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Lipid-related protein NECTIN2 is an important marker in the progression of carotid atherosclerosis: An intersection of clinical and basic studies. J Transl Int Med 2021; 9:294-306. [PMID: 35136728 PMCID: PMC8802405 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background:
The nectin cell adhesion molecule 2 (NECTIN2) protein is a cell adhesion molecule involved in lipid metabolism. We aimed to explore the potential role of NECTIN2 in carotid atherosclerosis (CA).
Materials and Methods:
Patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were enrolled in this study. APOE-/- rats fed western or normal diet were used to model early pathological changes in CA. The relationship between patients’ lipid indices and plaque severity was assessed using ordinal regression analysis. Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis was used to determine the causal links between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherosclerosis. After matching analysis of the single-cell transcriptome and microarray data of carotid plaques, NECTIN2 was identified as a key factor affecting CA. The importance of NECTIN2 was further verified by immunofluorescence staining of CEA and APOE-/- rat specimens.
Results:
A total of 108 patients were included. The traditional lipid indices did not correlate significantly with the plaque severity (P > 0.05). NECTIN2 provided a strong causal link between LDL-C level and CA (MR effect size >0). Deep-sequencing data illustrated that NECTIN2 expression was cell specific. In early-stage CA, NECTIN2 expression was increased in endothelial cells; however, in advanced-stage CA, NECTIN2 was overexpressed in macrophages located in fibrous caps. APOE-/- rat carotid artery and human carotid plaques modelled the entire atherosclerotic process, showing an upregulation of NECTIN2 expression in CA.
Conclusions:
Lipid-related protein NECTIN2 is a potential marker in CA progression and can potentially be a new therapeutic target for clinical prevention.
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Zhang R, Zeng H, Zhang Y, Chen K, Zhang C, Song C, Fang L, Xu Z, Yang K, Jin B, Wang Q, Chen L. CD226 ligation protects against EAE by promoting IL-10 expression via regulation of CD4+ T cell differentiation. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19251-64. [PMID: 26942885 PMCID: PMC4991380 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment targeting CD226 can ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the widely accepted model of MS. However, the mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Here we showed that CD226 blockage by anti-CD226 blocking mAb LeoA1 efficiently promoted IL-10 production in human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) or in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) system, significantly induced the CD4+IL-10+ T cell differentiation while suppressing the generation of Th1 and Th17. Furthermore, CD226 pAb administration in vivo reduced the onset of EAE in mice by promoting IL-10 production and regulating T cell differentiation. Concomitantly, the onset and severity of EAE were reduced and the serum IL-10 expression levels were increased in CD226 knockout mice than that in control mice when both received EAE induction. These novel findings confirmed that CD226 played a pivotal role in mediating autoimmune diseases such as EAE. Furthermore, to our knowledge, we show for the first time that IL-10 is an important contributor in the inhibitory effects of CD226 ligation on EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hanyu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Chaojun Song
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhuwei Xu
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Boquan Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Qintao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Silencing c‐Rel in macrophages dampens Th1 and Th17 immune responses and alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:593-600. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sauer EL, Cloake NC, Greer JM. Taming the TCR: antigen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:460-85. [PMID: 25970132 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1027822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for autoimmune diseases are typically non-specific anti-inflammatory agents that affect not only the autoreactive cells but also the parts of the immune system that are required to maintain health. There is a need for the development of antigen-specific therapeutic agents that can effectively prevent the autoimmune attack while leaving the rest of the immune system functioning as normal. The simplest way to achieve this is using the autoantigen itself as a tolerizing agent; however, there is some risk involved with administering a potentially pathogenic antigen. In this review, we focus instead on the development and use of modified T cell receptor (TCR) ligands, in which the peptide ligand is modified to change the response by the T cell from a disease inducing to a protective response, and still retain the antigen-specificity necessary to target the autoreactive T cells. We review the use of modified TCR ligands as therapeutic agents in animal models of autoimmunity and in human autoimmune disease, and finally consider how they need to be improved in order to use them effectively in patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Sauer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Nancy C Cloake
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Judith M Greer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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Kyger M, Worley A, Huan J, McDowell H, Smith WC, Burrows GG, Mattapallil MJ, Caspi RR, Adamus G. Effective Arrestin-Specific Immunotherapy of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis with RTL: A Prospect for Treatment of Human Uveitis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2013; 2:1. [PMID: 24049712 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.2.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the immunotherapeutic efficacy of recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) specific for arrestin immunity in treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in humanized leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR3) transgenic (Tg) mice. METHODS We generated de novo recombinant human DR3-derived RTLs bearing covalently tethered arrestin peptides 291-310 (RTL351) or 305-324 (RTL352). EAU was induced by immunization of HLA-DR3 mice with arrestin or arrestin peptide and treated with RTLs by subcutaneous delivery. T cell proliferation and cytokine expression was measured in RTL-treated and control mice. RESULTS RTL351 prevented the migration of cells outside of the spleen and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the eye, and provided full protection against inflammation from EAU induced with arrestin or arrestin peptides. RTL351 significantly inhibited T cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon γ (IFN-γ), IL-6, and IL-17 and chemokines (macrophage inflammatory proteins [MIP-1a] and regulated and normal T cell expressed and secreted [RANTES]), which is in agreement with the suppression of intraocular inflammation. RTL350 ("empty," no peptide) and RTL352 were not effective. CONCLUSIONS Immunotherapy with a single RTL351 successfully prevented and treated arrestin-induced EAU in HLA-DR3 mice and provided proof of concept for therapy of autoimmune uveitis in human patients. The beneficial effects of RTL351 should be attributed to a significant decrease in Th1/Th17 mediated inflammation. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Successful therapies for autoimmune uveitis must specifically inhibit pathogenic inflammation without inducing generalized immunosuppression. RTLs can offer such an option. The single retina-specific RTLs may have a value as potential immunotherapeutic drug for human autoimmune uveitis because they effectively prevent disease induced by multiple T cell specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Kyger
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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