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Huang CJ, Lyu X, Kang J. The molecular characteristics and functional roles of microspherule protein 1 (MCRS1) in gene expression, cell proliferation, and organismic development. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:619-632. [PMID: 36384428 PMCID: PMC9980701 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2145816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate spatial and temporal regulation of cell cycle progression is essential for cell proliferation and organismic development. This review demonstrates the role of microspherule protein 58kD, commonly known as MCRS1, as a key cell cycle regulator of higher eukaryotic organisms. We discuss the isoforms and functional domains of MCRS1 as well as their subcellular localization at specific stages of the cell cycle. These molecular characteristics reveal MCRS1's dynamic regulatory role in gene expression, genome stability, cell proliferation, and organismic development. Furthermore, we discuss the molecular details of its seemingly opposite, tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting, role in different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoai Lyu
- Arts and Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Jungseog Kang
- Arts and Science, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Popova JV, Pavlova GA, Razuvaeva AV, Yarinich LA, Andreyeva EN, Anders AF, Galimova YA, Renda F, Somma MP, Pindyurin AV, Gatti M. Genetic Control of Kinetochore-Driven Microtubule Growth in Drosophila Mitosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142127. [PMID: 35883570 PMCID: PMC9323100 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosome-containing cells assemble their spindles exploiting three main classes of microtubules (MTs): MTs nucleated by the centrosomes, MTs generated near the chromosomes/kinetochores, and MTs nucleated within the spindle by the augmin-dependent pathway. Mammalian and Drosophila cells lacking the centrosomes generate MTs at kinetochores and eventually form functional bipolar spindles. However, the mechanisms underlying kinetochore-driven MT formation are poorly understood. One of the ways to elucidate these mechanisms is the analysis of spindle reassembly following MT depolymerization. Here, we used an RNA interference (RNAi)-based reverse genetics approach to dissect the process of kinetochore-driven MT regrowth (KDMTR) after colcemid-induced MT depolymerization. This MT depolymerization procedure allows a clear assessment of KDMTR, as colcemid disrupts centrosome-driven MT regrowth but not KDMTR. We examined KDMTR in normal Drosophila S2 cells and in S2 cells subjected to RNAi against conserved genes involved in mitotic spindle assembly: mast/orbit/chb (CLASP1), mei-38 (TPX2), mars (HURP), dgt6 (HAUS6), Eb1 (MAPRE1/EB1), Patronin (CAMSAP2), asp (ASPM), and Klp10A (KIF2A). RNAi-mediated depletion of Mast/Orbit, Mei-38, Mars, Dgt6, and Eb1 caused a significant delay in KDMTR, while loss of Patronin had a milder negative effect on this process. In contrast, Asp or Klp10A deficiency increased the rate of KDMTR. These results coupled with the analysis of GFP-tagged proteins (Mast/Orbit, Mei-38, Mars, Eb1, Patronin, and Asp) localization during KDMTR suggested a model for kinetochore-dependent spindle reassembly. We propose that kinetochores capture the plus ends of MTs nucleated in their vicinity and that these MTs elongate at kinetochores through the action of Mast/Orbit. The Asp protein binds the MT minus ends since the beginning of KDMTR, preventing excessive and disorganized MT regrowth. Mei-38, Mars, Dgt6, Eb1, and Patronin positively regulate polymerization, bundling, and stabilization of regrowing MTs until a bipolar spindle is reformed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Popova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630039 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gera A. Pavlova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Alyona V. Razuvaeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Yarinich
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniya N. Andreyeva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Alina F. Anders
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Yuliya A. Galimova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
| | - Fioranna Renda
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Maria Patrizia Somma
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Alexey V. Pindyurin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurizio Gatti
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (J.V.P.); (G.A.P.); (A.V.R.); (L.A.Y.); (E.N.A.); (A.F.A.); (Y.A.G.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.R.); (M.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (M.G.)
