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de Rossi S, Bourassin-Bouchet C, Meltchakov E, Giglia A, Nannarone S, Delmotte F. Phase measurement of soft x-ray multilayer mirrors. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4412-4415. [PMID: 26421544 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new model enabling the extraction of the phase of a multilayer mirror from photocurrent measurements in the soft x rays. In this range, the effects of the mean free path of the electrons inside the stack can no longer be neglected, which prevents the phase reconstruction by conventional photocurrent measurements. The new model takes into account this phenomenon and thus extends up to the x rays the applicability range of the technique. This approach has been validated through a numerical and experimental study of chromium/scandium multilayers used near 360 eV. To our knowledge, this work constitutes the first measurement of the phase of a multilayer mirror in the soft x-ray range.
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Ferré A, Boguslavskiy AE, Dagan M, Blanchet V, Bruner BD, Burgy F, Camper A, Descamps D, Fabre B, Fedorov N, Gaudin J, Geoffroy G, Mikosch J, Patchkovskii S, Petit S, Ruchon T, Soifer H, Staedter D, Wilkinson I, Stolow A, Dudovich N, Mairesse Y. Multi-channel electronic and vibrational dynamics in polyatomic resonant high-order harmonic generation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5952. [PMID: 25608712 PMCID: PMC4354235 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-order harmonic generation in polyatomic molecules generally involves multiple channels of ionization. Their relative contribution can be strongly influenced by the presence of resonances, whose assignment remains a major challenge for high-harmonic spectroscopy. Here we present a multi-modal approach for the investigation of unaligned polyatomic molecules, using SF6 as an example. We combine methods from extreme-ultraviolet spectroscopy, above-threshold ionization and attosecond metrology. Fragment-resolved above-threshold ionization measurements reveal that strong-field ionization opens at least three channels. A shape resonance in one of them is found to dominate the signal in the 20-26 eV range. This resonance induces a phase jump in the harmonic emission, a switch in the polarization state and different dynamical responses to molecular vibrations. This study demonstrates a method for extending high-harmonic spectroscopy to polyatomic molecules, where complex attosecond dynamics are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ferré
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - A. E. Boguslavskiy
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0R6 Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Dagan
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - V. Blanchet
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - B. D. Bruner
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - F. Burgy
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - A. Camper
- CEA, IRAMIS, Lasers, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory—LIDyL, CEA-SACLAY, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D. Descamps
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - B. Fabre
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - N. Fedorov
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - J. Gaudin
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - G. Geoffroy
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - J. Mikosch
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0R6 Ontario, Canada
- Max-Born-Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Patchkovskii
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0R6 Ontario, Canada
- Max-Born-Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. Petit
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
| | - T. Ruchon
- CEA, IRAMIS, Lasers, Interactions and Dynamics Laboratory—LIDyL, CEA-SACLAY, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H. Soifer
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - D. Staedter
- Université de Toulouse—CNRS, LCAR-IRSAMC, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - I. Wilkinson
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0R6 Ontario, Canada
| | - A. Stolow
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0R6 Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - N. Dudovich
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Y. Mairesse
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS—CEA, CELIA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France
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Sobierajski R, Loch RA, van de Kruijs RWE, Louis E, von Blanckenhagen G, Gullikson EM, Siewert F, Wawro A, Bijkerk F. Mo/Si multilayer-coated amplitude-division beam splitters for XUV radiation sources. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:249-57. [PMID: 23412481 PMCID: PMC3573871 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512049990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amplitude-division beam splitters for XUV radiation sources have been developed and extensively characterized. Mo/Si multilayer coatings were deposited on 50 nm-thick SiN membranes. By changing the multilayer structure (periodicity, number of bilayers, etc.) the intensity of the reflected and transmitted beams were optimized for selected incident radiation parameters (wavelength, incident angle). The developed optical elements were characterized by means of XUV reflectometry and transmission measurements, atomic force microscopy and optical interferometry. Special attention was paid to the spatial homogeneity of the optical response and reflected beam wavefront distortions. Here the results of the characterization are presented and improvements required for advanced applications at XUV free-electron lasers are identified. A flatness as low as 4 nm r.m.s. on 3 × 3 mm beam splitters and 22 nm r.m.s. on 10 × 10 mm beam splitters has been obtained. The high-spatial-frequency surface roughness was about 0.7-1 nm r.m.s. The middle-spatial-frequency roughness was in the range 0.2-0.8 nm r.m.s. The reflection and transmission of the beam splitters were found to be very homogeneous, with a deviation of less than 2% across the full optical element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Sobierajski
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rolf Antonie Loch
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Louis
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric M. Gullikson
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frank Siewert
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin/BESSY-II, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrzej Wawro
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fred Bijkerk
- FOM-Institute DIFFER, Edisonbaan 14, 3439 MN Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology at the University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Loch RA, Sobierajski R, Louis E, Bosgra J, Bijkerk F. Modelling single shot damage thresholds of multilayer optics for high-intensity short-wavelength radiation sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:28200-28215. [PMID: 23263054 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.028200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The single shot damage thresholds of multilayer optics for high-intensity short-wavelength radiation sources are theoretically investigated, using a model developed on the basis of experimental data obtained at the FLASH and LCLS free electron lasers. We compare the radiation hardness of commonly used multilayer optics and propose new material combinations selected for a high damage threshold. Our study demonstrates that the damage thresholds of multilayer optics can vary over a large range of incidence fluences and can be as high as several hundreds of mJ/cm(2). This strongly suggests that multilayer mirrors are serious candidates for damage resistant optics. Especially, multilayer optics based on Li(2)O spacers are very promising for use in current and future short-wavelength radiation sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Loch
- FOM-Institute DIFFER – Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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