1
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Nagler B, Galtier EC, Brown SB, Heimann P, Dyer G, Lee HJ. Ronchi shearing interferometry for wavefronts with circular symmetry. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1461-1469. [PMID: 33147170 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520010735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ronchi testing of a focused electromagnetic wave has in the last few years been used extensively at X-ray free-electron laser (FEL) facilities to qualitatively evaluate the wavefront of the beam. It is a quick and straightforward test, is easy to interpret on the fly, and can be used to align phase plates that correct the focus of aberrated beams. In general, a single Ronchigram is not sufficient to gain complete quantitative knowledge of the wavefront. However the compound refractive lenses that are commonly used at X-ray FELs exhibit a strong circular symmetry in their aberration, and this can be exploited. Here, a simple algorithm that uses a single recorded Ronchigram to recover the full wavefront of a nano-focused beam, assuming circular symmetry, is presented, and applied to experimental measurements at the Matter in Extreme Conditions instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Nagler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Eric C Galtier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Shaughnessy B Brown
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philip Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Gilliss Dyer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Hae Ja Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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2
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Toyota K, Jurek Z, Son SK, Fukuzawa H, Ueda K, Berrah N, Rudek B, Rolles D, Rudenko A, Santra R. xcalib: a focal spot calibrator for intense X-ray free-electron laser pulses based on the charge state distributions of light atoms. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1017-1030. [PMID: 31274423 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519003564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The xcalib toolkit has been developed to calibrate the beam profile of an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) at the focal spot based on the experimental charge state distributions (CSDs) of light atoms. Characterization of the fluence distribution at the focal spot is essential to perform the volume integrations of physical quantities for a quantitative comparison between theoretical and experimental results, especially for fluence-dependent quantities. The use of the CSDs of light atoms is advantageous because CSDs directly reflect experimental conditions at the focal spot, and the properties of light atoms have been well established in both theory and experiment. Theoretical CSDs are obtained using xatom, a toolkit to calculate atomic electronic structure and to simulate ionization dynamics of atoms exposed to intense XFEL pulses, which involves highly excited multiple core-hole states. Employing a simple function with a few parameters, the spatial profile of an XFEL beam is determined by minimizing the difference between theoretical and experimental results. The optimization procedure employing the reinforcement learning technique can automatize and organize calibration procedures which, before, had been performed manually. xcalib has high flexibility, simultaneously combining different optimization methods, sets of charge states, and a wide range of parameter space. Hence, in combination with xatom, xcalib serves as a comprehensive tool to calibrate the fluence profile of a tightly focused XFEL beam in the interaction region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudai Toyota
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zoltan Jurek
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sang Kil Son
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hironobu Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nora Berrah
- Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Benedikt Rudek
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Rolles
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Artem Rudenko
- J. R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Kim J, Kim HY, Park J, Kim S, Kim S, Rah S, Lim J, Nam KH. Focusing X-ray free-electron laser pulses using Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors at the NCI hutch of the PAL-XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:289-292. [PMID: 29271778 PMCID: PMC5741134 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517016186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free-Electron Laser (PAL-XFEL) is a recently commissioned X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility that provides intense ultrashort X-ray pulses based on the self-amplified spontaneous emission process. The nano-crystallography and coherent imaging (NCI) hutch with forward-scattering geometry is located at the hard X-ray beamline of the PAL-XFEL and provides opportunities to perform serial femtosecond crystallography and coherent X-ray diffraction imaging. To produce intense high-density XFEL pulses at the interaction positions between the X-rays and various samples, a microfocusing Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror system that includes an ultra-precision manipulator has been developed. In this paper, the design of a KB mirror system that focuses the hard XFEL beam onto a fixed sample point of the NCI hutch, which is positioned along the hard XFEL beamline, is described. The focusing system produces a two-dimensional focusing beam at approximately 2 µm scale across the 2-11 keV photon energy range. XFEL pulses of 9.7 keV energy were successfully focused onto an area of size 1.94 µm × 2.08 µm FWHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangwoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Yun Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Park
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunam Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyu Rah
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Lim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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4
