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Yu M, Yao Y, Li X, Su A, Xie M, Xiong Y, Yang S, Ni Q, Xiao H, Xu H. Epidemiological investigation of Entamoeba in wild rhesus macaques in China: A novel ribosomal lineage and genetic differentiation of Entamoeba nuttalli. Int J Parasitol 2024:S0020-7519(24)00072-9. [PMID: 38604548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Wild rhesus macaques are a potential source of zoonotic parasites for humans, and Entamoeba spp. are common intestinal parasites. To investigate the prevalence of Entamoeba in wild rhesus macaques in China and explore the genetic differentiation of the potentially pathogenic species Entamoeba nuttalli, a total of 276 fecal samples from five populations at high altitudes (HAG, 2,800-4,100 m above sea level) and four populations at low altitudes (LAG, 5-1,000 m above sea level) were collected. PCR methods based on the ssrRNA gene were used to detect Entamoeba infection. Genotyping of E. nuttalli was performed based on six tRNA-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci for further genetic analyses. The results revealed that Entamoeba infection (69.2%) was common in wild rhesus macaques in China, especially in LAG which had a significantly higher prevalence rate than that in HAG (P < 0.001). Three zoonotic species were identified: Entamoeba chattoni (60.9%) was the most prevalent species and distributed in all the populations, followed by Entamoeba coli (33.3%) and Entamoeba nuttalli (17.4%). In addition, a novel Entamoeba ribosomal lineage named RL13 (22.8%) was identified, and phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between RL13 and Entamoeba. hartmanni. Genotyping of E. nuttalli obtained 24 genotypes from five populations and further analysis showed E. nuttalli had a high degree of genetic differentiation (FST > 0.25, Nm < 1) between the host populations. The result of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that observed genetic differences mainly originate from differences among populations (FST = 0.91). Meanwhile, the phylogenetic tree showed that these genotypes of E. nuttalli were clustered according to geographical populations, indicating a significant phylogeographic distribution pattern. Considering the potential pathogenicity of E. nuttalli, attention should be paid to its risk of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Yu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Aoxing Su
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Shengzhi Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongtao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
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Altaie AM, Mohammad MG, Madkour MI, Shakartalla SB, Jayakumar MN, K G AR, Halwani R, Samsudin AR, Hamoudi RA, Soliman SSM. The Essential Role of 17-Octadecynoic Acid in the Pathogenesis of Periapical Abscesses. J Endod 2023; 49:169-177.e3. [PMID: 36528175 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periapical abscesses are 1 of the most frequent pathologic lesions in the alveolar bone. Recently, we have identified 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA) as the highest unique metabolite in periapical abscesses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the immunologic and pathophysiological roles of this metabolite in the initiation and development of periapical abscesses. METHODS Periodontal ligament fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with 17-ODYA. Gene expression analysis and interleukin (IL)-8 release were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Macrophage polarization and cytokine release were also determined using flow cytometry and Luminex bioassay (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), respectively. RESULTS In periodontal ligament fibroblasts, 17-ODYA caused significant (P < .0001) up-regulation of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 10 μmol/L after 6 days of treatment and up-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha at all tested concentrations after 2 days of treatment. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 17-ODYA significantly increased the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 at 10 μmol/L (P < .0001) and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha and platelet-derived growth factor alpha at 1 μmol/L 17-ODYA (P < .0001). 17-ODYA polarized macrophages toward a proinflammatory phenotype (M1) and suppressed the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. 17-ODYA significantly enhanced the release of IL-8. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first to identify the pathologic role of 17-ODYA in the development of periapical abscesses. The results of this study are important in shedding light on the pathogenesis of periapical abscesses in relation to microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad G Mohammad
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed I Madkour
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sarra B Shakartalla
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manju Nidagodu Jayakumar
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aghila Rani K G
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - A R Samsudin
