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Dmytruk KV, Ruchala J, Fayura LR, Chrzanowski G, Dmytruk OV, Tsyrulnyk AO, Andreieva YA, Fedorovych DV, Motyka OI, Mattanovich D, Marx H, Sibirny AA. Efficient production of bacterial antibiotics aminoriboflavin and roseoflavin in eukaryotic microorganisms, yeasts. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:132. [PMID: 37474952 PMCID: PMC10357625 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinomycetes Streptomyces davaonensis and Streptomyces cinnabarinus synthesize a promising broad-spectrum antibiotic roseoflavin, with its synthesis starting from flavin mononucleotide and proceeding through an immediate precursor, aminoriboflavin, that also has antibiotic properties. Roseoflavin accumulation by the natural producers is rather low, whereas aminoriboflavin accumulation is negligible. Yeasts have many advantages as biotechnological producers relative to bacteria, however, no recombinant producers of bacterial antibiotics in yeasts are known. RESULTS Roseoflavin biosynthesis genes have been expressed in riboflavin- or FMN-overproducing yeast strains of Candida famata and Komagataella phaffii. Both these strains accumulated aminoriboflavin, whereas only the latter produced roseoflavin. Aminoriboflavin isolated from the culture liquid of C. famata strain inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) and Listeria monocytogenes. Maximal accumulation of aminoriboflavin in shake-flasks reached 1.5 mg L- 1 (C. famata), and that of roseoflavin was 5 mg L- 1 (K. phaffii). Accumulation of aminoriboflavin and roseoflavin by K. phaffii recombinant strain in a bioreactor reached 22 and 130 mg L- 1, respectively. For comparison, recombinant strains of the native bacterial producer S. davaonensis accumulated near one-order less of roseoflavin while no recombinant producers of aminoriboflavin was reported at all. CONCLUSIONS Yeast recombinant producers of bacterial antibiotics aminoriboflavin and roseoflavin were constructed and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostyantyn V Dmytruk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Justyna Ruchala
- University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland
| | - Liubov R Fayura
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | | | - Olena V Dmytruk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Andriy O Tsyrulnyk
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Yuliia A Andreieva
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Daria V Fedorovych
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Olena I Motyka
- Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene of the Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Zelena St, 12, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Diethard Mattanovich
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Hans Marx
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Andriy A Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov St, 14/16, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine.
- University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszow, 35-601, Poland.
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Nascimento JF, Souza ROO, Alencar MB, Marsiccobetre S, Murillo AM, Damasceno FS, Girard RBMM, Marchese L, Luévano-Martinez LA, Achjian RW, Haanstra JR, Michels PAM, Silber AM. How much (ATP) does it cost to build a trypanosome? A theoretical study on the quantity of ATP needed to maintain and duplicate a bloodstream-form Trypanosoma brucei cell. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011522. [PMID: 37498954 PMCID: PMC10409291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP hydrolysis is required for the synthesis, transport and polymerization of monomers for macromolecules as well as for the assembly of the latter into cellular structures. Other cellular processes not directly related to synthesis of biomass, such as maintenance of membrane potential and cellular shape, also require ATP. The unicellular flagellated parasite Trypanosoma brucei has a complex digenetic life cycle. The primary energy source for this parasite in its bloodstream form (BSF) is glucose, which is abundant in the host's bloodstream. Here, we made a detailed estimation of the energy budget during the BSF cell cycle. As glycolysis is the source of most produced ATP, we calculated that a single parasite produces 6.0 x 1011 molecules of ATP/cell cycle. Total biomass production (which involves biomass maintenance and duplication) accounts for ~63% of the total energy budget, while the total biomass duplication accounts for the remaining ~37% of the ATP consumption, with in both cases translation being the most expensive process. These values allowed us to estimate a theoretical YATP of 10.1 (g biomass)/mole ATP and a theoretical [Formula: see text] of 28.6 (g biomass)/mole ATP. Flagellar motility, variant surface glycoprotein recycling, transport and maintenance of transmembrane potential account for less than 30% of the consumed ATP. Finally, there is still ~5.5% available in the budget that is being used for other cellular processes of as yet unknown cost. These data put a new perspective on the assumptions about the relative energetic weight of the processes a BSF trypanosome undergoes during its cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina F. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho O. O. Souza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayke B. Alencar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Marsiccobetre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Murillo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia S. Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard B. M. M. Girard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Marchese