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Shvedunova M, Akhtar A. Modulation of cellular processes by histone and non-histone protein acetylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:329-349. [PMID: 35042977 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is a widespread and versatile protein post-translational modification. Lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases catalyse the addition or removal, respectively, of acetyl groups at both histone and non-histone targets. In this Review, we discuss several features of acetylation and deacetylation, including their diversity of targets, rapid turnover, exquisite sensitivity to the concentrations of the cofactors acetyl-CoA, acyl-CoA and NAD+, and tight interplay with metabolism. Histone acetylation and non-histone protein acetylation influence a myriad of cellular and physiological processes, including transcription, phase separation, autophagy, mitosis, differentiation and neural function. The activity of lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases can, in turn, be regulated by metabolic states, diet and specific small molecules. Histone acetylation has also recently been shown to mediate cellular memory. These features enable acetylation to integrate the cellular state with transcriptional output and cell-fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shvedunova
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Histone Acetyltransferase MOF Orchestrates Outcomes at the Crossroad of Oncogenesis, DNA Damage Response, Proliferation, and Stem Cell Development. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00232-20. [PMID: 32661120 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00232-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA and protein complex known as chromatin is subject to posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that regulate cellular functions such that PTM dysregulation can lead to disease, including cancer. One critical PTM is acetylation/deacetylation, which is being investigated as a means to develop targeted cancer therapies. The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) family of proteins performs histone acetylation. In humans, MOF (hMOF), a member of the MYST family of HATs, acetylates histone H4 at lysine 16 (H4K16ac). MOF-mediated acetylation plays a critical role in the DNA damage response (DDR) and embryonic stem cell development. Functionally, MOF is found in two distinct complexes: NSL (nonspecific lethal) in humans and MSL (male-specific lethal) in flies. The NSL complex is also able to acetylate additional histone H4 sites. Dysregulation of MOF activity occurs in multiple cancers, including ovarian cancer, medulloblastoma, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. Bioinformatics analysis of KAT8, the gene encoding hMOF, indicated that it is highly overexpressed in kidney tumors as part of a concerted gene coexpression program that can support high levels of chromosome segregation and cell proliferation. The linkage between MOF and tumor proliferation suggests that there are additional functions of MOF that remain to be discovered.
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Moonlighting in Mitosis: Analysis of the Mitotic Functions of Transcription and Splicing Factors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061554. [PMID: 32604778 PMCID: PMC7348712 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins can perform one or more additional functions besides their primary role. It has been posited that a protein can acquire a moonlighting function through a gradual evolutionary process, which is favored when the primary and secondary functions are exerted in different cellular compartments. Transcription factors (TFs) and splicing factors (SFs) control processes that occur in interphase nuclei and are strongly reduced during cell division, and are therefore in a favorable situation to evolve moonlighting mitotic functions. However, recently published moonlighting protein databases, which comprise almost 400 proteins, do not include TFs and SFs with secondary mitotic functions. We searched the literature and found several TFs and SFs with bona fide moonlighting mitotic functions, namely they localize to specific mitotic structure(s), interact with proteins enriched in the same structure(s), and are required for proper morphology and functioning of the structure(s). In addition, we describe TFs and SFs that localize to mitotic structures but cannot be classified as moonlighting proteins due to insufficient data on their biochemical interactions and mitotic roles. Nevertheless, we hypothesize that most TFs and SFs with specific mitotic localizations have either minor or redundant moonlighting functions, or are evolving towards the acquisition of these functions.
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Rao CV, Asch AS, Carr DJJ, Yamada HY. "Amyloid-beta accumulation cycle" as a prevention and/or therapy target for Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13109. [PMID: 31981470 PMCID: PMC7059149 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle and its regulators are validated targets for cancer drugs. Reagents that target cells in a specific cell cycle phase (e.g., antimitotics or DNA synthesis inhibitors/replication stress inducers) have demonstrated success as broad-spectrum anticancer drugs. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are drivers of cell cycle transitions. A CDK inhibitor, flavopiridol/alvocidib, is an FDA-approved drug for acute myeloid leukemia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is another serious issue in contemporary medicine. The cause of AD remains elusive, although a critical role of latent amyloid-beta accumulation has emerged. Existing AD drug research and development targets include amyloid, amyloid metabolism/catabolism, tau, inflammation, cholesterol, the cholinergic system, and other neurotransmitters. However, none have been validated as therapeutically effective targets. Recent reports from AD-omics and preclinical animal models provided data supporting the long-standing notion that cell cycle progression and/or mitosis may be a valid target for AD prevention and/or therapy. This review will summarize the recent developments in AD research: (a) Mitotic re-entry, leading to the "amyloid-beta accumulation cycle," may be a prerequisite for amyloid-beta accumulation and AD pathology development; (b) AD-associated pathogens can cause cell cycle errors; (c) thirteen among 37 human AD genetic risk genes may be functionally involved in the cell cycle and/or mitosis; and (d) preclinical AD mouse models treated with CDK inhibitor showed improvements in cognitive/behavioral symptoms. If the "amyloid-beta accumulation cycle is an AD drug target" concept is proven, repurposing of cancer drugs may emerge as a new, fast-track approach for AD management in the clinic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Adam S. Asch
- Stephenson Cancer CenterDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Daniel J. J. Carr
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
| | - Hiroshi Y. Yamada
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug DevelopmentDepartment of MedicineHematology/Oncology SectionUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC)Oklahoma CityOKUSA
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