1
|
Kudryashov S, Danilov P, Smirnov N, Krasin G, Khmelnitskii R, Kovalchuk O, Kriulina G, Martovitskiy V, Lednev V, Sdvizhenskii P, Gulina Y, Rimskaya E, Kuzmin E, Chen J, Kovalev M, Levchenko A. "Stealth Scripts": Ultrashort Pulse Laser Luminescent Microscale Encoding of Bulk Diamonds via Ultrafast Multi-Scale Atomistic Structural Transformations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:192. [PMID: 36616102 PMCID: PMC9824049 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ultrashort-laser photoexcitation and structural modification of buried atomistic optical impurity centers in crystalline diamonds are the key enabling processes in the fabrication of ultrasensitive robust spectroscopic probes of electrical, magnetic, stress, temperature fields, and single-photon nanophotonic devices, as well as in "stealth" luminescent nano/microscale encoding in natural diamonds for their commercial tracing. Despite recent remarkable advances in ultrashort-laser predetermined generation of primitive optical centers in diamonds even on the single-center level, the underlying multi-scale basic processes, rather similar to other semiconductors and dielectrics, are almost uncovered due to the multitude of the involved multi-scale ultrafast and spatially inhomogeneous optical, electronic, thermal, and structural elementary events. We enlighten non-linear wavelength-, polarization-, intensity-, pulsewidth-, and focusing-dependent photoexcitation and energy deposition mechanisms in diamonds, coupled to the propagation of ultrashort laser pulses and ultrafast off-focus energy transport by electron-hole plasma, transient plasma- and hot-phonon-induced stress generation and the resulting variety of diverse structural atomistic modifications in the diamond lattice. Our findings pave the way for new forthcoming groundbreaking experiments and comprehensive enlightening two-temperature and/or atomistic modeling both in diamonds and other semiconductor/dielectric materials, as well as innovative technological breakthroughs in the field of single-photon source fabrication and "stealth" luminescent nano/microencoding in bulk diamonds for their commercial tracing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Oleg Kovalchuk
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Geo-Scientific Research Enterprise Public Joint Stock Company «ALROSA», 678175 Mirny, Russia
| | - Galina Kriulina
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Geology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vasily Lednev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yulia Gulina
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Jiajun Chen
- Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koch M, Hoese M, Bharadwaj V, Lang J, Hadden JP, Ramponi R, Jelezko F, Eaton SM, Kubanek A. Super-Poissonian Light Statistics from Individual Silicon Vacancy Centers Coupled to a Laser-Written Diamond Waveguide. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:3366-3373. [PMID: 36281332 PMCID: PMC9585639 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Modifying light fields at the single-photon level is a key challenge for upcoming quantum technologies and can be realized in a scalable manner through integrated quantum photonics. Laser-written diamond photonics offers 3D fabrication capabilities and large mode-field diameters matched to fiber optic technology, though limiting the cooperativity at the single-emitter level. To realize large coupling efficiencies, we combine excitation of single shallow-implanted silicon vacancy centers via high numerical aperture optics with detection assisted by laser-written type-II waveguides. We demonstrate single-emitter extinction measurements with a cooperativity of 0.0050 and a relative beta factor of 13%. The transmission of resonant photons reveals single-photon subtraction from a quasi-coherent field resulting in super-Poissonian light statistics. Our architecture enables light field engineering in an integrated design on the single quantum level although the intrinsic cooperativity is low. Laser-written structures can be fabricated in three dimensions and with a natural connectivity to optical fiber arrays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael
K. Koch
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Center
for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
| | - Michael Hoese
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
| | - Vibhav Bharadwaj
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Institute
for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)—CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Johannes Lang
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Diatope
GmbH, UmmendorfD-88444, Germany
| | - John P. Hadden
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, CardiffCF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Roberta Ramponi
- Institute
for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)—CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Center for
Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
| | - Shane M. Eaton
- Institute
for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN)—CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano20133, Italy
| | - Alexander Kubanek
- Institute
for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
- Center for
Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Ulm University, UlmD-89081, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Butkutė A, Jonušauskas L. 3D Manufacturing of Glass Microstructures Using Femtosecond Laser. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:499. [PMID: 33925098 PMCID: PMC8145601 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of femtosecond (fs) laser technology brought previously unavailable capabilities to laser material processing. One of the areas which benefited the most due to these advances was the 3D processing of transparent dielectrics, namely glasses and crystals. This review is dedicated to overviewing the significant advances in the field. First, the underlying physical mechanism of material interaction with ultrashort pulses is discussed, highlighting how it can be exploited for volumetric, high-precision 3D processing. Next, three distinct transparent material modification types are introduced, fundamental differences between them are explained, possible applications are highlighted. It is shown that, due to the flexibility of fs pulse fabrication, an array of structures can be produced, starting with nanophotonic elements like integrated waveguides and photonic crystals, ending with a cm-scale microfluidic system with micro-precision integrated elements. Possible limitations to each processing regime as well as how these could be overcome are discussed. Further directions for the field development are highlighted, taking into account how it could synergize with other fs-laser-based manufacturing techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Butkutė
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Linas Jonušauskas
- Femtika Ltd., Saulėtekio Ave. 15, LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 10, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salter PS, Booth MJ. Adaptive optics in laser processing. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:110. [PMID: 31814967 PMCID: PMC6884496 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics are becoming a valuable tool for laser processing, providing enhanced functionality and flexibility for a range of systems. Using a single adaptive element, it is possible to correct for aberrations introduced when focusing inside the workpiece, tailor the focal intensity distribution for the particular fabrication task and/or provide parallelisation to reduce processing times. This is particularly promising for applications using ultrafast lasers for three-dimensional fabrication. We review recent developments in adaptive laser processing, including methods and applications, before discussing prospects for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Salter
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ UK
| | - Martin J. Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu X, He J, Liao C, Wang Y. Multi-layer, offset-coupled sapphire fiber Bragg gratings for high-temperature measurements. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4211-4214. [PMID: 31465372 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of multi-layer sapphire fiber Bragg gratings (SFBGs) using a femtosecond laser line-by-line scanning technique. This multi-layer grating structure enlarges the index modulation area and can effectively increase the reflectivity of SFBGs. The spectral characteristics of multi-layer SFBGs with different layer quantities and spacings were studied. A double-layer SFBG with a layer spacing of 5 μm exhibits a reflectivity of 34.1%, which is much higher than that of a single-layer SFBG (i.e., ∼6.3%). Moreover, the higher-order modes of multi-layer SFBG could be suppressed by offset coupling, leading to a reduced SFBG bandwidth (full width at half-maximum [FWHM]) of 1.32 nm. In addition, the high-temperature response of the multi-layer, offset-coupled SFBGs was also studied. The SFBG can withstand a high temperature of 1612°C and exhibits a sensitivity of 45.2 pm/°C at high temperatures. Such multi-layer, offset-coupled SFBGs could be developed for high-temperature sensing in metallurgical, chemical, and aviation industries.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hadden JP, Bharadwaj V, Sotillo B, Rampini S, Osellame R, Witmer JD, Jayakumar H, Fernandez TT, Chiappini A, Armellini C, Ferrari M, Ramponi R, Barclay PE, Eaton SM. Integrated waveguides and deterministically positioned nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond created by femtosecond laser writing. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3586-3589. [PMID: 30067630 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diamond's nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is an optically active defect with long spin coherence times, showing great potential for both efficient nanoscale magnetometry and quantum information processing schemes. Recently, both the formation of buried 3D optical waveguides and high-quality single NVs in diamond were demonstrated using the versatile femtosecond laser-writing technique. However, until now, combining these technologies has been an outstanding challenge. In this Letter, we fabricate laser-written photonic waveguides in quantum grade diamond which are aligned to within micron resolution to single laser-written NVs, enabling an integrated platform providing deterministically positioned waveguide-coupled NVs. This fabrication technology opens the way toward on-chip optical routing of single photons between NVs and optically integrated spin-based sensing.
Collapse
|