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis A. Luévano-Martinez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan W. Achjian
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jurgen R. Haanstra
- Systems Biology Lab, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. M. Michels
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ariel M. Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps–LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo–São Paulo, Brazil
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Lesani M, Gosmanov C, Paun A, Lewis MD, McCall LI. Impact of Visceral Leishmaniasis on Local Organ Metabolism in Hamsters. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090802. [PMID: 36144206 PMCID: PMC9506185 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is an intracellular parasite with different species pathogenic to humans and causing the disease leishmaniasis. Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that manifests as hepatosplenomegaly, fever, pancytopenia and hypergammaglobulinemia. If left without treatment, VL can cause death, especially in immunocompromised people. Current treatments have often significant adverse effects, and resistance has been reported in some countries. Determining the metabolites perturbed during VL can lead us to find new treatments targeting disease pathogenesis. We therefore compared metabolic perturbation between L. donovani-infected and uninfected hamsters across organs (spleen, liver, and gut). Metabolites were extracted, analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and processed with MZmine and molecular networking to annotate metabolites. We found few metabolites commonly impacted by infection across all three sites, including glycerophospholipids, ceramides, acylcarnitines, peptides, purines and amino acids. In accordance with VL symptoms and parasite tropism, we found a greater overlap of perturbed metabolites between spleen and liver compared to spleen and gut, or liver and gut. Targeting pathways related to these metabolite families would be the next focus that can lead us to find more effective treatments for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Lesani
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Camil Gosmanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Andrea Paun
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael D. Lewis
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Correspondence:
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RibU is an essential determinant of Listeria pathogenesis that mediates acquisition of FMN and FAD during intracellular growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122173119. [PMID: 35316134 PMCID: PMC9060500 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122173119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is converted into flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are essential cofactors for many redox reactions across all domains of life. Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that cannot synthesize riboflavin and must therefore obtain flavins from the host. In this study, we show that a previously identified riboflavin transporter (RibU) is essential for virulence and intracellular growth, but rather than transporting riboflavin, RibU transports FMN and FAD directly from the host cell cytosol. Mutants unable to convert riboflavin to FMN and FAD retained their capacity to grow intracellularly and were virulent, but they were unable to grow extracellularly and were thus converted from facultative to obligate intracellular pathogens. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are essential riboflavin-derived cofactors involved in a myriad of redox reactions across all forms of life. Nevertheless, the basis of flavin acquisition strategies by riboflavin auxotrophic pathogens remains poorly defined. In this study, we examined how the facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, a riboflavin auxotroph, acquires flavins during infection. A L. monocytogenes mutant lacking the putative riboflavin transporter (RibU) was completely avirulent in mice but had no detectable growth defect in nutrient-rich media. However, unlike wild type, the RibU mutant was unable to grow in defined media supplemented with FMN or FAD or to replicate in macrophages starved for riboflavin. Consistent with RibU functioning to scavenge FMN and FAD inside host cells, a mutant unable to convert riboflavin to FMN or FAD retained virulence and grew in cultured macrophages and in spleens and livers of infected mice. However, this FMN- and FAD-requiring strain was unable to grow in the gallbladder or intestines, where L. monocytogenes normally grows extracellularly, suggesting that these sites do not contain sufficient flavin cofactors to promote replication. Thus, by deleting genes required to synthesize FMN and FAD, we converted L. monocytogenes from a facultative to an obligate intracellular pathogen. Collectively, these data indicate that L. monocytogenes requires riboflavin to grow extracellularly in vivo but scavenges FMN and FAD to grow in host cells.