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat A Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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Identification of Mamu-DRB1 gene as a susceptibility factor for Entamoeba nuttalli infection in Chinese Macaca mulatta. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104952. [PMID: 34091067 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba nuttalli infection is highly prevalent in captive and wild macaques. A recent study suggested that the genetic factor of host macaques was correlated with the genotypes of E. nuttalli isolates. This study focused on the correlation between the rhesus macaque host major histocompatibility complex gene and E. nuttalli infection. Thirty-nine stool samples were obtained from Mount Qing-ling (Guizhou Province, China). Polymerase chain reaction analysis detected the infection rate of E. nuttalli, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba chattoni as 69.23%, 69.23%, and 87.18%, respectively. A new Serine-rich Protein genotype was detected, and the rRNA of E. nuttalli isolates from Mount Qian-ling was completely identical to the GY4 strain. In the distance-based neighbor-joining tree, Mamu-DRB1, not Mamu-DPB or Mamu-B gene, was related to E. nuttalli infection. Mamu-DRB1 genes of rhesus macaques in Mounts Qian-ling and Long-hu were highly polymorphic, and the rhesus macaques with two major types of Mamu-DRB1 showed susceptibility to E. nuttalli infection. The Mamu-DRB1 gene analysis in this study indicated that the Mamu-DRB1 gene is an important factor that influences the susceptibility of E. nuttalli infection in Chinese Macaca mulatta. This study contributes to a better understanding of host susceptibility to Entamoeba.
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Mendes E, Casaro MB, Fukumori C, Ribeiro WR, Dos Santos AL, Sartorelli P, Lazarini M, Bogsan CSB, Oliveira MA, Ferreira CM. Preventive oral kefir supplementation protects mice from ovariectomy-induced exacerbated allergic airway inflammation. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:187-197. [PMID: 33789554 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease that affects more women than men in adulthood. Clinical evidence shows that hormonal fluctuation during the menstrual cycle and menopause are related to increased asthma severity in women. Considering that life expectancy has increased and that most women now undergo menopause, strategies to prevent the worsening of asthma symptoms are particularly important. A recent study from our group showed that re-exposure of ovariectomised allergic mice to antigen (ovalbumin) leads to an exacerbation of lung inflammation that is similar to clinical conditions. However, little is known about the role of probiotics in the prevention of asthma exacerbations during the menstrual cycle or menopause. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with kefir, a popular fermented dairy beverage, as a preventive strategy for modulating allergic disease. The results show that the preventive kefir administration decreases the influx of inflammatory cells in the airways and exacerbates the production of mucus and the interleukin 13 cytokine. Additionally, kefir changes macrophage polarisation by decreasing the number of M2 macrophages, as shown by RT-PCR assay. Thus, kefir is a functional food that potentially prevents allergic airway inflammation exacerbations in ovariectomised mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mendes
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - M B Casaro
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - C Fukumori
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - W R Ribeiro
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - A L Dos Santos
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - P Sartorelli
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - M Lazarini
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - C S B Bogsan
- Department of Biochemical-Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-16, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M A Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences I, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - C M Ferreira
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
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Mon HM, Feng M, Pattanawong U, Kosuwin R, Yanagi T, Kobayashi S, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Cheng X, Tachibana H. Genotyping of Entamoeba nuttalli strains from the wild rhesus macaques of Myanmar and comparison with those from the wild rhesus macaques of Nepal and China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104830. [PMID: 33798757 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba nuttalli found in macaques is phylogenetically the closest species to Entamoeba histolytica and is potentially pathogenic. In this study, the prevalence of Entamoeba infections was examined in wild rhesus macaques by examining 73 and 90 fecal samples collected from two sites, Popa Taung Kalat (PTK) and Pho Win Taung (PWT), in Myanmar. The positive rates of E. nuttalli detected using PCR were 49% and 31% in PTK and PWT, respectively, but no infections of E. histolytica and E. moshkovskii were found. Entamoeba dispar was detected in 6% of samples only from PWT. Positive rates of E. chattoni and E. coli were both 70% in PWT and 67% and 79% in PTK, respectively. Six E. nuttalli strains from PTK and eight from PWT were obtained in the culture with xenic medium and then, one and two strains, respectively, were axenized and finally cloned. The genotypic analysis of serine-rich protein genes revealed two genotypes each in both sites. The genotypes found in five of six strains from PTK were similar to those from the strains found in Nepal, whereas the remaining one from PTK and two from PWT were similar to those obtained from macaques in China. The sequence of the 18S rDNA of strains with these four genotypes was identical to that of the strains from China. Six loci of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats were analyzed for further genotyping of the strains. Although there were two types in locus A-L in PTK isolates, one of each type for PTK and PWT was found in the other loci, including locus A-L in PWT strains. These results demonstrated that the E. nuttalli strains from Myanmar are closer to the strains from macaques in China rather than those from macaques in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hla Myat Mon
