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Rich RM, Mummert M, Foldes-Papp Z, Gryczynski Z, Borejdo J, Gryczynski I, Fudala R. Detection of hyaluronidase activity using fluorescein labeled hyaluronic acid and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2012; 116:7-12. [PMID: 23018154 PMCID: PMC3461185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The over-expression of hyaluronidase has been observed in many types of cancer, suggesting that it may have utility for diagnosis. Here we present a technique for the detection of hyaluronidase using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). Hyaluronan macromolecules (HAs) have been heavily labeled with fluorescein amine resulting in strong self-quenching. In the presence of hyaluronidase, HA is cleaved into smaller, fluorescein-labeled fragments and the self-quenching is released. Such cleavage is manifested by the increased average diffusion rate of the HA fragments, increased concentration of individual, fluorescent HA fragments, and increased intensity. All three of these properties are monitored simultaneously throughout FCS measurements, both as a function of time and hyaluronidase concentration. The method we present provides a sensitive measure of hyaluronidase activity and requires extremely small amounts of the HA substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Rich
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Center for Commercialization of Fluorescence Technologies, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Mark Mummert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Zeno Foldes-Papp
- St. Josef Clinical Center of Emergency Medicine, Department for Internal Medicine, Alte-Koelner-Strasse 9, D-51688 Koeln-Wipperfuerth, Germany
| | - Zygmunt Gryczynski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Center for Commercialization of Fluorescence Technologies, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Julian Borejdo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Center for Commercialization of Fluorescence Technologies, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Ignacy Gryczynski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Center for Commercialization of Fluorescence Technologies, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Rafal Fudala
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Center for Commercialization of Fluorescence Technologies, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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de Champdoré M, Staiano M, Rossi M, D'Auria S. Proteins from extremophiles as stable tools for advanced biotechnological applications of high social interest. J R Soc Interface 2007; 4:183-91. [PMID: 17251151 PMCID: PMC2359841 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremophiles are micro-organisms adapted to survive in ecological niches defined as 'extreme' for humans and characterized by the presence of adverse environmental conditions, such as high or low temperatures, extreme values of pH, high salt concentrations or high pressure. Biomolecules isolated from extremophiles possess extraordinary properties and, in particular, proteins isolated from extremophiles represent unique biomolecules that function under severe conditions, comparable to those prevailing in various industrial processes. In this article, we will review some examples of recent applications of thermophilic proteins for the development of a new class of fluorescence non-consuming substrate biosensors for monitoring the levels of two analytes of high social interest, such as glucose and sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sabato D'Auria
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Italian National Research CouncilVia Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Yadavalli VK, Pishko MV. Biosensing in microfluidic channels using fluorescence polarization. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Novel approaches to sensor design, based on the use of an internal standard with appropriate spectral properties, provide new possibilities for designing simple devices for fluorescence sensing. Detection of combined emission from the reference and an analyte-sensitive fluorophore has been achieved in numerous measurements in cuvettes, tissues, and high-throughput formats. These methods have been used with a long-lifetime reference to measure pH, O2, pCO2, glucose, and calcium by means of modulation-sensing methods as well as by the use of oriented films as the reference for polarization sensing of glucose, pH, oxygen, and lactate. Polarization sensing has also been developed with visual detection to measure the concentration of rhodamine B and pH. Modulation and polarization sensing was found to be effective in highly scattering media such as Intralipid or tissue. The applicability of these technologies to transdermal diagnostics depends on the availability of red fluorophores that can be used in vivo. One dye that could possibly be used is indocyanine green (IcG), which absorbs and emits at wavelengths above 700 nm. Furthermore, IcG has already been approved for use in humans for monitoring burn severity and it has been detected through the skin. It appears likely that modern optics and electronic technology will allow the development of practical devices for biomedical use as shown in Scheme 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygmunt Gryczynski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Murtaza Z, Tolosa L, Harms P, Lakowicz JR. On the Possibility of Glucose Sensing Using Boronic Acid and a Luminescent Ruthenium Metal-Ligand Complex. J Fluoresc 2002; 12:187-192. [PMID: 32377061 PMCID: PMC7202357 