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Zhu C, Alsalman O, Huang J. Fs-Laser Fabricated Miniature Fabry-Perot Interferometer in a No-Core Fiber for High-Temperature Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7754. [PMID: 37765811 PMCID: PMC10534877 DOI: 10.3390/s23187754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a fiber in-line Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) fabricated in a no-core fiber using the direct femtosecond laser writing technique for high-temperature sensing applications. Two in-line reflectors are directly inscribed in a no-core fiber to construct a low-finesse FPI. Fringe visibility greater than 10 dB is obtained from the reflection spectra of the fabricated no-core fiber FPIs. Temperature responses of a prototype no-core fiber FPI are characterized up to 1000 °C. The proposed configuration is compact and easy to fabricate, making it attractive for sensing applications in high-temperature harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Research Center for Optical Fiber Sensing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Osamah Alsalman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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Zhu X, Jiang C, Huang H, Cao T, Sun S. Compact highly sensitive Fabry-Perot temperature and gas pressure sensing probe fabricated by a femtosecond laser and PDMS. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2973-2976. [PMID: 37262257 DOI: 10.1364/ol.489771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A high sensitivity optical fiber temperature and gas pressure sensor with integrated micro-cavity is proposed. First, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF) is spliced with a section of capillary, and then the sensitive material polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is filled into the capillary to form a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI). Finally, a femtosecond laser is used to ablate the fiber core of the SMF to form the third reflecting surface, constituting two cascaded FPIs. When two FPIs have a similar free spectral range, a Vernier effect is produced. The temperature and gas pressure sensitivity of the sensor reached 14.41 nm/°C and 113.82 nm/MPa, respectively, after using the sensitive material and Vernier effect double sensitization technology. In addition, a fiber Bragg grating is cascaded with the sensor, which can realize the simultaneous measurement of temperature and gas pressure and eliminate cross-sensitivity.
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Ma S, Xu Y, Pang Y, Zhao X, Li Y, Qin Z, Liu Z, Lu P, Bao X. Optical Fiber Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22155722. [PMID: 35957279 PMCID: PMC9371153 DOI: 10.3390/s22155722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-temperature measurements above 1000 °C are critical in harsh environments such as aerospace, metallurgy, fossil fuel, and power production. Fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are gradually replacing traditional electronic sensors due to their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference, remote detection, multiplexing, and distributed measurement advantages. This paper reviews the sensing principle, structural design, and temperature measurement performance of fiber-optic high-temperature sensors, as well as recent significant progress in the transition of sensing solutions from glass to crystal fiber. Finally, future prospects and challenges in developing fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonian Ma
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanping Xu
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuxi Pang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yongfu Li
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (S.M.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zengguang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Z.Q.); (Z.L.)
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ping Lu
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyi Bao
- Physics Department, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
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Ma R, Li X, Cao H, Pan Y, Man Z, Xia Y. Alkali etched fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer with compact sensor head. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:10186-10190. [PMID: 34807125 DOI: 10.1364/ao.441894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a scheme for fabricating compact fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). A section of Ge-doped fiber (GDF) is sandwiched between two single-mode fibers. The sandwich structure is side polished to make the core of GDF exposed to the surroundings. Alkali solution is utilized to etch the core of GDF. A compact fiber MZI is achieved when about half of the core is etched. Compared with the traditional ones, our scheme for fabricating fiber MZI has the characteristics of low cost, environmentally friendly, and regular transmission spectrum. This fiber MZI not only reduces the consumption of the sample, but also brings forth a good potential for micro-scale detection of refractive index.
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Chen Q, Gao F, Wang Z, Wang H, Wang DN, Zhou S, Pan G. Microfiber sensor probe integrated with a cascaded Fabry-Perot interferometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:8226-8230. [PMID: 34612918 DOI: 10.1364/ao.434019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing micrometer-nanometer size optical fiber sensors has promising application prospects in microenvironments, such as biological cells, micro robots, and microfluids. We propose a new strategy to fabricate a microfiber sensor probe (MSP). A femtosecond laser was applied to integrate cascaded Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs) into a silica microfiber. And a MSP with diameter of ∼8µm, extinction ratio of 15 dB, fitness of 24.6, and Q-factor of 2310 was demonstrated in the experiment. In addition, the MSP was applied for the refractive index and thermal measurement and the sensitivity was observed to be 10 pm/°C and 18.5 nm/RIU. The two-beam approximation model was applied to analyze the spectrum, and simulations were taken to research the refractive index sensitivity influenced by the fiber size.