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Saenz-Garcia JL, Borges BS, Souza-Melo N, Machado LV, Miranda JS, Pacheco-Lugo LA, Moretti NS, Wheleer R, Soares Medeiros LC, DaRocha WD. Trypanin Disruption Affects the Motility and Infectivity of the Protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:807236. [PMID: 35071054 PMCID: PMC8777028 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.807236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellum of Trypanosomatids is an organelle that contributes to multiple functions, including motility, cell division, and host–pathogen interaction. Trypanin was first described in Trypanosoma brucei and is part of the dynein regulatory complex. TbTrypanin knockdown parasites showed motility defects in procyclic forms; however, silencing in bloodstream forms was lethal. Since TbTrypanin mutants show drastic phenotypic changes in mammalian stages, we decided to evaluate if the Trypanosoma cruzi ortholog plays a similar role by using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate null mutants. A ribonucleoprotein complex of SaCas9 and sgRNA plus donor oligonucleotide were used to edit both alleles of TcTrypanin without any selectable marker. TcTrypanin −/− epimastigotes showed a lower growth rate, partially detached flagella, normal numbers of nuclei and kinetoplasts, and motility defects such as reduced displacement and speed and increased tumbling propensity. The epimastigote mutant also showed decreased efficiency of in-vitro metacyclogenesis. Mutant parasites were able to complete the entire life cycle in vitro; however, they showed a reduction in their infection capacity compared with WT and addback cultures. Our data show that T. cruzi life cycle stages have differing sensitivities to TcTrypanin deletion. In conclusion, additional work is needed to dissect the motility components of T. cruzi and to identify essential molecules for mammalian stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Saenz-Garcia
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Normanda Souza-Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (LBMP), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Hertha Mayer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz V Machado
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Miranda
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Nilmar S Moretti
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Patógenos (LBMP), Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Wheleer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lia C Soares Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wanderson D DaRocha
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional de Parasitos (GFP), Universidade Federal de Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Viecenz JM, Garavaglia PA, Tasso LM, Maidana CG, Bautista Cannata JJ, García GA. Identification and biochemical characterization of an ATP-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Parasitol 2021; 231:108178. [PMID: 34767777 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) can be used as an energy source by many cell types; however, it is toxic at high concentrations. The enzyme dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK) has shown to be involved in DHA detoxification and osmoregulation. Among protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma, T. brucei, which causes sleeping sickness, is highly sensitive to DHA and does not have orthologous genes to DAK. Conversely, T. cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas Disease, has two putative ATP-dependent DAK (TcDAKs) sequences in its genome. Here we show that T. cruzi epimastigote lysates present a DAK specific activity of 27.1 nmol/min/mg of protein and that this form of the parasite is able to grow in the presence of 2 mM DHA. TcDAK gene was cloned and the recombinant enzyme (recTcDAK) was expressed in Escherichia coli. An anti-recTcDAK serum reacted with a protein of the expected molecular mass of 61 kDa in epimastigotes. recTcDAK presented maximal activity using Mg+2, showing a Km of 6.5 μM for DHA and a K0.5 of 124.7 μM for ATP. As it was reported for other DAKs, recTcDAK activity was inhibited by FAD with an IC50 value of 0.33 mM. In conclusion, TcDAK is the first DAK described in trypanosomatids confirming another divergent metabolism between T. brucei and T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Matías Viecenz
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben"-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, (1063), Argentina
| | - Patricia Andrea Garavaglia
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben"-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, (1063), Argentina
| | - Laura Mónica Tasso
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben"-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, (1063), Argentina
| | - Cristina Graciela Maidana
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben"-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, (1063), Argentina
| | - Joaquín Juan Bautista Cannata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIB-INTECH) "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-CONICET, San Martín, (1650), Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Andrea García
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben"-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, (1063), Argentina.
