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Do K, Mehta S, Wagner R, Bhuming D, Rajczewski AT, Skubitz APN, Johnson JE, Griffin TJ, Jagtap PD. A novel clinical metaproteomics workflow enables bioinformatic analysis of host-microbe dynamics in disease. mSphere 2024:e0079323. [PMID: 38780289 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00793-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical metaproteomics has the potential to offer insights into the host-microbiome interactions underlying diseases. However, the field faces challenges in characterizing microbial proteins found in clinical samples, usually present at low abundance relative to the host proteins. As a solution, we have developed an integrated workflow coupling mass spectrometry-based analysis with customized bioinformatic identification, quantification, and prioritization of microbial proteins, enabling targeted assay development to investigate host-microbe dynamics in disease. The bioinformatics tools are implemented in the Galaxy ecosystem, offering the development and dissemination of complex bioinformatic workflows. The modular workflow integrates MetaNovo (to generate a reduced protein database), SearchGUI/PeptideShaker and MaxQuant [to generate peptide-spectral matches (PSMs) and quantification], PepQuery2 (to verify the quality of PSMs), Unipept (for taxonomic and functional annotation), and MSstatsTMT (for statistical analysis). We have utilized this workflow in diverse clinical samples, from the characterization of nasopharyngeal swab samples to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Here, we demonstrate its effectiveness via analysis of residual fluid from cervical swabs. The complete workflow, including training data and documentation, is available via the Galaxy Training Network, empowering non-expert researchers to utilize these powerful tools in their clinical studies. IMPORTANCE Clinical metaproteomics has immense potential to offer functional insights into the microbiome and its contributions to human disease. However, there are numerous challenges in the metaproteomic analysis of clinical samples, including handling of very large protein sequence databases for sensitive and accurate peptide and protein identification from mass spectrometry data, as well as taxonomic and functional annotation of quantified peptides and proteins to enable interpretation of results. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel clinical metaproteomics workflow that provides customized bioinformatic identification, verification, quantification, and taxonomic and functional annotation. This bioinformatic workflow is implemented in the Galaxy ecosystem and has been used to characterize diverse clinical sample types, such as nasopharyngeal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Here, we demonstrate its effectiveness and availability for use by the research community via analysis of residual fluid from cervical swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Do
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Subina Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Reid Wagner
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dechen Bhuming
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew T Rajczewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy P N Skubitz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James E Johnson
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy J Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pratik D Jagtap
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Do K, Mehta S, Wagner R, Bhuming D, Rajczewski AT, Skubitz APN, Johnson JE, Griffin TJ, Jagtap PD. A novel clinical metaproteomics workflow enables bioinformatic analysis of host-microbe dynamics in disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.21.568121. [PMID: 38045370 PMCID: PMC10690215 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical metaproteomics has the potential to offer insights into the host-microbiome interactions underlying diseases. However, the field faces challenges in characterizing microbial proteins found in clinical samples, which are usually present at low abundance relative to the host proteins. As a solution, we have developed an integrated workflow coupling mass spectrometry-based analysis with customized bioinformatic identification, quantification and prioritization of microbial and host proteins, enabling targeted assay development to investigate host-microbe dynamics in disease. The bioinformatics tools are implemented in the Galaxy ecosystem, offering the development and dissemination of complex bioinformatic workflows. The modular workflow integrates MetaNovo (to generate a reduced protein database), SearchGUI/PeptideShaker and MaxQuant (to generate peptide-spectral matches (PSMs) and quantification), PepQuery2 (to verify the quality of PSMs), and Unipept and MSstatsTMT (for taxonomy and functional annotation). We have utilized this workflow in diverse clinical samples, from the characterization of nasopharyngeal swab samples to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Here, we demonstrate its effectiveness via analysis of residual fluid from cervical swabs. The complete workflow, including training data and documentation, is available via the Galaxy Training Network, empowering non-expert researchers to utilize these powerful tools in their clinical studies.