- Yangon Technological University, Pharmaceutical Research Department, Myanma Scientific and Technological Research Department, Ministry of Science and Technology, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Meng Feng
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Urassaya Pattanawong
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rattiporn Kosuwin
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Division of Health Promotion, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Seiki Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somchai Jongwutiwes
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Nakamura R, Yoshizawa A, Moriyasu T, Deloer S, Senba M, Kikuchi M, Koyasu S, Moro K, Hamano S. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Exacerbate Amebic Liver Abscess in Mice. iScience 2020; 23:101544. [PMID: 33083770 PMCID: PMC7509001 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite in the lumen of the human large intestine, occasionally spreads to the liver and induces amebic liver abscesses (ALAs). Upon infection with E. histolytica, high levels of type 2 cytokines are induced in the liver early after infection. However, the sources and functions of these initial type 2 cytokines in ALA formation remain unclear. In this study, we examined the roles of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in ALA formation. Hepatic ILC2 numbers were significantly increased and they produced robust levels of IL-5. The in vivo transfer of ILC2s into Rag2−/−common γ chain (γc)−/− KO mice aggravated ALA formation accompanied by eosinophilia and neutrophilia. Furthermore, IL-33-deficient mice and IL-5-neutralized mice had less ALA formations. These results suggest that ILC2s contribute to exacerbating the pathogenesis of ALA by producing early type 2 cytokines and promoting the accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils in the liver. ILC2s exacerbate ALA by promoting the accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils Hepatic ILC2s are increased and the main source of IL-5 in the early phase of ALA Hepatic ILC2s localize with IL-33+ cells in the inflammatory areas of ALA IL-33 is a trigger of ILC2-mediated ALA formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nakamura
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Leadership Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yoshizawa
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare (IUHW), School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taeko Moriyasu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Leadership Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Japan.,Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sharmina Deloer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Leadership Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Japan.,Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Maryland, USA
| | - Masachika Senba
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mihoko Kikuchi
- The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Japan.,Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Leadership Program, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Japan
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Whole genome sequencing of Entamoeba nuttalli reveals mammalian host-related molecular signatures and a novel octapeptide-repeat surface protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007923. [PMID: 31805050 PMCID: PMC6917348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric protozoa Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, which is one of the most common parasitic diseases in developed and developing countries. Entamoeba nuttalli is the genetically closest species to E. histolytica in current phylogenetic analyses of Entamoeba species, and is prevalent in wild macaques. Therefore, E. nuttalli may be a key organism in which to investigate molecules required for infection of human or non-human primates. To explore the molecular signatures of host-parasite interactions, we conducted de novo assembly of the E. nuttalli genome, utilizing self-correction of PacBio long reads and polishing corrected reads using Illumina short reads, followed by comparative genomic analysis with two other mammalian and a reptilian Entamoeba species. The final draft assembly of E. nuttalli included 395 contigs with a total length of approximately 23 Mb, and 9,647 predicted genes, of which 6,940 were conserved with E. histolytica. In addition, we found an E. histolytica-specific repeat known as ERE2 in the E. nuttalli genome. GO-term enrichment analysis of mammalian host-related molecules indicated diversification of transmembrane proteins, including AIG1 family and BspA-like proteins that may be involved in the host-parasite interaction. Furthermore, we identified an E. nuttalli-specific protein that contained 42 repeats of an octapeptide ([G,E]KPTDTPS). This protein was shown to be localized on the cell surface using immunofluorescence. Since many repeat-containing proteins in parasites play important roles in interactions with host cells, this unique octapeptide repeat-containing protein may be involved in colonization of E. nuttalli in the intestine of macaques. Overall, our draft assembly provides a valuable resource for studying Entamoeba evolution and host-parasite selection.
