMID: 25321666 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.005879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and characterization of a double-configuration grating monochromator for the spectral selection of extreme-ultraviolet ultrafast pulses. Two grating geometries are joined in an instrument with two interchangeable diffracting stages, both used at grazing incidence: one with the gratings in the off-plane mount (OPM), the other in the classical diffraction mount (CDM). The use of two stages gives great flexibility: the OPM stage is used for sub-50 fs time response and low spectral resolution, while the CDM stage is for 100-200 fs time response and high spectral resolution. The monochromator spectral and temporal performances have been experimentally demonstrated on a high-order laser-harmonics beam line.
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23
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Makida A, Igarashi H, Fujiwara T, Sekikawa T, Harabuchi Y, Taketsugu T. Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics in trans-1,3-Butadiene Studied by Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy with High Harmonic Pulses. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:1760-1765. [PMID: 26270380 DOI: 10.1021/jz5003567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In trans-1,3-butadiene, the ultrafast relaxation from the doubly excited state 2(1)Ag and the corresponding recovery of the ground state 1(1)Ag were observed simultaneously for the first time by time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) using 29.5 eV high harmonic pulses. The fast recovery of 1(1)Ag shows that the following dissociation upon photoexcitation takes place after returning to the ground state. At 427 fs after photoexcitation, only the ionization energy from the C═C σ bond was found to remain shifted. Accompanying theoretical calculations with an assumption of Koopmans' theorem show that the ionization energy of the C═C σ bond is modulated by vibrational excitation of the antisymmetric C═C stretching mode. TRPES by high harmonics can probe the changes in the molecular structure sensitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Makida
- †Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hironori Igarashi
- †Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takehisa Fujiwara
- †Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Taro Sekikawa
- †Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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24
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Kuś T, Mignolet B, Levine RD, Remacle F. Pump and Probe of Ultrafast Charge Reorganization in Small Peptides: A Computational Study through Sudden Ionizations. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:10513-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp407295t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kuś
- Department
of Chemistry, B6c, University of Liege, B4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - B. Mignolet
- Department
of Chemistry, B6c, University of Liege, B4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - R. D. Levine
- Fritz Haber Research
Centre for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - F. Remacle
- Department
of Chemistry, B6c, University of Liege, B4000 Liege, Belgium
- Fritz Haber Research
Centre for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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25
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Igarashi H, Makida A, Sekikawa T. Electron trajectory selection for high harmonic generation inside a short hollow fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:20632-20640. [PMID: 24103936 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The 19th harmonic beam divergences from a Ti:sapphire laser generated using a gas jet and 10-mm-long hollow fibers with bore diameters of 300 and 200 μm were investigated. The beam quality factor M(2) of the harmonic beam generated in a 300-μm hollow fiber was found to be better than the gas jet using the phase match including the atomic dipole phase induced by the short trajectory. On the other hand, a 200-μm hollow fiber was found to generate a more divergent beam with a larger M(2) because of the long trajectory. The electron trajectory contributing to high harmonic generation was selected using the phase-matching process inside a short hollow fiber.
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26
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Frassetto F, Bonora S, Vozzi C, Stagira S, Zanchetta E, Della Giustina G, Brusatin G, Poletto L. Active-grating monochromator for the spectral selection of ultrashort pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:12996-13004. [PMID: 23736553 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.012996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Active gratings have been used to realize a grazing-incidence double-grating monochromator for the spectral selection of ultrashort pulses while preserving the temporal duration by compensating for the pulse-front tilt. The active grating consists of a bimorph deformable mirror on the top of which a diffraction grating with laminar profile is realized by UV lithography. The time-delay compensated configuration has been tested with ultrashort pulses at 800 nm. The feasibility of this configuration for the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region has been demonstrated by ray tracing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Frassetto
- National Council for Research of Italy, Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Padova, Italy.