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Rasche H, Hyde C, Davis J, Gladman S, Coraor N, Bretaudeau A, Cuccuru G, Bacon W, Serrano-Solano B, Hillman-Jackson J, Hiltemann S, Zhou M, Grüning B, Stubbs A. Training Infrastructure as a Service. Gigascience 2022; 12:giad048. [PMID: 37395629 PMCID: PMC10316688 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hands-on training, whether in bioinformatics or other domains, often requires significant technical resources and knowledge to set up and run. Instructors must have access to powerful compute infrastructure that can support resource-intensive jobs running efficiently. Often this is achieved using a private server where there is no contention for the queue. However, this places a significant prerequisite knowledge or labor barrier for instructors, who must spend time coordinating deployment and management of compute resources. Furthermore, with the increase of virtual and hybrid teaching, where learners are located in separate physical locations, it is difficult to track student progress as efficiently as during in-person courses. FINDINGS Originally developed by Galaxy Europe and the Gallantries project, together with the Galaxy community, we have created Training Infrastructure-as-a-Service (TIaaS), aimed at providing user-friendly training infrastructure to the global training community. TIaaS provides dedicated training resources for Galaxy-based courses and events. Event organizers register their course, after which trainees are transparently placed in a private queue on the compute infrastructure, which ensures jobs complete quickly, even when the main queue is experiencing high wait times. A built-in dashboard allows instructors to monitor student progress. CONCLUSIONS TIaaS provides a significant improvement for instructors and learners, as well as infrastructure administrators. The instructor dashboard makes remote events not only possible but also easy. Students experience continuity of learning, as all training happens on Galaxy, which they can continue to use after the event. In the past 60 months, 504 training events with over 24,000 learners have used this infrastructure for Galaxy training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rasche
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Lovensdijkstraat 63, 4818 AJ Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Cameron Hyde
- Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation Ltd., The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
| | - John Davis
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Simon Gladman
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3051, Australia
| | - Nate Coraor
- School of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- GenOuest Core Facility, University of Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gianmauro Cuccuru
- Bioinformatics Grou, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wendi Bacon
- School of Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Beatriz Serrano-Solano
- Euro-Bioimaging ERIC Bio-Hub, EMBL, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Saskia Hiltemann
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Lovensdijkstraat 63, 4818 AJ Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Björn Grüning
- Bioinformatics Grou, Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Andrew Stubbs
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Tiu RA, Meyer TK, Mayerhoff RM, Ray JC, Kritek PA, Merati AL, Sardesai MG. Tracheotomy care simulation training program for inpatient providers. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1491-1498. [PMID: 36258878 PMCID: PMC9575083 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tracheotomy complications can be life‐threatening. Many of these complications may be avoided with proper education of health care providers. Unfortunately, access to high‐quality tracheotomy care curricula is limited. We developed a program to address this gap in tracheotomy care education for inpatient providers. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of this training program in improving trainee knowledge and comfort with tracheotomy care. Methods The curriculum includes asynchronous online modules coupled with a self‐directed hands‐on simulation activity using a low‐cost tracheotomy care task trainer. The program was offered to inpatient providers including medical students, residents, medical assistants, nurses, and respiratory therapists. Efficacy of the training was assessed using pre‐training and post‐training surveys of learner comfort, knowledge, and qualitative feedback. Results Data was collected on 41 participants. After completing the program, participants exhibited significantly improved comfort in performing tracheotomy care activities and 15% improvement in knowledge scores, with large effect sizes respectively and greater gains among those with little prior tracheotomy care experience. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that completion of this integrated online and hands‐on tracheotomy simulation curriculum training increases comfort and knowledge, especially for less‐experienced learners. This training addresses an important gap in tracheotomy care education among health care professionals with low levels of tracheotomy care experience and ultimately aims to improve patient safety and quality of care. This curriculum is easily transferrable as it requires only access to the online modules and low‐cost simulation materials and could be used in other hospitals, long‐term care facilities, outpatient clinics, and home settings. Level of evidence 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Alyson‐Yao Tiu
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Tanya Kim Meyer
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Ross M. Mayerhoff
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery Henry Ford Health System Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Joel C. Ray
- Manager of Ancillary Services UW‐Valley Medical Center Renton Washington USA
| | - Patricia A. Kritek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Albert Lincoln Merati
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Maya Guirish Sardesai
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
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Ten simple rules for leveraging virtual interaction to build higher-level learning into bioinformatics short courses. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010220. [PMID: 35900972 PMCID: PMC9333319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Pinter N, Glätzer D, Fahrner M, Fröhlich K, Johnson J, Grüning BA, Warscheid B, Drepper F, Schilling O, Föll MC. MaxQuant and MSstats in Galaxy Enable Reproducible Cloud-Based Analysis of Quantitative Proteomics Experiments for Everyone. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1558-1565. [PMID: 35503992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become a high-throughput technology for the identification and quantification of thousands of proteins in complex biological samples. Two frequently used tools, MaxQuant and MSstats, allow for the analysis of raw data and finding proteins with differential abundance between conditions of interest. To enable accessible and reproducible quantitative proteomics analyses in a cloud environment, we have integrated MaxQuant (including TMTpro 16/18plex), Proteomics Quality Control (PTXQC), MSstats, and MSstatsTMT into the open-source Galaxy framework. This enables the web-based analysis of label-free and isobaric labeling proteomics experiments via Galaxy's graphical user interface on public clouds. MaxQuant and MSstats in Galaxy can be applied in conjunction with thousands of existing Galaxy tools and integrated into standardized, sharable workflows. Galaxy tracks all metadata and intermediate results in analysis histories, which can be shared privately for collaborations or publicly, allowing full reproducibility and transparency of published analysis. To further increase accessibility, we provide detailed hands-on training materials. The integration of MaxQuant and MSstats into the Galaxy framework enables their usage in a reproducible way on accessible large computational infrastructures, hence realizing the foundation for high-throughput proteomics data science for everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Pinter