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Nagler B, Aquila A, Boutet S, Galtier EC, Hashim A, S Hunter M, Liang M, Sakdinawat AE, Schroer CG, Schropp A, Seaberg MH, Seiboth F, van Driel T, Xing Z, Liu Y, Lee HJ. Focal Spot and Wavefront Sensing of an X-Ray Free Electron laser using Ronchi shearing interferometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13698. [PMID: 29057938 PMCID: PMC5651859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is an X-ray source of unmatched brilliance, that is advancing many scientific fields at a rapid pace. The highest peak intensities that are routinely produced at LCLS take place at the Coherent X-ray Imaging (CXI) instrument, which can produce spotsize at the order of 100 nm, and such spotsizes and intensities are crucial for experiments ranging from coherent diffractive imaging, non-linear x-ray optics and high field physics, and single molecule imaging. Nevertheless, a full characterisation of this beam has up to now not been performed. In this paper we for the first time characterise this nanofocused beam in both phase and intensity using a Ronchi Shearing Interferometric technique. The method is fast, in-situ, uses a straightforward optimization algoritm, and is insensitive to spatial jitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Nagler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Andrew Aquila
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Eric C Galtier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Akel Hashim
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mark S Hunter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Mengning Liang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Anne E Sakdinawat
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Christian G Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew H Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Frank Seiboth
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Zhou Xing
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Yanwei Liu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hae Ja Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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5
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Seiboth F, Schropp A, Scholz M, Wittwer F, Rödel C, Wünsche M, Ullsperger T, Nolte S, Rahomäki J, Parfeniukas K, Giakoumidis S, Vogt U, Wagner U, Rau C, Boesenberg U, Garrevoet J, Falkenberg G, Galtier EC, Ja Lee H, Nagler B, Schroer CG. Perfect X-ray focusing via fitting corrective glasses to aberrated optics. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14623. [PMID: 28248317 PMCID: PMC5337966 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their short wavelength, X-rays can in principle be focused down to a few nanometres and below. At the same time, it is this short wavelength that puts stringent requirements on X-ray optics and their metrology. Both are limited by today's technology. In this work, we present accurate at wavelength measurements of residual aberrations of a refractive X-ray lens using ptychography to manufacture a corrective phase plate. Together with the fitted phase plate the optics shows diffraction-limited performance, generating a nearly Gaussian beam profile with a Strehl ratio above 0.8. This scheme can be applied to any other focusing optics, thus solving the X-ray optical problem at synchrotron radiation sources and X-ray free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seiboth
- Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Scholz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wittwer
- Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Rödel
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Martin Wünsche
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Ullsperger
- Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Nolte
- Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jussi Rahomäki
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolis Parfeniukas
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stylianos Giakoumidis
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Vogt
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Ulrike Boesenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric C Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hae Ja Lee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Bob Nagler
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Christian G Schroer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Department Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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Kayser Y, David C, Flechsig U, Krempasky J, Schlott V, Abela R. X-ray grating interferometer for in situ and at-wavelength wavefront metrology. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:150-162. [PMID: 28009554 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516017562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A wavefront metrology setup based on the X-ray grating interferometry technique for spatially resolved, quantitative, in situ and at-wavelength measurements of the wavefront at synchrotron radiation and hard X-ray free-electron laser beamlines is reported. Indeed, the ever-increasing demands on the optical components to preserve the wavefront shape and the coherence of the delivered X-ray beam call for more and more sensitive diagnostic instruments. Thanks to its angular sensitivity, X-ray grating interferometry has been established in recent years as an adequate wavefront-sensing technique for quantitatively assessing the quality of the X-ray wavefront under working conditions and hence for the in situ investigation of X-ray optical elements. In order to characterize the optical elements at any given beamline by measuring the aberrations introduced in the wavefront, a transportable X-ray grating interferometry setup was realised at the Swiss Light Source (SLS). The instrument, which is expected to be a valuable tool for investigating the quality of the X-ray beam delivered at an endstation, will be described hereafter in terms of the hardware setup and the related data analysis procedure. Several exemplary experiments performed at the X05DA Optics beamline of the SLS will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Kayser
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Uwe Flechsig
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rafael Abela
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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7
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Kim J, Nagahira A, Koyama T, Matsuyama S, Sano Y, Yabashi M, Ohashi H, Ishikawa T, Yamauchi K. Damage threshold of platinum/carbon multilayers under hard X-ray free-electron laser irradiation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:29032-29037. [PMID: 26561172 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.029032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the irradiation damage induced by hard X-ray free-electron lasers to platinum/carbon multilayers intended for use in a focusing reflective mirror. In order to determine the damage threshold, we compared X-ray reflectivities before and after irradiation at the first-order Bragg angle using a focused X-ray free-electron laser with a beam size of approximately 1 μm and a pulse energy ranging from 0.01 to 10 μJ at a photon energy of 10 keV. We confirmed that the damage threshold of the platinum/carbon multilayer with a bilayer period of 3 nm was 0.051 μJ/μm(2), which is sufficiently higher than that in practical applications.
