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Moeini B, Pinder JW, Avval TG, Jacobsen C, Brongersma HH, Průša S, Bábík P, Vaníčková E, Argyle MD, Strohmeier BR, Jones B, Shollenberger D, Bell DS, Linford MR. Controlling the surface silanol density in capillary columns and planar silicon via the self-limiting, gas-phase deposition of tris(dimethylamino)methylsilane, and quantification of surface silanols after silanization by low energy ion scattering. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464248. [PMID: 37598532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface silanols (Si-OH) play a vital role on fused silica surfaces in chromatography. Here, we used an atmospheric-pressure, gas-phase reactor to modify the inner surface of a gas chromatography, fused silica capillary column (0.53 mm ID) with a small, reactive silane (tris(dimethylamino)methylsilane, TDMAMS). The deposition of TDMAMS on planar witness samples around the capillary was confirmed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and wetting. The number of surface silanols on unmodified and TDMAMS-modified native oxide-terminated silicon were quantified by tagging with dimethylzinc (DMZ) via atomic layer deposition (ALD) and counting the resulting zinc atoms with high sensitivity-low energy ion scattering (HS-LEIS). A bare, clean native oxide - terminated silicon wafer has 3.66 OH/nm2, which agrees with density functional theory (DFT) calculations from the literature. After TDMAMS modification of native oxide-terminated silicon, the number of surface silanols decreases by a factor of ca. 10 (to 0.31 OH/nm2). Intermediate surface testing (IST) was used to characterize the surface activities of functionalized capillaries. It suggested a significant deactivation/passivation of the capillary with some surface silanols remaining; the modified capillary shows significant deactivation compared to the native/unmodified fused silica tubing. We believe that this methodology for determining the number of residual silanols on silanized fused silica will be enabling for chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Moeini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Joshua W Pinder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Tahereh G Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Collin Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Hidde H Brongersma
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Stanislav Průša
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, Brno 616 69, Czech Republic; CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bábík
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, Brno 616 69, Czech Republic; CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Vaníčková
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, Brno 616 69, Czech Republic; CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Morris D Argyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Brian R Strohmeier
- Materials Group, Avery Dennison Corp., 8080 Norton Parkway, Mentor, OH 44060, USA
| | - Brian Jones
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | | | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Abstract
Gold, one of the noble metals, has played a significant role in human society throughout history. Gold's excellent electrical, optical and chemical properties make the element indispensable in maintaining a prosperous modern electronics industry. In the emerging field of stretchable electronics (elastronics), the main challenge is how to utilize these excellent material properties under various mechanical deformations. This review covers the recent progress in developing "softening" gold chemistry for various applications in elastronics. We systematically present material synthesis and design principles, applications, and challenges and opportunities ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Nonkumwong J, Erasquin UJ, Sy Piecco KW, Premadasa UI, Aboelenen AM, Tangonan A, Chen J, Ingram D, Srisombat L, Cimatu KLA. Successive Surface Reactions on Hydrophilic Silica for Modified Magnetic Nanoparticle Attachment Probed by Sum-Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:12680-12693. [PMID: 30300547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Successive surface reactions on hydrophilic silica substrates were designed and performed to immobilize ethanolamine-modified magnetic ferrite-based nanoparticle (NP) for surface characterization. The various surfaces were monitored using sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. The surface of the hydrophilic quartz substrate was first converted to a vinyl-terminated surface by utilizing a silanization reaction, and then, the surface functional groups were converted to carboxylic-terminated groups via a thiol-ene reaction. The appearance and disappearance of the vinyl (═CH2) peak at ∼2990 cm-1 in the SFG spectra were examined to confirm the success of the silanization and thiol-ene reactions, respectively. Acyl chloride (-COCl) formation from carboxy (-COOH) functional group was then performed for further attachment of magnetic amine-functionalized magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) via amide bond formation. The scattered NPs attached on the modified silica substrate was then used to study the changes in the spectral profile of the ethanolamine modifier of the NPs for in situ lead(II) (Pb2+) adsorption at the solid-liquid interface using SFG spectroscopy. However, due to the limited number of NPs attached and sensitivity of SFG spectroscopy toward expected change in the modifier spectroscopically, no significant change was observed in the SFG spectrum of the modified silica with magnetic NPs during exposure to Pb2+ solution. Nevertheless, SFG spectroscopy as a surface technique successfully monitored the modifications from a clean fused substrate to -COCl formation that was used to immobilize the decorated magnetic nanoparticles. The method developed in this study can provide a reference for many surface or interfacial studies important for selective attachment of adsorbed organic or inorganic materials or particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeranan Nonkumwong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , 100 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand
| | - Uriel Joseph Erasquin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , 100 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| | - Kurt Waldo Sy Piecco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , 100 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| | - Uvinduni I Premadasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , 100 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| | - Ahmed M Aboelenen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , 100 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| | - Andrew Tangonan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , 100 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| | - Jixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , 100 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| | - David Ingram
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Ohio University , 139 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
| | - Laongnuan Srisombat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai 50200 , Thailand
| | - Katherine Leslee Asetre Cimatu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ohio University , 100 University Terrace, 136 Clippinger Laboratories , Athens , Ohio 45701-2979 , United States
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Diwan A, Singh B, Roychowdhury T, Yan D, Tedone L, Nesterenko PN, Paull B, Sevy ET, Shellie RA, Kaykhaii M, Linford MR. Porous, High Capacity Coatings for Solid Phase Microextraction by Sputtering. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1593-600. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Diwan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tuhin Roychowdhury
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - DanDan Yan
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Laura Tedone
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Eric T. Sevy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Robert A. Shellie
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Massoud Kaykhaii
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Gupta V, Madaan N, Jensen DS, Kunzler SC, Linford MR. Hydrogen plasma treatment of silicon dioxide for improved silane deposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3604-3609. [PMID: 23438055 DOI: 10.1021/la304491x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for plasma cleaning silicon surfaces in a commercial tool that removes adventitious organic contamination and enhances silane deposition. As shown by wetting, ellipsometry, and XPS, hydrogen, oxygen, and argon plasmas effectively clean Si/SiO2 surfaces. However, only hydrogen plasmas appear to enhance subsequent low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of silanes. Chemical differences between the surfaces were confirmed via (i) deposition of two different silanes: octyldimethylmethoxysilane and butyldimethylmethoxysilane, as evidenced by spectroscopic ellipsometry and wetting, and (ii) a principal components analysis (PCA) of TOF-SIMS data taken from the different plasma-treated surfaces. AFM shows no increase in surface roughness after H2 or O2 plasma treatment of Si/SiO2. The effects of surface treatment with H2/O2 plasmas in different gas ratios, which should allow greater control of surface chemistry, and the duration of the H2 plasma (complete surface treatment appeared to take place quickly) are also presented. We believe that this work is significant because of the importance of silanes as surface functionalization reagents, and in particular because of the increasing importance of gas phase silane deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Quast AD, Curtis AD, Horn BA, Goates SR, Patterson JE. Role of Nonresonant Sum-Frequency Generation in the Investigation of Model Liquid Chromatography Systems. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1862-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2032035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D. Quast
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Alexander D. Curtis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Brent A. Horn
- Department of Criminal Justice, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah 84408, United States
| | - Steven R. Goates
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - James E. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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