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Schenk R, Bachmaier S, Bringaud F, Boshart M. Efficient flavinylation of glycosomal fumarate reductase by its own ApbE domain in Trypanosoma brucei. FEBS J 2021; 288:5430-5445. [PMID: 33755328 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A subset of flavoproteins has a covalently attached flavin prosthetic group enzymatically attached via phosphoester bonding. In prokaryotes, this is catalysed by alternative pyrimidine biosynthesis E (ApbE) flavin transferases. ApbE-like domains are present in few eukaryotic taxa, for example the N-terminal domain of fumarate reductase (FRD) of Trypanosoma, a parasitic protist known as a tropical pathogen causing African sleeping sickness. We use the versatile reverse genetic tools available for Trypanosoma to investigate the flavinylation of glycosomal FRD (FRDg) in vivo in the physiological and organellar context. Using direct in-gel fluorescence detection of covalently attached flavin as proxy for activity, we show that the ApbE-like domain of FRDg has flavin transferase activity in vivo. The ApbE domain is preceded by a consensus flavinylation target motif at the extreme N terminus of FRDg, and serine 9 in this motif is essential as flavin acceptor. The preferred mode of flavinylation in the glycosome was addressed by stoichiometric expression and comparison of native and catalytically inactive ApbE domains. In addition to the trans-flavinylation activity, the ApbE domain catalyses the intramolecular cis-flavinylation with at least fivefold higher efficiency. We discuss how the higher efficiency due to unusual fusion of the ApbE domain to its substrate protein FRD may provide a selective advantage by faster FRD biogenesis during rapid metabolic adaptation of trypanosomes. The first 37 amino acids of FRDg, including the consensus motif, are sufficient as flavinylation target upon fusion to other proteins. We propose FRDg(1-37) as 4-kDa heat-stable, detergent-resistant fluorescent protein tag and suggest its use as a new tool to study glycosomal protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schenk
- Biozentrum, Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sabine Bachmaier
- Biozentrum, Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), UMR 5234, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Boshart
- Biozentrum, Fakultät für Biologie, Genetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Martinsried, Germany
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Campagnaro GD, de Koning HP. Purine and pyrimidine transporters of pathogenic protozoa - conduits for therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1679-1714. [PMID: 32144812 DOI: 10.1002/med.21667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purines and pyrimidines are essential nutrients for any cell. Most organisms are able to synthesize their own purines and pyrimidines, but this ability was lost in protozoans that adapted to parasitism, leading to a great diversification in transporter activities in these organisms, especially for the acquisition of amino acids and nucleosides from their hosts throughout their life cycles. Many of these transporters have been shown to have sufficiently different substrate affinities from mammalian transporters, making them good carriers for therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize the knowledge obtained on purine and pyrimidine activities identified in protozoan parasites to date and discuss their importance for the survival of these parasites and as drug carriers, as well as the perspectives of developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Campagnaro
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
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Gazanion E, Vergnes B. Protozoan Parasite Auxotrophies and Metabolic Dependencies. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 109:351-375. [PMID: 30535605 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by protozoan parasites have a major impact on world health. These early branching eukaryotes cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. During evolution, protozoan parasites have evolved toward complex life cycles in multiple host organisms with different nutritional resources. The conservation of functional metabolic pathways required for these successive environments is therefore a prerequisite for parasitic lifestyle. Nevertheless, parasitism drives genome evolution toward gene loss and metabolic dependencies (including strict auxotrophy), especially for obligatory intracellular parasites. In this chapter, we will compare and contrast how protozoan parasites have perfected this metabolic adaptation by focusing on specific auxotrophic pathways and scavenging strategies used by clinically relevant apicomplexan and trypanosomatid parasites to access host's nutritional resources. We will further see how these metabolic dependencies have in turn been exploited for therapeutic purposes against these human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gazanion
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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