To transfer mitochondria or not to transfer mitochondria: ADP does the trick

Targeting mitochondrial transfer as a promising therapeutic strategy

Despite the primary impression of mitochondria as energy factories, these organelles are increasingly recognized for their multifaceted roles beyond energy production. Intriguingly, mitochondria can transfer between cells, influencing physiological and pathological processes through intercellular trafficking termed 'mitochondrial transfer.' This phenomenon is important in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, enhancing tissue regeneration, exacerbating cancer progression, and facilitating immune modulation, depending on the cell type and microenvironment. Recently, mitochondrial transfer has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for tissue repair and antitumor therapy. Here, we summarize and critically review recent advances in this field. We aim to provide an updated overview of the mechanisms and potential therapeutic avenues associated with mitochondrial transfer in various diseases from the perspective of different donor cells.