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Procacci B, Rutherford SH, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Parker AW, Robinson CV, Howle CR, Hunt NT. Differentiation of bacterial spores via 2D-IR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 249:119319. [PMID: 33360210 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast 2D-IR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding the spectroscopy and dynamics of biological molecules in the solution phase. A number of recent studies have begun to explore the utility of the information-rich 2D-IR spectra for analytical applications. Here, we report the application of ultrafast 2D-IR spectroscopy for the detection and classification of bacterial spores. 2D-IR spectra of Bacillus atrophaeus and Bacillus thuringiensis spores as dry films on CaF2 windows were obtained. The sporulated nature of the bacteria was confirmed using 2D-IR diagonal and off-diagonal peaks arising from the calcium dipicolinate CaDP·3H2O biomarker for sporulation. Distinctive peaks, in the protein amide I region of the spectrum were used to differentiate the two types of spore. The identified marker modes demonstrate the potential for the use of 2D-IR methods as a direct means of spore classification. We discuss these new results in perspective with the current state of analytical 2D-IR measurements, showing that the potential exists to apply 2D-IR spectroscopy to detect the spores on surfaces and in suspensions as well as in dry films. The results demonstrate how applying 2D-IR screening methodologies to spores would enable the creation of a library of spectra for classification purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Procacci
- Department of Chemistry and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Samantha H Rutherford
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, SUPA, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Anthony W Parker
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Camilla V Robinson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Christopher R Howle
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Neil T Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Johnson TJ, Sweet LE, Meier DE, Mausolf EJ, Kim E, Weck PF, Buck EC, McNamara BK. Time-Resolved Infrared Reflectance Studies of the Dehydration-Induced Transformation of Uranyl Nitrate Hexahydrate to the Trihydrate Form. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9996-10006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Johnson
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K3-61, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Lucas E. Sweet
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K3-61, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David E. Meier
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K3-61, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Edward J. Mausolf
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K3-61, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Philippe F. Weck
- Sandia
National
Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, MS 0779, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Edgar C. Buck
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K3-61, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce K. McNamara
- Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K3-61, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Noell AC, Ely T, Bolser DK, Darrach H, Hodyss R, Johnson PV, Hein JD, Ponce A. Spectroscopy and viability of Bacillus subtilis spores after ultraviolet irradiation: implications for the detection of potential bacterial life on Europa. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:20-31. [PMID: 25590531 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the most habitable environments in the Solar System outside of Earth may exist underneath the ice on Europa. In the near future, our best chance to look for chemical signatures of a habitable environment (or life itself) will likely be at the inhospitable icy surface. Therefore, it is important to understand the ability of organic signatures of life and life itself to persist under simulated europan surface conditions. Toward that end, this work examined the UV photolysis of Bacillus subtilis spores and their chemical marker dipicolinic acid (DPA) at temperatures and pressures relevant to Europa. In addition, inactivation curves for the spores at 100 K, 100 K covered in one micron of ice, and 298 K were measured to determine the probability for spore survival at the surface. Fourier transform infrared spectra of irradiated DPA showed a loss of carboxyl groups to CO2 as expected but unexpectedly showed significant opening of the heterocyclic ring, even for wavelengths>200 nm. Both DPA and B. subtilis spores showed identical unknown spectral bands of photoproducts after irradiation, further highlighting the importance of DPA in the photochemistry of spores. Spore survival was enhanced at 100 K by ∼5× relative to 298 K, but 99.9% of spores were still inactivated after the equivalent of ∼25 h of exposure on the europan surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Noell
- NASA Astrobiology Institute and Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California
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Friedline AW, Zachariah MM, Johnson K, Thomas KJ, Middaugh AN, Garimella R, Powell DR, Vaishampayan PA, Rice CV. Water behavior in bacterial spores by deuterium NMR spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:8945-55. [PMID: 24950158 PMCID: PMC4216197 DOI: 10.1021/jp5025119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Dormant bacterial spores are able
to survive long periods of time
without nutrients, withstand harsh environmental conditions, and germinate
into metabolically active bacteria when conditions are favorable.
Numerous factors influence this hardiness, including the spore structure
and the presence of compounds to protect DNA from damage. It is known
that the water content of the spore core plays a role in resistance
to degradation, but the exact state of water inside the core is a
subject of discussion. Two main theories present themselves: either
the water in the spore core is mostly immobile and the core and its
components are in a glassy state, or the core is a gel with mobile
water around components which themselves have limited mobility. Using
deuterium solid-state NMR experiments, we examine the nature of the
water in the spore core. Our data show the presence of unbound water,
bound water, and deuterated biomolecules that also contain labile
deuterons. Deuterium–hydrogen exchange experiments show that
most of these deuterons are inaccessible by external water. We believe
that these unreachable deuterons are in a chemical bonding state that
prevents exchange. Variable-temperature NMR results suggest that the
spore core is more rigid than would be expected for a gel-like state.
However, our rigid core interpretation may only apply to dried spores
whereas a gel core may exist in aqueous suspension. Nonetheless, the
gel core, if present, is inaccessible to external water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Friedline
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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Vongsvivut J, Heraud P, Gupta A, Puri M, McNaughton D, Barrow CJ. FTIR microspectroscopy for rapid screening and monitoring of polyunsaturated fatty acid production in commercially valuable marine yeasts and protists. Analyst 2014; 138:6016-31. [PMID: 23957051 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00485f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption has prompted research into alternative resources other than fish oil. In this study, a new approach based on focal-plane-array Fourier transform infrared (FPA-FTIR) microspectroscopy and multivariate data analysis was developed for the characterisation of some marine microorganisms. Cell and lipid compositions in lipid-rich marine yeasts collected from the Australian coast were characterised in comparison to a commercially available PUFA-producing marine fungoid protist, thraustochytrid. Multivariate classification methods provided good discriminative accuracy evidenced from (i) separation of the yeasts from thraustochytrids and distinct spectral clusters among the yeasts that conformed well to their biological identities, and (ii) correct classification of yeasts from a totally independent set using cross-validation testing. The findings further indicated additional capability of the developed FPA-FTIR methodology, when combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis, for rapid monitoring of lipid production in one of the yeasts during the growth period, which was achieved at a high accuracy compared to the results obtained from the traditional lipid analysis based on gas chromatography. The developed FTIR-based approach when coupled to programmable withdrawal devices and a cytocentrifugation module would have strong potential as a novel online monitoring technology suited for bioprocessing applications and large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology (CCB), School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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Tang J, Yang B, Llewellyn I, Cutler RR, Donnan RS. Bacillus spores and their relevant chemicals studied by terahertz time domain spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McIntosh AJS, Barrington SJ, Bird H, Hurst D, Spencer P, Pelfrey SH, Baker MJ. Spectroscopic analysis of bacterial biological warfare simulants and the effects of environmental conditioning on a bacterial spectrum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2307-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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