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27
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Loh ZH, Leone SR. Capturing Ultrafast Quantum Dynamics with Femtosecond and Attosecond X-ray Core-Level Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:292-302. [PMID: 26283437 DOI: 10.1021/jz301910n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent technical advances in ultrafast laser sources enable the generation of femtosecond and attosecond soft X-ray pulses in tabletop laser setups as well as accelerator-based synchrotron and free-electron laser sources. These new light sources can be harnessed via pump-probe spectroscopy to elucidate ultrafast quantum dynamics in atoms, molecules, and condensed matter with unprecedented time resolution and chemical sensitivity. Employing such ultrashort pulses in transient X-ray absorption spectroscopy combines the unique advantages of core-level absorption probing of chemical environments and oxidation states with the ability to obtain ultimately freeze-frame snapshots of electronic and nuclear dynamics. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the progress in applying the recently developed technique of femtosecond to attosecond time-resolved soft X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy to the study of ultrafast phenomena, including some of our own efforts to elucidate the interaction of intense laser pulses with atoms and molecules in the strong-field, nonperturbative limit. Possible avenues for future work are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Heng Loh
- †Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, and Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Stephen R Leone
- ‡Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- §Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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28
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Igarashi H, Makida A, Ito M, Sekikawa T. Pulse Compression of Phase-matched High Harmonic Pulses from a Time-Delay Compensated Monochromator. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Single-Grating Monochromators for Extreme-Ultraviolet Ultrashort Pulses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/app3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Igarashi H, Makida A, Ito M, Sekikawa T. Pulse compression of phase-matched high harmonic pulses from a time-delay compensated monochromator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:3725-3732. [PMID: 22418130 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.003725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Single 32.6 eV high harmonic pulses from a time-delay compensated monochromator were compressed down to 11 ± 3 fs by completely compensating for the pulse-front tilt. The photon flux was intensified up to 5.7×10(9) photons/s on target by implementing high harmonic generation under a phase matching condition in a hollow fiber used for increasing the interaction length. The output photon flux on target from the monochromator was comparable to that from a small synchrotron facility, while the pulse duration was more than three orders of magnitude shorter. This high harmonic beam line fulfills two requirements for time-resolved spectroscopy in extreme ultraviolet region, namely, ultrashort pulses and high photon flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Igarashi
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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31
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Sansone G, Pfeifer T, Simeonidis K, Kuleff AI. Electron Correlation in Real Time. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:661-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Mero M, Frassetto F, Villoresi P, Poletto L, Varjú K. Compression methods for XUV attosecond pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:23420-23428. [PMID: 22109218 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.023420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Attosecond extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulses generated in gases via high-order harmonic generation typically carry an intrinsic positive chirp. Compression of such pulses has been demonstrated using metallic transmission filters, a method with very limited tunability. We compare here the compression achievable with a diffraction grating based method with that of metallic filters using simulated high harmonic waveforms in the transmission window of metal films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mero
- HAS Research Group on Laser Physics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Dom ter 9., Hungary
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33
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Frassetto F, Cacho C, Froud CA, Turcu ICE, Villoresi P, Bryan WA, Springate E, Poletto L. Single-grating monochromator for extreme-ultraviolet ultrashort pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:19169-81. [PMID: 21996859 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.019169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extreme-ultraviolet high-order-harmonic pulses with 1.6·10(7) photons/pulse at 32.5 eV have been separated from multiple harmonic orders by a time-preserving monochromator using a single grating in the off-plane mount. This grating geometry gives minimum temporal broadening and high efficiency. The pulse duration of the monochromatized harmonic pulses has been measured to be in the range 20 to 30 fs when the harmonic process is driven by an intense 30 fs near-infrared pulse. The harmonic photon energy is tunable between 12 and 120 eV. The instrument is used in the monochromatized branch of the Artemis beamline at the Central Laser Facility (UK) for applications in ultrafast electron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Frassetto
- National Research Council of Italy- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), via Trasea 7, 35131-Padova, Italy
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34
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Poletto L, Frassetto F. Time-preserving grating monochromators for ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet pulses. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:5465-73. [PMID: 20885484 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the time response of single-grating monochromators for application to extreme-ultraviolet ultrashort pulses. It is shown that time-preserving monochromators can be realized in a single-grating configuration if the number of illuminated grooves is the minimum for a given resolution and the grating time response is close to the Fourier limit for such a resolution. Two different grating configurations are compared: the classical diffraction mount (CDM) and the off-plane mount (OPM). We shown that the CDM is preferred for single-grating monochromators with relatively long time responses, i.e., 100-200 fs, while the OPM is suitable for ultrashort time responses in the 10-50 fs range to realize femtosecond time-preserving monochromators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Poletto
- National Research Council-Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Laboratory for UV and X-Ray Optical Research, Padova, Italy.
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35
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Dakovski GL, Li Y, Durakiewicz T, Rodriguez G. Tunable ultrafast extreme ultraviolet source for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:073108. [PMID: 20687706 DOI: 10.1063/1.3460267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a laser-based apparatus suitable for visible pump/extreme UV (XUV) probe time-, energy-, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy utilizing high-harmonic generation from a noble gas. Tunability in a wide range of energies (currently 20-36 eV) is achieved by using a time-delay compensated monochromator, which also preserves the ultrashort duration of the XUV pulses. Using an amplified laser system at 10 kHz repetition rate, approximately 10(9)-10(10) photons/s per harmonic are made available for photoelectron spectroscopy. Parallel energy and momentum detection is carried out in a hemispherical electron analyzer coupled with an imaging detector. First applications demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument to easily select the probe wavelength of choice, to obtain angle-resolved photoemission maps (GaAs and URu(2)Si(2)), and to trace ultrafast electron dynamics in an optically excited semiconductor (Ge).