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Cui Z, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang L. Molecular epidemiology, evolution, and phylogeny of Entamoeba spp. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104018. [PMID: 31465857 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite and the causative agent of amoebiasis in humans. The estimations of the worldwide burden of amoebiasis by the WHO indicated that approximately 500 million people were infected with the parasite and 10% of these individuals had invasive amoebiasis. However, our understanding of the disease burden and epidemiology of human amebiasis has undergone dramatic changes over the last two decades based on molecular analyses. The development of Entamoeba genomics has also provided some interesting and valuable information on the evolution and population structure of this parasite. In addition, the use of a number of molecular markers has greatly expanded our understanding of Entamoeba host range and genetic diversity. In this review, we re-assessed Entamoeba prevalence and species in humans, non-human primates, other animals, and the environment in the context of molecular data. Some issues regarding the evolution and phylogeny of different Entamoeba species lineages are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; National International Joint Research Center for Veterinary Immunology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; National International Joint Research Center for Veterinary Immunology, Zhengzhou, China; Scientific Research Experiment Center & Laboratory Animal Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; National International Joint Research Center for Veterinary Immunology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; National International Joint Research Center for Veterinary Immunology, Zhengzhou, China.
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ENTAMOEBA SPP. IN WILD FORMOSAN ROCK MACAQUES (MACACA CYCLOPIS) IN AN AREA WITH FREQUENT HUMAN-MACAQUE CONTACT. J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:608-618. [DOI: 10.7589/2018-04-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Feng M, Yanagi T, Putaporntip C, Pattanawong U, Cheng X, Jongwutiwes S, Tachibana H. Correlation between genotypes and geographic distribution of Entamoeba nuttalli isolates from wild long-tailed macaques in Central Thailand. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:114-122. [PMID: 30822548 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba nuttalli found in non-human primates is the phylogenetically closest species to Entamoeba histolytica and is potentially pathogenic. However, infection of wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with E. nuttalli has not been found. In this study, the prevalence of Entamoeba infections in wild long-tailed macaques was examined in seven locations in six provinces of Thailand. The positive rate for E. nuttalli in 214 fecal samples was 43.9% using PCR, but no infection with E. histolytica or Entamoeba dispar was found, demonstrating that long-tailed macaque is one of the natural hosts for E. nuttalli. Twenty-four E. nuttalli isolates were successfully cultured and four of them were axenized. The sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA genes of E. nuttalli from long-tailed macaques differed from those of E. nuttalli isolates from other species of wild macaques. Eleven types of sequences in serine-rich protein genes were identified in the 24 isolates and these were specific for each location in Thailand. By analysis of six tRNA-linked short tandem repeat loci, these isolates were divided into 14 types, and each type was also location-specific. Phylogenetic analysis revealed correlation between genotypes of the parasite and the geographic distribution of the host macaques. Genetic distance and geographic distance correlated significantly in a Mantel test, with r values of 0.888 based on the tRNA-linked short tandem repeat loci and 0.815 based on the serine-rich protein genes. These results suggest that genetic divergence and co-evolution of the parasite occurred during dispersion and colonization of the host macaque, and that genotypic analysis of the parasite may enable identification of the geographic localization of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Urassaya Pattanawong
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Somchai Jongwutiwes
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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