4
|
Arredondo C, Cefaliello C, Dyrda A, Jury N, Martinez P, Díaz I, Amaro A, Tran H, Morales D, Pertusa M, Stoica L, Fritz E, Corvalán D, Abarzúa S, Méndez-Ruette M, Fernández P, Rojas F, Kumar MS, Aguilar R, Almeida S, Weiss A, Bustos FJ, González-Nilo F, Otero C, Tevy MF, Bosco DA, Sáez JC, Kähne T, Gao FB, Berry JD, Nicholson K, Sena-Esteves M, Madrid R, Varela D, Montecino M, Brown RH, van Zundert B. Excessive release of inorganic phosphate by ALS/FTD astrocytes causes non-cell-autonomous toxicity to motoneurons. Neuron 2022; 110:1656-1670.e12. [PMID: 35276083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-cell-autonomous mechanisms contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), in which astrocytes release unidentified factors that are toxic to motoneurons (MNs). We report here that mouse and patient iPSC-derived astrocytes with diverse ALS/FTD-linked mutations (SOD1, TARDBP, and C9ORF72) display elevated levels of intracellular inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a ubiquitous, negatively charged biopolymer. PolyP levels are also increased in astrocyte-conditioned media (ACM) from ALS/FTD astrocytes. ACM-mediated MN death is prevented by degrading or neutralizing polyP in ALS/FTD astrocytes or ACM. Studies further reveal that postmortem familial and sporadic ALS spinal cord sections display enriched polyP staining signals and that ALS cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exhibits increased polyP concentrations. Our in vitro results establish excessive astrocyte-derived polyP as a critical factor in non-cell-autonomous MN degeneration and a potential therapeutic target for ALS/FTD. The CSF data indicate that polyP might serve as a new biomarker for ALS/FTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Arredondo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Carolina Cefaliello
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Agnieszka Dyrda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Nur Jury
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Iván Díaz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Armando Amaro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Helene Tran
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Danna Morales
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Maria Pertusa
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 9160000, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 9160000, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Lorelei Stoica
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Elsa Fritz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Daniela Corvalán
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Sebastián Abarzúa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Maxs Méndez-Ruette
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Paola Fernández
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Fabiola Rojas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Meenakshi Sundaram Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Rodrigo Aguilar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Sandra Almeida
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Alexandra Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Fernando J Bustos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Fernando González-Nilo
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
| | - Carolina Otero
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Maria Florencia Tevy
- Cell Biology Laboratory, INTA, University of Chile and GEDIS Biotech, Santiago 7810000, Chile
| | - Daryl A Bosco
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Fen-Biao Gao
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - James D Berry
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurological Clinical Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Katharine Nicholson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Neurological Clinical Research Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Rodolfo Madrid
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 9160000, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago 9160000, Chile; Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Diego Varela
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Martin Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Faculty of Medicine & Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; CARE Biomedical Research Center, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schumacher VL, Aeffner F, Barale-Thomas E, Botteron C, Carter J, Elies L, Engelhardt JA, Fant P, Forest T, Hall P, Hildebrand D, Klopfleisch R, Lucotte T, Marxfeld H, Mckinney L, Moulin P, Neyens E, Palazzi X, Piton A, Riccardi E, Roth DR, Rousselle S, Vidal JD, Williams B. The Application, Challenges, and Advancement Toward Regulatory Acceptance of Digital Toxicologic Pathology: Results of the 7th ESTP International Expert Workshop (September 20-21, 2019). Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:720-737. [PMID: 33297858 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320975841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With advancements in whole slide imaging technology and improved understanding of the features of pathologist workstations required for digital slide evaluation, many institutions are investigating broad digital pathology adoption. The benefits of digital pathology evaluation include remote access to study or diagnostic case materials and integration of analysis and reporting tools. Diagnosis based on whole slide images is established in human medical pathology, and the use of digital pathology in toxicologic pathology is increasing. However, there has not been broad adoption in toxicologic pathology, particularly in the context of regulatory studies, due to lack of precedence. To address this topic, as well as practical aspects, the European Society of Toxicologic Pathology coordinated an expert international workshop to assess current applications and challenges and outline a set of minimal requirements needed to gain future regulatory acceptance for the use of digital toxicologic pathology workflows in research and development, so that toxicologic pathologists can benefit from digital slide technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Schumacher
- 1529Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Famke Aeffner
- Amgen Inc, Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Laëtitia Elies
- 72810Bayer Crop Science Division, Sophia Antipolis, France.,25913Charles River Laboratories, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Klopfleisch
- 9166Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lucotte
- 56511Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM), Saint-Denis, France
| | | | - LuAnn Mckinney
- 4137US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Neyens
- Elizabethtoxpath Consulting Inc, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Alain Piton
- ALP Quality Systems, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Bethany Williams
- 572272Department of Histopathology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aeffner F, Adissu HA, Boyle MC, Cardiff RD, Hagendorn E, Hoenerhoff MJ, Klopfleisch R, Newbigging S, Schaudien D, Turner O, Wilson K. Digital Microscopy, Image Analysis, and Virtual Slide Repository. ILAR J 2019; 59:66-79. [PMID: 30535284 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in technology and digitization have ushered in novel ways of enhancing tissue-based research via digital microscopy and image analysis. Whole slide imaging scanners enable digitization of histology slides to be stored in virtual slide repositories and to be viewed via computers instead of microscopes. Easier and faster sharing of histologic images for teaching and consultation, improved storage and preservation of quality of stained slides, and annotation of features of interest in the digital slides are just a few of the advantages of this technology. Combined with the development of software for digital image analysis, digital slides further pave the way for the development of tools that extract quantitative data from tissue-based studies. This review introduces digital microscopy and pathology, and addresses technical and scientific considerations in slide scanning, quantitative image analysis, and slide repositories. It also highlights the current state of the technology and factors that need to be taken into account to insure optimal utility, including preanalytical considerations and the importance of involving a pathologist in all major steps along the digital microscopy and pathology workflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Hibret A Adissu
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Michael C Boyle
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Erik Hagendorn
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Susan Newbigging
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Oliver Turner
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| | - Kristin Wilson
- Famke Aeffner, DVM PhD DACVP, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences Department at Amgen Inc. in South San Francisco, California. Hibret Adissu, DVM PhD DVSc DACVP, is an investigative pathologist in the Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. Michael C. Boyle, DVM PhD DACVP DABT, is a principal pathologist in the Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences at Amgen Inc. in Thousand Oaks, California. Robert D. Cardiff, MD PhD, is a distinguished professor of pathology (emeritus) at the Center for Comparative Medicine at the University of California in Davis, California. Erik Hagendorn is a senior scientist of informatics at AbbVie Bioresearch in Worcester, Massachusetts. Mark J. Hoenerhoff, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor and veterinary pathologist at the In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Robert Klopfleisch, DVM PhD DACVP, is an associate professor at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the Freie Universitaet Berlin, in Berlin, Germany. Susan Newbigging, BSc MSc DVM DVSc, is a pathologist and Director of The Pathology Core at the Toronto Center of Phenogenomics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dirk Schaudien, DVM PhD DACVP, is a veterinary pathologist at the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, in Hannover, Germany. Oliver Turner, BSC(Hons), BVSc MRCVS PhD DACVP DABT, is a senior pathologist in the Preclinical Safety department of Novartis Pharmaceuticals in East Hanover, New Jersey. Kristin Wilson, DVM PhD DACVP, is a pathologist at Flagship Biosciences Inc. in Westminster, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|