LC Analysis of Kanamycin in Human Plasma, by Fluorescence Detection of the 9-Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate Derivative

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based aptasensor for sensitive detection of kanamycin in food

Kanamycin (KAN) is widely used in animal husbandry to treat bacterial infections. However, excessive KAN may cause residues and be transmitted to humans and the environment, causing serious adverse effects on humans. Herein, a simple fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based aptasensor has been developed for sensitive detection of KAN in food. In the absence of KAN, UCNPs-aptamer hybridized with BHQ3-cDNA and quenched fluorescence was observed due to the FRET effect between BHQ3 and UCNPs. In the presence of KAN, double strands separated and the fluorescence intensity was recovered. Additionally, a linear relation (R² = 0.9926) was found in the range of 0.05-50 μM and the recovered fluorescence intensity at 654 nm with a detection limit of 18.9 nM. The method was verified by standard recovery method and HPLC with satisfactory recovery rate (87.0-109.6%) and accuracy (P > 0.05). These results showed the proposed method could be successfully applied to detect KAN in food samples.

Ultrasensitive ECL aptasensing of kanamycin based on synergistic promotion strategy using 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracar-boxylic-l-cysteine/Au@HKUST-1

Herein, a sensitive and selective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was designed using Au@HKUST-1 as accelerator towards the perylene derivative (PTC-Cys)/peroxydisulfate (S₂O₈^2-) system for kanamycin (KAN) assay. Firstly, the PTC-Cys was prepared by covalently binding l-cysteine to 3,4,9,10-perylenete-tracarboxylic acid, which was acted as the luminophore. Then Au@HKUST-1could play the part of effective catalyst to accelerate the electrochemical reduction process of S₂O₈^2-to produce more sulfate radical anions (SO₄^•-), thus the ECL signal of the compound was noticeably raised by 2.4 times in comparison with that in which only luminophore and S₂O₈^2- are present, achieving signal amplification of the ECL system. In the presence of KAN, aptamer was pulled down from the sensing interface, achieving a considerable enhancement of ECL intensity in S₂O₈^2- solution. Upon the optimal condition, our proposed strategy can quantify the concentration of KAN from 1.0 × 10^-13 to 1.0 × 10^-8 M with low limit of detection of 4.2 × 10^-14 M (S/N = 3).Besides, our proposed ECL aptasensor exhibited excellent sensitivity, stability and specificity, and could be successfully applied to detect KAN in practical samples, which proved its potential to detect other antibiotics in food security.

Impedimetric Determination of Kanamycin in Milk with Aptasensor Based on Carbon Black-Oligolactide Composite

The determination of antibiotics in food is important due to their negative effect on human health related to antimicrobial resistance problem, renal toxicity, and allergic effects. We propose an impedimetric aptasensor for the determination of kanamycin A (KANA), which was assembled on the glassy carbon electrode by the deposition of carbon black in a chitosan matrix followed by carbodiimide binding of aminated aptamer mixed with oligolactide derivative of thiacalix[4]arene in a cone configuration. The assembling was monitored by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. In the presence of the KANA, the charge transfer resistance of the inner interface surprisingly decreased with the analyte concentration within 0.7 and 50 nM (limit of detection 0.3 nM). This was attributed to the partial shielding of the negative charge of the aptamer and of its support, a highly porous 3D structure of the surface layer caused by a macrocyclic core of the carrier. The use of electrostatic assembling in the presence of cationic polyelectrolyte decreased tenfold the detectable concentration of KANA. The aptasensor was successfully tested in the determination of KANA in spiked milk and yogurt with recoveries within 95% and 115%.

Determination of Kanamycin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used in treating animal diseases caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections. Kanamycin has a relatively narrow therapeutic index, and can accumulate in the human body through the food chain. The abuse of kanamycin can have serious side-effects. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a sensitive and selective analysis method to detect kanamycin residue in food to ensure public health. There are many analytical methods to determine kanamycin concentration, among which high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a common and practical tool. This paper presents a review of the application of HPLC analysis of kanamycin in different sample matrices. The different detectors coupled with HPLC, including Ultraviolet (UV)/Fluorescence, Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD)/Pulsed Electrochemical Detection (PED), and Mass Spectrometry, are discussed. Meanwhile, the strengths and weaknesses of each method are compared. The pre-treatment methods of food samples, including protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are also summarized in this paper.

An aptamer-based signal-on bio-assay for sensitive and selective detection of Kanamycin A by using gold nanoparticles

In this study, a simple and sensitive aptamer-based fluorescence method for the detection of Kanamycin A by using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been developed. In this assay, AuNPs were utilized as DNA nanocarrier as well as efficient fluorescence quencher. In the absence of Kanamycin A, dye-labeled aptamer could be adsorbed onto the surface of AuNPs and the fluorescence signal was quenched. In the presence of Kanamycin A, the specific binding between dye-labeled aptamer and its target induced the formation of rigid structure, which led to dye-labeled aptamer releasing from the surface of AuNPs and the fluorescence intensity was recovered consequently. Under optimum conditions, calibration modeling showed that the analytical linear range covered from 0.8nM to 350nM and the detection limit of 0.3nM was realized successfully. This proposed bio-assay also showed high selectivity over other antibiotics. Meanwhile, this strategy was further used to determine the concentrations of Kanamycin A in milk sample with satisfying results.

An ultrasensitive homogeneous aptasensor for kanamycin based on upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer

We developed an ultrasensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) aptasensor for kanamycin detection, using upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as the energy donor and graphene as the energy acceptor. Oleic acid modified upconversion nanoparticles were synthesized through a hydrothermal process followed by a ligand exchange with hexanedioic acid. The kanamycin aptamer (5'-NH2-AGATGGGGGTTGAGGCTAAGCCGA-3') was tagged to UCNPs through an EDC-NHS protocol. The π-π stacking interaction between the aptamer and graphene brought UCNPs and graphene in close proximity and hence initiated the FRET process resulting in quenching of UCNPs fluorescence. The addition of kanamycin to the UCNPs-aptamer-graphene complex caused the fluorescence recovery because of the blocking of the energy transfer, which was induced by the conformation change of aptamer into a hairpin structure. A linear calibration was obtained between the fluorescence intensity and the logarithm of kanamycin concentration in the range from 0.01 nM to 3 nM in aqueous buffer solution, with a detection limit of 9 pM. The aptasensor was also applicable in diluted human serum sample with a linear range from 0.03 nM to 3 nM and a detection limit of 18 pM. The aptasensor showed good specificity towards kanamycin without being disturbed by other antibiotics. The ultrahigh sensitivity and pronounced robustness in complicated sample matrix suggested promising prospect of the aptasensor in practical applications.