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Zhang L, Liu L, Zhang X, Yin X, Huan H, Liu H, Zhao X, Ma Y, Shao X. T-type cell mediated photoacoustic spectroscopy for simultaneous detection of multi-component gases based on triple resonance modality. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100492. [PMID: 37113272 PMCID: PMC10126918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing multi-gas detectability using photoacoustic spectroscopy capable of simultaneous detection, highly selectivity and less cross-interference is essential for dissolved gas sensing application. A T-type photoacoustic cell was designed and verified to be an appropriate sensor, due to the resonant frequencies of which are determined jointly by absorption and resonant cylinders. The three designated resonance modes were investigated from both simulation and experiments to present the comparable amplitude responses by introducing excitation beam position optimization. The capability of multi-gas detection was demonstrated by measuring CO, CH4 and C2H2 simultaneously using QCL, ICL and DFB lasers as excitation sources respectively. The influence of potential cross-sensitivity towards humidity have been examined in terms of multi-gas detection. The experimentally determined minimum detection limits of CO, CH4 and C2H2 were 89ppb, 80ppb and 664ppb respectively, corresponding to the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficients of 5.75 × 10-7 cm-1 W Hz-1/2, 1.97 × 10-8 cm-1 W Hz-1/2 and 4.23 × 10-8 cm-1 W Hz-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Lixian Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xueshi Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xukun Yin
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Huiting Huan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Huanyu Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shao
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
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Mikkonen T, Hieta T, Genty G, Toivonen J. Sensitive multi-species photoacoustic gas detection based on mid-infrared supercontinuum source and miniature multipass cell. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19481-19487. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01731h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report multipass broadband photoacoustic spectroscopy of trace gases in the mid-infrared. The measurement principle of the sensor relies on supercontinuum-based Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-PAS), in which a scanning...
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Non-Local Patch Regression Algorithm-Enhanced Differential Photoacoustic Methodology for Highly Sensitive Trace Gas Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9090268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A non-local patch regression (NLPR) denoising-enhanced differential broadband photoacoustic (PA) sensor was developed for the high-sensitive detection of multiple trace gases. Using the edge preservation index (EPI) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a dual-criterion, the fluctuation was dramatically suppressed while the spectral absorption peaks were maintained by the introduction of a NLPR algorithm. The feasibility of the broadband framework was verified by measuring the C2H2 in the background of ambient air. A normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 6.13 × 10−11 cm−1·W·Hz−1/2 was obtained with a 30-mW globar source and a SNR improvement factor of 23. Furthermore, the simultaneous multiple-trace-gas detection capability was determined by measuring C2H2, H2O, and CO2. Following the guidance of single-component processing, the NLPR processed results showed higher EPI and SNR compared to the spectra denoised by the wavelet method and the non-local means algorithm. The experimentally determined SNRs of the C2H2, H2O, and CO2 spectra were improved by a factor of 20. The NNEA coefficient reached a value of 7.02 × 10−11 cm−1·W·Hz−1/2 for C2H2. The NLPR algorithm presented good performance in noise suppression and absorption peak fidelity, which offered a higher dynamic range and was demonstrated to be an effective approach for trace gas analysis.
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Liu L, Huan H, Li W, Mandelis A, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Yin X, Wu Y, Shao X. Highly sensitive broadband differential infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy with wavelet denoising algorithm for trace gas detection. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100228. [PMID: 33365230 PMCID: PMC7749430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of trace gas detectability using photoacoustic spectroscopy requires the effective suppression of strong background noise for practical applications. An upgraded infrared broadband trace gas detection configuration was investigated based on a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer equipped with specially designed T-resonators and simultaneous differential optical and photoacoustic measurement capabilities. By using acetylene and local air as appropriate samples, the detectivity of the differential photoacoustic mode was demonstrated to be far better than the pure optical approach both theoretically and experimentally, due to the effectiveness of light-correlated coherent noise suppression of non-intrinsic optical baseline signals. The wavelet domain denoising algorithm with the optimized parameters was introduced in detail to greatly improve the signal-to-noise ratio by denoising the incoherent ambient interference with respect to the differential photoacoustic measurement. The results showed enhancement of sensitivity to acetylene from 5 ppmv (original differential mode) to 806 ppbv, a fivefold improvement. With the suppression of background noise accomplished by the optimized wavelet domain denoising algorithm, the broadband differential photoacoustic trace gas detection was shown to be an effective approach for trace gas detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Liu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Huiting Huan
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Andreas Mandelis
- Center for Advanced Diffusion-Wave and Photoacoustic Technologies (CADIPT), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Le Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Xueshi Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Xukun Yin
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
| | - Xiaopeng Shao
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China
- Corresponding author at: School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, China.