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Damian Glätzer
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Fahrner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Fröhlich
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - James Johnson
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Bettina Warscheid
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friedel Drepper
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Christine Föll
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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7
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Serrano-Solano B, Fouilloux A, Eguinoa I, Kalaš M, Grüning B, Coppens F. Galaxy: A Decade of Realising CWFR Concepts. DATA INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1162/dint_a_00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Despite recent encouragement to follow the FAIR principles, the day-to-day research practices have not changed substantially. Due to new developments and the increasing pressure to apply best practices, initiatives to improve the efficiency and reproducibility of scientific workflows are becoming more prevalent. In this article, we discuss the importance of well-annotated tools and the specific requirements to ensure reproducible research with FAIR outputs. We detail how Galaxy, an open-source workflow management system with a web-based interface, has implemented the concepts that are put forward by the Canonical Workflow Framework for Research (CWFR), whilst minimising changes to the practices of scientific communities. Although we showcase concrete applications from two different domains, this approach is generalisable to any domain and particularly useful in interdisciplinary research and science-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Fouilloux
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Ignacio Eguinoa
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9052, Belgium
| | - Matúš Kalaš
- Department of Informatics, University of Bergen Ringgold standard institution, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland 5008, Norway
| | - Björn Grüning
- Bioinformatics Group, University of Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg 79098, Germany
| | - Frederik Coppens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB, Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen 9052, Belgium
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Fahrner M, Föll MC, Grüning BA, Bernt M, Röst H, Schilling O. Democratizing data-independent acquisition proteomics analysis on public cloud infrastructures via the Galaxy framework. Gigascience 2022; 11:6528772. [PMID: 35166338 PMCID: PMC8848309 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data-independent acquisition (DIA) has become an important approach in global, mass spectrometric proteomic studies because it provides in-depth insights into the molecular variety of biological systems. However, DIA data analysis remains challenging owing to the high complexity and large data and sample size, which require specialized software and vast computing infrastructures. Most available open-source DIA software necessitates basic programming skills and covers only a fraction of a complete DIA data analysis. In consequence, DIA data analysis often requires usage of multiple software tools and compatibility thereof, severely limiting the usability and reproducibility. FINDINGS To overcome this hurdle, we have integrated a suite of open-source DIA tools in the Galaxy framework for reproducible and version-controlled data processing. The DIA suite includes OpenSwath, PyProphet, diapysef, and swath2stats. We have compiled functional Galaxy pipelines for DIA processing, which provide a web-based graphical user interface to these pre-installed and pre-configured tools for their use on freely accessible, powerful computational resources of the Galaxy framework. This approach also enables seamless sharing workflows with full configuration in addition to sharing raw data and results. We demonstrate the usability of an all-in-one DIA pipeline in Galaxy by the analysis of a spike-in case study dataset. Additionally, extensive training material is provided to further increase access for the proteomics community. CONCLUSION The integration of an open-source DIA analysis suite in the web-based and user-friendly Galaxy framework in combination with extensive training material empowers a broad community of researches to perform reproducible and transparent DIA data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fahrner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115a, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19A, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Christine Föll
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115a, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, 440 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Björn Andreas Grüning
- Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 106, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Bernt
- Young Investigators Group Bioinformatics and Transcriptomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannes Röst
- Donnelly Centre,University of Toronto, 160 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115a, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Hugstetter Straße 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies,University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, D-79104 Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Gallardo-Alba C, Grüning B, Serrano-Solano B. A constructivist-based proposal for bioinformatics teaching practices during lockdown. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008922. [PMID: 33983931 PMCID: PMC8118257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks have caused universities all across the globe to close their campuses and forced them to initiate online teaching. This article reviews the pedagogical foundations for developing effective distance education practices, starting from the assumption that promoting autonomous thinking is an essential element to guarantee full citizenship in a democracy and for moral decision-making in situations of rapid change, which has become a pressing need in the context of a pandemic. In addition, the main obstacles related to this new context are identified, and solutions are proposed according to the existing bibliography in learning sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Gallardo-Alba
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Björn Grüning
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beatriz Serrano-Solano
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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