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Fernandes GFDS, Salgado HRN, Santos JLD. A critical review of HPLC-based analytical methods for quantification of Linezolid. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:196-211. [PMID: 31017000 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1605876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is a synthetic antimicrobial agent belonging to the oxazolidinone class. Since its approval in the year 2000 until now, linezolid remains the main representative drug for the oxazolidinone class of drugs, which is used in therapy due to its unique mode of action, which involves inhibition of protein synthesis. As linezolid holds great importance in antimicrobial therapy, it is necessary to compile the various analytical methods that have been reported in the literature for its analysis. Analytical techniques used for pharmaceutical analyses and therapeutic drug monitoring play an important role in comprehending the aspects regarding bioavailability, bioequivalence, and therapeutic monitoring during patient follow-ups. Even though linezolid has had the approval for clinical use for more than 18 years now, most of the analytical methods for its determination reported in the scientific literature are the ones which utilize HPLC. Therefore, the present review provides a summary of the HPLC-based methods used in the determination and quantification of linezolid in different matrices since the time of its discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Felipe Dos Santos Fernandes
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
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Kokilambigai KS, Lakshmi KS, Sai Susmitha A, Seetharaman R, Kavitha J. Linezolid-A Review of Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:179-188. [PMID: 30957518 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1599709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing phenomenon in the world. Considering the relevance of antimicrobials for population and the reduction in the registration of new antimicrobials by regulatory agencies, proper quality control is required to minimize the spread of bacterial resistance and ensure the effectiveness of a treatment, as well as safety for the patient. The recent addition to the antimicrobial world is the oxazolidinone classes of antibiotics, especially useful to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Eperezolid and linezolid (LIN) are the two members of the oxazolidinone class of antibiotics. LIN was the first oxazolidinone approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The present review focuses on the analytical methods for the assessment of LIN in pharmaceuticals and biological matrices. The critical validation parameters like the linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification are discussed for the individual method. Also the critical quality attributes like the sensitivity and the sample preparation techniques for bioanalytical methods are also discussed. Furthermore, some future trends that can be incorporated in the determination of similar drugs are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kokilambigai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K S Lakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Sai Susmitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Seetharaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Kavitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
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Menezes MND, de Marco BA, Fiorentino FAM, Zimmermann A, Kogawa AC, Salgado HRN. Flucloxacillin: A Review of Characteristics, Properties and Analytical Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:67-77. [PMID: 29846080 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1468728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a growing and worrying factor. The high reproducibility of these resistant microorganisms tends to influence the development of new drugs and research related to product quality control. Among the existing antimicrobials, flucloxacillin (FLU) was designed for oral and injectable administration with bactericidal activity. FLU sodium is the form used in pharmaceutical formulations. It is an antimicrobial resistant against penicillinase, an enzyme responsible for cleaving the beta-lactam ring of penicilins, which leads to inactivity of the drug. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes are essential to ensure quality of pharmaceuticals and health of the population. It is important that quality control is effective and appropriate, only then we can win the battle against microbial resistance. In this work, we want to highlight tthe characteristics of FLU as an important antibiotic and methods for the determination of FLU in pharmaceutical products and biological matrices. Among the analytical methods described in the literature for the determination of FLU, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stands out. Anyway, this method uses toxic solvents (e.g. acetonitrile) long columns, which provide long runs, as well as produces large amounts of waste. Currently, the priority changed to develop ecologically correct, conscious and sustainable methods. This new view on analytical methods should be applied to FLU analyzes and used to develop and improve existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nunes de Menezes
- a Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences , Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Bianca Aparecida de Marco
- b São Paulo StateUniversity (UNESP) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Alexander Zimmermann
- c Division for Pathobiochemistry,Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Charles-Tanford-Proteinzentrum, Weinberg Campus , Halle , Germany
| | - Ana Carolina Kogawa
- b São Paulo StateUniversity (UNESP) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
| | - Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
- b São Paulo StateUniversity (UNESP) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara , Araraquara , SP , Brazil