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Wang M, Yang Y, Huang S, Wu J, Zhao K, Li Y, Peng Z, Zou R, Lan H, Ohodnicki PR, Lu P, Buric MP, Liu B, Yu Q, Chen KP. Multiplexable high-temperature stable and low-loss intrinsic Fabry-Perot in-fiber sensors through nanograting engineering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:20225-20235. [PMID: 32680087 DOI: 10.1364/oe.395382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method of using femtosecond laser inscribed nanograting as low-loss- and high-temperature-stable in-fiber reflectors. By introducing a pair of nanograting inside the core of a single-mode optical fiber, an intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer can be created for high-temperature sensing applications. The morphology of the nanograting inscribed in fiber cores was engineered by tuning the fabrication conditions to achieve a high fringe visibility of 0.49 and low insertion loss of 0.002 dB per sensor. Using a white light interferometry demodulation algorithm, we demonstrate the temperature sensitivity, cross-talk, and spatial multiplexability of sensor arrays. Both the sensor performance and stability were studied from room temperature to 1000°C with cyclic heating and cooling. Our results demonstrate a femtosecond direct laser writing technique capable of producing highly multiplexable in-fiber intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer sensor devices with high fringe contrast, high sensitivity, and low-loss for application in harsh environmental conditions.
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Cui XL, Zhang H, Wang DN. Parallel structured optical fiber in-line Fabry-Perot interferometers for high temperature sensing. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:726-729. [PMID: 32004295 DOI: 10.1364/ol.384594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate parallel structured optical fiber in-line Fabry-Perot interferometers for high temperature sensing. The device consists of three Fabry-Perot cavities in parallel connection, which allows three independent fringe patterns superimposed at its output, and, as a result, a number of dominant fringe peaks/dips appear, thus enabling unambiguous measurement in a large range. The device is featured with compact size, robust structure, and excellent high temperature sustainability, which makes it promising in extreme environment monitoring.
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Li J, Yang J, Ma J. Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensing Performance of a Microfiber Fabry-Perot Interferometer with Sealed Micro-Spherical Reflector. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10110773. [PMID: 31726706 PMCID: PMC6915583 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A temperature probe has been proposed by inserting a microfiber taper into a silica hollow core fiber with a microsphere end. The sealed air cavity in the microsphere and the inserted microfiber acted as the two reflectors of a Fabry-Perot interferometer, respectively. The contribution of both microfiber diameter and cavity length on the interference spectra was analyzed and discussed in detail. The temperature change was experimentally determined by monitoring the wavelength location of the special resonance dip. By filling the air cavity with poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a high temperature sensitivity of 3.90 nm/°C was experimentally demonstrated. This temperature probe with the diameter of 150 μm and length of 10 mm will be a promising candidate for exploring the miniature or implantable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Power Safety Monitoring Technology and Equipment, Shenzhen 518172, China;
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Juntong Yang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Jinna Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Power Safety Monitoring Technology and Equipment, Shenzhen 518172, China;
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Wang Q, Zhang H, Wang DN. Cascaded multiple Fabry-Perot interferometers fabricated in no-core fiber with a waveguide for high-temperature sensing. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5145-5148. [PMID: 31674952 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An optical fiber high-temperature sensor is proposed and demonstrated by use of cascaded multiple Fabry-Perot interferometers in no-core fiber with a waveguide fabricated by femtosecond laser pulse inscription. The device can sustain the high temperature up to 1100°C, and the temperature sensitivity obtained is 8.9 pm/°C within the temperature range 100°C-400°C, and 16.36 pm/°C within the temperature range 400°C-1100°C, respectively. Such a no-core fiber-based device can be fabricated in a simple way and operated reliably, which makes it attractive for extreme environment monitoring.
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