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Aberrant Cortical Layer Development of Brain Organoids Derived from Noonan Syndrome-iPSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213861. [PMID: 36430334 PMCID: PMC9699065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disorder mainly caused by gain-of-function mutations in Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2). Although diverse neurological manifestations are commonly diagnosed in NS patients, the mechanisms as to how SHP2 mutations induce the neurodevelopmental defects associated with NS remain elusive. Here, we report that cortical organoids (NS-COs) derived from NS-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) exhibit developmental abnormalities, especially in excitatory neurons (ENs). Although NS-COs develop normally in their appearance, single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed an increase in the EN population and overexpression of cortical layer markers in NS-COs. Surprisingly, the EN subpopulation co-expressing the upper layer marker SATB2 and the deep layer maker CTIP2 was enriched in NS-COs during cortical development. In parallel with the developmental disruptions, NS-COs also exhibited reduced synaptic connectivity. Collectively, our findings suggest that perturbed cortical layer identity and impeded neuronal connectivity contribute to the neurological manifestations of NS.
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Recognition Memory in Noonan Syndrome. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020169. [PMID: 33572736 PMCID: PMC7910957 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) and the clinically related NS with multiple lentiginous (NMLS) are genetic conditions characterized by upregulated RAS mitogen activated protein kinase (RAS-MAPK) signaling, which is known to impact hippocampus-dependent memory formation and consolidation. The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed characterization of the recognition memory of children and adolescents with NS/NMLS. We compared 18 children and adolescents affected by NS and NMLS with 22 typically developing (TD) children, matched for chronological age and non-verbal Intelligence Quotient (IQ), in two different experimental paradigms, to assess familiarity and recollection: a Process Dissociation Procedure (PDP) and a Task Dissociation Procedure (TDP). Differences in verbal skills between groups, as well as chronological age, were considered in the analysis. Participants with NS and NSML showed reduced recollection in the PDP and impaired associative recognition in the TDP, compared to controls. These results indicate poor recollection in the recognition memory of participants with NS and NSML, which cannot be explained by intellectual disability or language deficits. These results provide evidence of the role of mutations impacting RAS-MAPK signaling in the disruption of hippocampal memory formation and consolidation.
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Annamneedi A, Caliskan G, Müller S, Montag D, Budinger E, Angenstein F, Fejtova A, Tischmeyer W, Gundelfinger ED, Stork O. Ablation of the presynaptic organizer Bassoon in excitatory neurons retards dentate gyrus maturation and enhances learning performance. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3423-3445. [PMID: 29915867 PMCID: PMC6132633 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bassoon is a large scaffolding protein of the presynaptic active zone involved in the development of presynaptic terminals and in the regulation of neurotransmitter release at both excitatory and inhibitory brain synapses. Mice with constitutive ablation of the Bassoon (Bsn) gene display impaired presynaptic function, show sensory deficits and develop severe seizures. To specifically study the role of Bassoon at excitatory forebrain synapses and its relevance for control of behavior, we generated conditional knockout (Bsn cKO) mice by gene ablation through an Emx1 promoter-driven Cre recombinase. In these animals, we confirm selective loss of Bassoon from glutamatergic neurons of the forebrain. Behavioral assessment revealed that, in comparison to wild-type littermates, Bsn cKO mice display selectively enhanced contextual fear memory and increased novelty preference in a spatial discrimination/pattern separation task. These changes are accompanied by an augmentation of baseline synaptic transmission at medial perforant path to dentate gyrus (DG) synapses, as indicated by increased ratios of field excitatory postsynaptic potential slope to fiber volley amplitude. At the structural level, an increased complexity of apical dendrites of DG granule cells can be detected in Bsn cKO mice. In addition, alterations in the expression of cellular maturation markers and a lack of age-dependent decrease in excitability between juvenile and adult Bsn cKO mice are observed. Our data suggest that expression of Bassoon in excitatory forebrain neurons is required for the normal maturation of the DG and important for spatial and contextual memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Annamneedi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gürsel Caliskan
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Müller
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Montag
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department of Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Angenstein
- Special Laboratory Noninvasive Brain Imaging, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Functional Neuroimaging Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Fejtova
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,RG Presynaptic Plasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Special Laboratory Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neuroscience, Medical School, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Stork
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
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