1
|
Jaber N, Madaras S, Starbuck A, Pomerene A, Dallo C, Trotter DC, Gehl M, Otterstrom N. Non-resonant Bragg scattering four-wave mixing at near-visible wavelengths in low-confinement silicon nitride waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3146-3149. [PMID: 38824349 DOI: 10.1364/ol.519793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Quantum state coherent frequency conversion processes-such as Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing (BSFWM)-hold promise as a flexible technique for networking heterogeneous and distant quantum systems. In this Letter, we demonstrate BSFWM within an extended (1.2-m) low-confinement silicon nitride waveguide and show that this system has the potential for near-unity frequency conversion in visible and near-visible wavelength ranges. Using sensitive classical heterodyne laser spectroscopy at low optical powers, we characterize the Kerr coefficient (∼1.55 W-1m-1) and linear propagation loss (∼0.0175 dB/cm) of this non-resonant waveguide system, revealing a record-high nonlinear figure of merit (NFM = γ/α ≈ 3.85 W-1) for BSFWM of near-visible light in non-resonant silicon nitride waveguides. We predict how, at high yet achievable on-chip optical powers, this NFM would yield a comparatively large frequency conversion efficiency, opening the door to near-unity flexible frequency conversion without cavity enhancement and resulting bandwidth constraints.
Collapse
|
2
|
A Review of Capabilities and Scope for Hybrid Integration Offered by Silicon-Nitride-Based Photonic Integrated Circuits. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114227. [PMID: 35684846 PMCID: PMC9185365 DOI: 10.3390/s22114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we present some of the recent advances in the field of silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits. The review focuses on the material deposition techniques currently available, illustrating the capabilities of each technique. The review then expands on the functionalisation of the platform to achieve nonlinear processing, optical modulation, nonvolatile optical memories and integration with III-V materials to obtain lasing or gain capabilities.
Collapse
|
3
|
Otterstrom NT, Gertler S, Kittlaus EA, Gehl M, Starbuck AL, Dallo CM, Pomerene AT, Trotter DC, Rakich PT, Davids PS, Lentine AL. Nonreciprocal Frequency Domain Beam Splitter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:253603. [PMID: 35029420 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.253603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The canonical beam splitter-a fundamental building block of quantum optical systems-is a reciprocal element. It operates on forward- and backward-propagating modes in the same way, regardless of direction. The concept of nonreciprocal quantum photonic operations, by contrast, could be used to transform quantum states in a momentum- and direction-selective fashion. Here we demonstrate the basis for such a nonreciprocal transformation in the frequency domain through intermodal Bragg scattering four-wave mixing (BSFWM). Since the total number of idler and signal photons is conserved, the process can preserve coherence of quantum optical states, functioning as a nonreciprocal frequency beam splitter. We explore the origin of this nonreciprocity and find that the phase-matching requirements of intermodal BSFWM produce an enormous asymmetry (76×) in the conversion bandwidths for forward and backward configurations, yielding ∼25 dB of nonreciprocal contrast over several hundred GHz. We also outline how the demonstrated efficiencies (∼10^{-4}) may be scaled to near-unity values with readily accessible powers and pumping configurations for applications in integrated quantum photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils T Otterstrom
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Shai Gertler
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Eric A Kittlaus
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Michael Gehl
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Andrew L Starbuck
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Christina M Dallo
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Andrew T Pomerene
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Douglas C Trotter
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Peter T Rakich
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Paul S Davids
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Anthony L Lentine
- Photonic and Phononic Microsystems, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Joshi C, Farsi A, Dutt A, Kim BY, Ji X, Zhao Y, Bishop AM, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Frequency-Domain Quantum Interference with Correlated Photons from an Integrated Microresonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:143601. [PMID: 32338976 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.143601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frequency encoding of quantum information together with fiber and integrated photonic technologies can significantly reduce the complexity and resource requirements for realizing all-photonic quantum networks. The key challenge for such frequency domain processing of single photons is to realize coherent and selective interactions between quantum optical fields of different frequencies over a range of bandwidths. Here, we report frequency-domain Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with spectrally distinct photons generated from a chip-based microresonator. We use four-wave mixing to implement an active "frequency beam splitter" and achieve interference visibilities of 0.95±0.02. Our work establishes four-wave mixing as a tool for selective high-fidelity two-photon operations in the frequency domain which, combined with integrated single-photon sources, provides a building block for frequency-multiplexed photonic quantum networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Joshi
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Alessandro Farsi
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Avik Dutt
- Ginzton Laboratory and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Bok Young Kim
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xingchen Ji
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Andrew M Bishop
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Michal Lipson
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Alexander L Gaeta
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang N, Fu X, Liu J, Shu C. Surpassing the tuning speed limit of slow-light-based tunable optical delay via four-wave mixing Bragg scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4212-4215. [PMID: 30160754 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a tunable optical delay that surpasses the tuning speed limit of the conventional slow-light-based optical delay. A novel nonlinear optical coupler, implemented by the four-wave mixing (FWM) Bragg scattering process, is utilized to perform destructive interference of the slow-light delayed signal pulse and a nondelayed reference pulse. As a result, the Brillouin-induced frequency-dependent phase shift, as well as the group delay of the synthesized pulse, is amplified. The group delay amplification factor, determined by the coupling ratio of the nonlinear optical coupler, can be tuned through varying the FWM pump power to provide an ultrafast response. Our experimental result demonstrates that an initial 6.2 ns Brillouin-induced optical delay can be amplified and rapidly tuned within the range of -5.2 to 27.2 ns.
Collapse
|
6
|
Christensen JB, Koefoed JG, Bell BA, McKinstrie CJ, Rottwitt K. Shape-preserving and unidirectional frequency conversion by four-wave mixing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17145-17157. [PMID: 30119530 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the properties of four-wave mixing Bragg scattering driven by orthogonally polarized pumps in a birefringent waveguide. This configuration enables a large signal conversion bandwidth, and allows strongly unidirectional frequency conversion as undesired Bragg-scattering processes are suppressed by waveguide birefringence. Moreover, we show that this form of Bragg scattering preserves the (arbitrary) signal pulse shape, even when driven by pulsed pumps.
Collapse
|