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016800515030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new approach to optical sensing of glucose based on the competitive interactions between a ruthenium metal ligand complex, a boronic acid derivative and glucose. The metal-ligand complex [Ru(2,2'-bipyridme)2(5,6-dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthrolme)](PF6)2 at pH 8 forms a reversible complex with 2-toluylboronic acid or 2-methoxyphenyl boronic acid. Complexation is accompanied by a several-fold increase in the luminescent intensity of the ruthenium complex. Addition of glucose results in decreased luminescent intensity, which appears to be the result of decreased binding between the metal-ligand complex and the boronic acid. Ruthenium metal-ligand complexes are convenient for optical sensing because their long luminescent decay times allow lifetime-based sensing with simple instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Murtaza
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Leah Tolosa
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Peter Harms
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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D'Auria S, DiCesare N, Staiano M, Gryczynski Z, Rossi M, Lakowicz JR. A novel fluorescence competitive assay for glucose determinations by using a thermostable glucokinase from the thermophilic microorganism Bacillus stearothermophilus. Anal Biochem 2002; 303:138-44. [PMID: 11950213 PMCID: PMC6905376 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of a thermostable glucokinase in a novel competitive fluorescence assay for glucose. Glucokinase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BSGK) was found to retain enzymatic activity in solution for over 20 days. The single cysteine residue in BSGK, which is near the active site, was labeled with a fluorescent probe, 2-(4-iodoacetamidoanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid. The ANS-labeled BSGK displayed a modest 25% decrease in the emission intensity upon binding glucose but no change in lifetime. To obtain a larger spectral change we developed a competitive assay for glucose using the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence from BSGK and a resonance energy transfer (RET) acceptor-labeled sugar. The sugar-labeled acceptor quenched the BSGK tryptophan emission, and the quenching was reversed upon addition of glucose. The use of RET as the sensing mechanism can be easily extended to longer wavelengths for a more practical glucose sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabato D'Auria
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
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Dattelbaum JD, Lakowicz JR. Optical determination of glutamine using a genetically engineered protein. Anal Biochem 2001; 291:89-95. [PMID: 11262160 PMCID: PMC6942522 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a reagentless optical biosensor for glutamine based on the Escherichia coli glutamine binding protein (GlnBP). Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to engineer single cysteine mutants which were covalently modified with environmentally sensitive sulfhydryl-reactive probes. The fluorescence emission of acrylodan and 2-(4'-(iodoacetamido)anilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (IAANS) attached to GlnBP mutant S179C was shown to decrease 65 and 35%, respectively, upon titration with increasing amounts of glutamine (0 to 6.4 microM; K(Dapp) 160 nM). No significant changes in the fluorescence intensity were observed for the structurally similar amino acids glutamate, asparagine, and arginine. Time-resolved intensity decays showed a 2.4-fold decrease in mean lifetime for GlnBP S179C-acrylodan upon the addition of glutamine, indicating the possibility of a lifetime-based assay. Anisotropy decay measurements for GlnBPS179C-acrylodan showed a 13-ns rotational correlation time in the ligand-free state, whereas multiple correlation times were assigned in the glutamine-bound conformation. The decrease in fluorescence intensity of S179C-acrylodan was adapted to polarization sensing of glutamine. The engineered GlnBP is a first step toward the development of a nonenzymatic biosensor capable of determining glutamine concentrations in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Dattelbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Lakowicz JR, Gryczynski I, Gryczynski Z. Novel fluorescence sensing methods for high throughput screening. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2000; 5:123-32. [PMID: 10894755 PMCID: PMC6942524 DOI: 10.1177/108705710000500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe two new methods of fluorescence sensing for use in high throughput screening (HTS). Modulation sensing transforms analyte-dependent intensity changes into a change in the low-frequency modulation signal. Polarization sensing transforms an intensity change into a change in polarization. Both methods are internally calibrated by using a reference film immediately adjacent to the sample, which can be readily located on the HTS plate or on a nearby optical component and provides an intensity or polarization reference. Modulation sensing and polarization sensing were both shown useful for measurements of fluorophore concentrations, pH, or calcium concentrations in the wells of HTS plates. Sensing with a reference film provides the opportunity to internally reference HTS measurements without the need for additions to the sample. This approach can provide standardization for assays performed at different times.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lakowicz
- Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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