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Sadiek I, Mikkonen T, Vainio M, Toivonen J, Foltynowicz A. Optical frequency comb photoacoustic spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27849-27855. [PMID: 30398249 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05666h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first photoacoustic detection scheme using an optical frequency comb-optical frequency comb photoacoustic spectroscopy (OFC-PAS). OFC-PAS combines the broad spectral coverage and the high resolution of OFCs with the small sample volume of cantilever-enhanced PA detection. In OFC-PAS, a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) is used to modulate the intensity of the exciting comb source at a frequency determined by its scanning speed. One of the FTS outputs is directed to the PA cell and the other is measured simultaneously with a photodiode and used to normalize the PA signal. The cantilever-enhanced PA detector operates in a non-resonant mode, enabling detection of a broadband frequency response. The broadband and the high-resolution capabilities of OFC-PAS are demonstrated by measuring the rovibrational spectra of the fundamental C-H stretch band of CH4, with no instrumental line shape distortions, at total pressures of 1000 mbar, 650 mbar, and 400 mbar. In this first demonstration, a spectral resolution two orders of magnitude better than previously reported with broadband PAS is obtained, limited by the pressure broadening. A limit of detection of 0.8 ppm of methane in N2 is accomplished in a single interferogram measurement (200 s measurement time, 1000 MHz spectral resolution, 1000 mbar total pressure) for an exciting power spectral density of 42 μW/cm-1. A normalized noise equivalent absorption of 8 × 10-10 W cm-1 Hz-1/2 is obtained, which is only a factor of three higher than the best reported with PAS based on continuous wave lasers. A wide dynamic range of up to four orders of magnitude and a very good linearity (limited by the Beer-Lambert law) over two orders of magnitude are realized. OFC-PAS extends the capability of optical sensors for multispecies trace gas analysis in small sample volumes with high resolution and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sadiek
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Tuboly E, Szabó A, Erős G, Mohácsi Á, Szabó G, Tengölics R, Rákhely G, Boros M. Determination of endogenous methane formation by photoacoustic spectroscopy. J Breath Res 2013; 7:046004. [PMID: 24185326 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/4/046004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hirschmann CB, Koivikko NS, Raittila J, Tenhunen J, Ojala S, Rahkamaa-Tolonen K, Marbach R, Hirschmann S, Keiski RL. FT-IR-cPAS--new photoacoustic measurement technique for analysis of hot gases: a case study on VOCs. SENSORS 2011; 11:5270-89. [PMID: 22163900 PMCID: PMC3231378 DOI: 10.3390/s110505270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a new photoacoustic FT-IR system capable of operating at elevated temperatures. The key hardware component is an optical-readout cantilever microphone that can work up to 200 °C. All parts in contact with the sample gas were put into a heated oven, incl. the photoacoustic cell. The sensitivity of the built photoacoustic system was tested by measuring 18 different VOCs. At 100 ppm gas concentration, the univariate signal to noise ratios (1σ, measurement time 25.5 min, at highest peak, optical resolution 8 cm(-1)) of the spectra varied from minimally 19 for o-xylene up to 329 for butyl acetate. The sensitivity can be improved by multivariate analyses over broad wavelength ranges, which effectively co-adds the univariate sensitivities achievable at individual wavelengths. The multivariate limit of detection (3σ, 8.5 min, full useful wavelength range), i.e., the best possible inverse analytical sensitivity achievable at optimum calibration, was calculated using the SBC method and varied from 2.60 ppm for dichloromethane to 0.33 ppm for butyl acetate. Depending on the shape of the spectra, which often only contain a few sharp peaks, the multivariate analysis improved the analytical sensitivity by 2.2 to 9.2 times compared to the univariate case. Selectivity and multi component ability were tested by a SBC calibration including 5 VOCs and water. The average cross selectivities turned out to be less than 2% and the resulting inverse analytical sensitivities of the 5 interfering VOCs was increased by maximum factor of 2.2 compared to the single component sensitivities. Water subtraction using SBC gave the true analyte concentration with a variation coefficient of 3%, although the sample spectra (methyl ethyl ketone, 200 ppm) contained water from 1,400 to 100k ppm and for subtraction only one water spectra (10k ppm) was used. The developed device shows significant improvement to the current state-of-the-art measurement methods used in industrial VOC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bernd Hirschmann
- Photonic Devices and Measurement Solutions, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (J.T.); (S.O.); (K.R.-T.); (R.M.)
- Mass and Heat Transfer Process Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (N.S.K.); (S.H.); (R.L.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +358-40-187-7447; Fax: +358-20-722-2320
| | - Niina Susanna Koivikko
- Mass and Heat Transfer Process Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (N.S.K.); (S.H.); (R.L.K.)
| | - Jussi Raittila
- Gasera Ltd., Tykistökatu 4, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; E-Mail: (J.R.)
| | - Jussi Tenhunen
- Photonic Devices and Measurement Solutions, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (J.T.); (S.O.); (K.R.-T.); (R.M.)
| | - Satu Ojala
- Photonic Devices and Measurement Solutions, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (J.T.); (S.O.); (K.R.-T.); (R.M.)
- Mass and Heat Transfer Process Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (N.S.K.); (S.H.); (R.L.K.)
| | - Katariina Rahkamaa-Tolonen
- Photonic Devices and Measurement Solutions, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (J.T.); (S.O.); (K.R.-T.); (R.M.)
| | - Ralf Marbach
- Photonic Devices and Measurement Solutions, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, FI-90570 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (J.T.); (S.O.); (K.R.-T.); (R.M.)
| | - Sarah Hirschmann
- Mass and Heat Transfer Process Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (N.S.K.); (S.H.); (R.L.K.)
| | - Riitta Liisa Keiski
- Mass and Heat Transfer Process Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; E-Mails: (N.S.K.); (S.H.); (R.L.K.)
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