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Dakovski
- MPA-CINT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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36
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Ito M, Kataoka Y, Okamoto T, Yamashita M, Sekikawa T. Spatiotemporal characterization of single-order high harmonic pulses from time-compensated toroidal-grating monochromator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:6071-8. [PMID: 20389628 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.006071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (XUV) single-order high harmonic pulses with 10(6) photons/pulse were separated from multiple harmonic orders by a time-compensated toroidal-grating monochromator consisting of a pair of toroidal gratings. The first grating separates the harmonic order and the second one compensates for the pulse-front tilt. The center photon energies were tunable between 42 and 23 eV. The separated single harmonic pulses were spatially and temporally characterized as having a spot size of 58 +/- 3 microm at the focus, with a shortest pulse duration of 47 +/- 2 fs. The developed XUV light source is versatile for application to time- and space-resolved spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiko Ito
- Department of Applied Physics, Hokkaido University, Kita-13, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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37
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Poletto L, Villoresi P, Frassetto F, Calegari F, Ferrari F, Lucchini M, Sansone G, Nisoli M. Time-delay compensated monochromator for the spectral selection of extreme-ultraviolet high-order laser harmonics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:123109. [PMID: 20059133 DOI: 10.1063/1.3273964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The design and the characterization of a monochromator for the spectral selection of ultrashort high-order laser harmonics in the extreme ultraviolet are presented. The instrument adopts the double-grating configuration to preserve the length of the optical paths of different diffracted rays, without altering the extremely short duration of the pulse. The gratings are used in the off-plane mount to have high efficiency. The performances of the monochromator have been characterized in terms of spectral response, efficiency, photon flux, imaging properties, and temporal response. In particular, the temporal characterization of the harmonic pulses has been obtained using a cross-correlation method: Pulses as short as 8 fs have been measured at the output of the monochromators, confirming the effectiveness of the time-delay compensated configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Poletto
- Laboratory for UV and X-Ray Optical Research, CNR-INFM and Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy.
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38
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Poletto L, Frassetto F. Design of high-resolution grazing-incidence echelle monochromators. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:5363-5370. [PMID: 19798376 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A grazing-incidence configuration to achieve high spectral resolution in the extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray regions is presented. It adopts a grating in the off-plane mount operated at high diffracted orders. Resolutions in the 10(5) range can be achieved in a relatively compact size. The monochromator can be tuned in a complete octave by using different diffracted orders without changing the geometrical parameters of the configuration. The optical design of the configuration and the application to a beamline for free-electron-laser radiation centered at 120 eV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Poletto
- National Research Council, National Institute for the Physics of Matter, Laboratory for UV and X-Ray Optical Research and Department of Information Engineering, Padova, Italy.
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39
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Poletto L. Tolerances of time-delay-compensated monochromators for extreme-ultraviolet ultrashort pulses. APPLIED OPTICS 2009; 48:4526-4535. [PMID: 19668267 DOI: 10.1364/ao.48.004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Time-delay-compensated grating monochromators for the spectral selection of extreme-ultraviolet femtosecond pulses in a broad spectral region are designed by adopting both classical diffraction and the off-plane mount. The optical design requires six optical elements: four concave mirrors and two plane gratings. I compare here the two designs in terms of the tolerances in the alignment for time-delay compensation in the femtosecond time scale. The off-plane mount is demonstrated to be far superior to the classical diffraction mount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Poletto
- CNR-INFM LUXOR, Laboratory for UV and X-Ray Optical Research and Department of Information Engineering, Padova, Italy.
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40
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Loh ZH, Khalil M, Correa RE, Leone SR. A tabletop femtosecond time-resolved soft x-ray transient absorption spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:073101. [PMID: 18681685 DOI: 10.1063/1.2947737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A laser-based, tabletop instrument is constructed to perform femtosecond soft x-ray transient absorption spectroscopy. Ultrashort soft x-ray pulses produced via high-order harmonic generation of the amplified output of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system are used to probe atomic core-level transient absorptions in atoms and molecules. The results provide chemically specific, time-resolved dynamics with sub-50-fs time resolution. In this setup, high-order harmonics generated in a Ne-filled capillary waveguide are refocused by a gold-coated toroidal mirror into the sample gas cell, where the soft x-ray light intersects with an optical pump pulse. The transmitted high-order harmonics are spectrally dispersed with a homebuilt soft x-ray spectrometer, which consists of a gold-coated toroidal mirror, a uniform-line spaced plane grating, and a soft x-ray charge coupled device camera. The optical layout of the instrument, design of the soft x-ray spectrometer, and spatial and temporal characterizations of the high-order harmonics are described. Examples of static and time-resolved photoabsorption spectra collected on this apparatus are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Heng Loh
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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41
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Frassetto F, Villoresi P, Poletto L. Beam separator for high-order harmonic radiation in the 3-10 nm spectral region. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2008; 25:1104-1114. [PMID: 18451917 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.25.001104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present the scheme of a beam separator for ultrashort high-order harmonic radiation below 10 nm. The system consists of a collimating mirror and two plane grazing-incidence gratings in compensated configuration. The first grating acts as the beam separator: it diffracts the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light into the first order while reflecting the fundamental laser beam into the zero order. The diffracted light goes to a second grating that compensates both for the spectral dispersion and for the temporal broadening of the XUV ultrashort pulse caused by the diffraction at the first grating. The system can be designed for any wavelength in the 3-40 nm region. Since the gratings are operated at extreme grazing incidence, the area of the optical surface illuminated by the fundamental laser pulse is large, and therefore there is no risk of damage of the optical surfaces. The effects on the phase of the ultrashort pulse for narrowband applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Frassetto
- CNR/INFM Laboratory for Ultraviolet and X-Ray Optical Research, Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, Padua, Italy
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