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Sikorski M, Song S, Schropp A, Seiboth F, Feng Y, Alonso-Mori R, Chollet M, Lemke HT, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Zhang W, Robert A, Zhu D. Focus characterization at an X-ray free-electron laser by coherent scattering and speckle analysis. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:599-605. [PMID: 25931074 PMCID: PMC4416675 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515004361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
X-ray focus optimization and characterization based on coherent scattering and quantitative speckle size measurements was demonstrated at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Its performance as a single-pulse free-electron laser beam diagnostic was tested for two typical focusing configurations. The results derived from the speckle size/shape analysis show the effectiveness of this technique in finding the focus' location, size and shape. In addition, its single-pulse compatibility enables users to capture pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in focus properties compared with other techniques that require scanning and averaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sikorski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sanghoon Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Andreas Schropp
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Seiboth
- Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yiping Feng
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Matthieu Chollet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Henrik T. Lemke
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Aymeric Robert
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Diling Zhu
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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9
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Uhlén F, Rahomäki J, Nilsson D, Seiboth F, Sanz C, Wagner U, Rau C, Schroer CG, Vogt U. Ronchi test for characterization of X-ray nanofocusing optics and beamlines. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:1105-1109. [PMID: 25177999 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751401323x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A Ronchi interferometer for hard X-rays is reported in order to characterize the performance of the nanofocusing optics as well as the beamline stability. Characteristic interference fringes yield qualitative data on present aberrations in the optics. Moreover, the visibility of the fringes on the detector gives information on the degree of spatial coherence in the beamline. This enables the possibility to detect sources of instabilities in the beamline like vibrations of components or temperature drift. Examples are shown for two different nanofocusing hard X-ray optics: a compound refractive lens and a zone plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Uhlén
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Jussi Rahomäki
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Frank Seiboth
- Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Claude Sanz
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Christian G Schroer
- Institute of Structural Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogt
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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10
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STXM goes 3D: Digital reconstruction of focal stacks as novel approach towards confocal soft x-ray microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 144:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Kayser Y, Rutishauser S, Katayama T, Ohashi H, Kameshima T, Flechsig U, Yabashi M, David C. Wavefront metrology measurements at SACLA by means of X-ray grating interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:9004-9015. [PMID: 24787789 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.009004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the X-ray wavefront is of importance for many experiments at synchrotron sources and hard X-ray free-electron lasers. We will report on metrology measurements performed at the SACLA X-ray Free Electron Laser by means of grating interferometry which allows for an at-wavelength, in-situ, and single-shot characterization of the X-ray wavefront. At SACLA the grating interferometry technique was used for the study of the X-ray optics installed upstream of the end station, two off-set mirror systems and a double crystal monochromator. The excellent quality of the optical components was confirmed by the experimental results. Consequently grating interferometry presents the ability to support further technical progresses in X-ray mirror manufacturing and mounting.
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