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Oliveira CLCGD, Salgado HRN, Moraes MDLL. Stability-indicating capillary zone electrophoresis assay for the analysis of linezolid in tablets. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000417585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Pedroso TM, Medeiros AC, Salgado HR. RP-HPLC×HILIC chromatography for quantifying ertapenem sodium with a look at green chemistry. Talanta 2016; 160:745-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abdelrahman MM, Abdelaleem EA. Mean centering of ratio spectra and successive derivative ratio spectrophotometric methods for determination of isopropamide iodide, trifluoperazine hydrochloride and trifluoperazine oxidative degradate. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Curbete MM, Salgado HRN. Stability-indicating RP-LC method for quantification of fusidic acid in cream. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kruve A, Rebane R, Kipper K, Oldekop ML, Evard H, Herodes K, Ravio P, Leito I. Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part I. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 870:29-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part II. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 870:8-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abd El-Monem Hegazy M, Shaaban Eissa M, Abd El-Sattar OI, Abd El-Kawy MM. Smart Methods for Linezolid Determination in the Presence of Alkaline and Oxidative Degradation Products Utilizing Their Overlapped Spectral Bands. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 81:702-710. [DOI: 10.1007/s10812-014-9995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Rational development and validation of a new microbiological assay for linezolid and its measurement uncertainty. Talanta 2014; 127:225-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hegazy MAEM, Eissa MS, Abd El-Sattar OI, Abd El-Kawy M. Two and three way spectrophotometric-assisted multivariate determination of linezolid in the presence of its alkaline and oxidative degradation products and application to pharmaceutical formulation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 128:231-42. [PMID: 24674913 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Linezolid (LIN) is determined in the presence of its alkaline (ALK) and oxidative (OXD) degradation products without preliminary separation based on ultraviolet spectrophotometry using two-way chemometric methods; principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares (PLS), and three-way chemometric methods; parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and multi-way partial least squares (N-PLS). A training set of mixtures containing LIN, ALK and OXD; was prepared in the concentration ranges of 12-18, 2.4-3.6 and 1.2-1.8 μg mL(-1), respectively according to a multilevel multifactor experimental design. The multivariate calibrations were obtained by measuring the zero-order absorbance from 220 to 320 nm using the training set. The validation of the multivariate methods was realized by analyzing their synthetic mixtures. The capabilities of the chemometric analysis methods for the analysis of real samples were evaluated by determination of LIN in its pharmaceutical preparation with satisfactory results. The accuracy of the methods, evaluated through the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), was 0.058, 0.026, 0.101 and 0.026 for LIN using PCR, PLS, PARAFAC and N-PLS, respectively. Protolytic equilibria of LIN and its degradation products were evaluated using the corresponding absorption spectra-pH data obtained with PARAFAC. The obtained pKa values of LIN, ALK and OXD are 5.70, 8.90 and 6.15, respectively. The results obtained were statistically compared to that of a reported HPLC method, and there was no significant difference between the proposed methods and the reported method regarding both accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Shaaban Eissa
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohammad Abd El-Kawy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Pedroso TM, Salgado HRN. Validation of analytical methodology for quantification of cefazolin sodium pharmaceutical dosage form by high performance liquid chromatography to be applied for quality control in pharmaceutical industry. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502011000100022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method was validated for the determination of cefazolin sodium in lyophilized powder for solution for injection to be applied for quality control in pharmaceutical industry. The liquid chromatography method was conducted on a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μm), maintained at room temperature. The mobile phase consisted of purified water: acetonitrile (60: 40 v/v), adjusted to pH 8 with triethylamine. The flow rate was of 0.5 mL min-1 and effluents were monitored at 270 nm. The retention time for cefazolin sodium was 3.6 min. The method proved to be linear (r2=0.9999) over the concentration range of 30-80 µg mL-1. The selectivity of the method was proven through degradation studies. The method demonstrated satisfactory results for precision, accuracy, limits of detection and quantitation. The robustness of this method was evaluated using the Plackett–Burman fractional factorial experimental design with a matrix of 15 experiments and the statistical treatment proposed by Youden and Steiner. Finally, the proposed method could be also an advantageous option for the analysis of cefazolin sodium, contributing to improve the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy.
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Tiwari RN, Bonde CG. LC, LC–MS/TOF, AND MSN STUDIES FOR THE SEPARATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF LINEZOLID. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.597069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi N. Tiwari
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , SVKM's NMIMS, School of Pharmacy and Technology , Dhule , Maharashtra , India
| | - Chandrakant G. Bonde
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , SVKM's NMIMS, School of Pharmacy and Technology , Dhule , Maharashtra , India
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Mohapatra S, Annapurna MM, Ravi Kumar BVV, Anwar M, Warsi MH, Akhter S. VALIDATED STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LINEZOLID IN A PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.585548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Mohapatra
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance , Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Berhampur, Ganjam, Orissa, India
| | - M. Mathrusri Annapurna
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance , Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Berhampur, Ganjam, Orissa, India
| | - B. V. V. Ravi Kumar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance , Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Berhampur, Ganjam, Orissa, India
| | - Mohammed Anwar
- b Department of Quality Assurance, Faculty of Pharmacy , Hamdard University , New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sohail Akhter
- c Nanomedicine Research Lab , Hamdard University , New Delhi, India
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Corrêa JCR, Salgado HRN. Review of Fluconazole Properties and Analytical Methods for Its Determination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.588924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Corrêa JCR, Salgado HRN. Review of Fluconazole Properties and Analytical Methods for Its Determination. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.557980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lopes CC, Salgado HR. Development and validation of a stability-indicative agar diffusion assay to determine the potency of linezolid in tablets in the presence of photodegradation products. Talanta 2010; 82:918-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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