Correction: Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Transfer of Genetic Information between the Hematopoietic System and the Brain in Response to Inflammation

Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Neuroinflammation in Intercellular and Inter-Organ Crosstalk

Neuroinflammation, crucial in neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and hepatic encephalopathy, involves complex immune responses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in intercellular and inter-organ communication, influencing disease progression. EVs serve as key mediators in the immune system, containing molecules capable of activating molecular pathways that exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes in neurological disorders. However, EVs from mesenchymal stem cells show promise in reducing neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. EVs can cross CNS barriers, and peripheral immune signals can influence brain function via EV-mediated communication, impacting barrier function and neuroinflammatory responses. Understanding EV interactions within the brain and other organs could unveil novel therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.

Reporter Systems for Assessments of Extracellular Vesicle Transfer

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer particles naturally released from most if not all cell types to mediate inter-cellular exchange of bioactive molecules. Mounting evidence suggest their important role in diverse pathophysiological processes in the development, growth, homeostasis, and disease. Thus, sensitive and reliable assessments of functional EV cargo transfer from donor to acceptor cells are extremely important. Here, we summarize the methods EV are labeled and their functional transfer in acceptor cells are evaluated by various reporter systems.