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Mize TJ, Funkhouser SA, Buck JM, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA, Evans LM. Testing Association of Previously Implicated Gene Sets and Gene-Networks in Nicotine Exposed Mouse Models with Human Smoking Phenotypes. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1030-1038. [PMID: 36444815 PMCID: PMC10077928 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking behaviors are partly heritable, yet the genetic and environmental mechanisms underlying smoking phenotypes are not fully understood. Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) is a significant risk factor for smoking and leads to gene expression changes in mouse models; however, it is unknown whether the same genes whose expression is impacted by DNE are also those underlying smoking genetic liability. We examined whether genes whose expression in D1-type striatal medium spiny neurons due to DNE in the mouse are also associated with human smoking behaviors. METHODS Specifically, we assessed whether human orthologs of mouse-identified genes, either individually or as a set, were genetically associated with five human smoking traits using MAGMA and S-LDSC while implementing a novel expression-based gene-SNP annotation methodology. RESULTS We found no strong evidence that these genes sets were more strongly associated with smoking behaviors than the rest of the genome, but ten of these individual genes were significantly associated with three of the five human smoking traits examined (p < 2.5e-6). Three of these genes have not been reported previously and were discovered only when implementing the expression-based annotation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the genes whose expression is impacted by DNE in mice are largely distinct from those contributing to smoking genetic liability in humans. However, examining a single mouse neuronal cell type may be too fine a resolution for comparison, suggesting that experimental manipulation of nicotine consumption, reward, or withdrawal in mice may better capture genes related to the complex genetics of human tobacco use. IMPLICATIONS Genes whose expression is impacted by DNE in mouse D1-type striatal medium spiny neurons were not found to be, as a whole, more strongly associated with human smoking behaviors than the rest of the genome, though ten individual mouse-identified genes were associated with human smoking traits. This suggests little overlap between the genetic mechanisms impacted by DNE and those influencing heritable liability to smoking phenotypes in humans. Further research is warranted to characterize how developmental nicotine exposure paradigms in mice can be translated to understand nicotine use in humans and their heritable effects on smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Mize
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Scott A Funkhouser
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jordan M Buck
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jerry A Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Luke M Evans
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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2
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Kobayashi S, Sata F, Kishi R. Gene-environment interactions related to maternal exposure to environmental and lifestyle-related chemicals during pregnancy and the resulting adverse fetal growth: a review. Environ Health Prev Med 2022; 27:24. [PMID: 35675978 PMCID: PMC9251623 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.21-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are only limited numbers of reviews on the association of maternal-child genetic polymorphisms and environmental and lifestyle-related chemical exposure during pregnancy with adverse fetal growth. Thus, this article aims to review: (1) the effect of associations between the above highlighted factors on adverse fetal growth and (2) recent birth cohort studies regarding environmental health risks. Methods Based on a search of the PubMed database through August 2021, 68 epidemiological studies on gene-environment interactions, focusing on the association between environmental and lifestyle-related chemical exposure and adverse fetal growth was identified. Moreover, we also reviewed recent worldwide birth cohort studies regarding environmental health risks. Results Thirty studies examined gene-smoking associations with adverse fetal growth. Sixteen maternal genes significantly modified the association between maternal smoking and adverse fetal growth. Two genes significantly related with this association were detected in infants. Moreover, the maternal genes that significantly interacted with maternal smoking during pregnancy were cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 3 (XRCC3), interleukin 6 (IL6), interleukin 1 beta (IL1B), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ alpha 1 (HLA-DQA1), HLA DQ beta 1 (HLA-DQB1), and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Fetal genes that had significant interactions with maternal smoking during pregnancy were glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) and fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO). Thirty-eight studies examined the association between chemical exposures and adverse fetal growth. In 62 of the 68 epidemiological studies (91.2%), a significant association was found with adverse fetal growth. Across the studies, there was a wide variation in the analytical methods used, especially with respect to the genetic polymorphisms of interest, environmental and lifestyle-related chemicals examined, and the study design used to estimate the gene-environment interactions. It was also found that a consistently increasing number of European and worldwide large-scale birth cohort studies on environmental health risks have been conducted since approximately 1996. Conclusion There is some evidence to suggest the importance of gene-environment interactions on adverse fetal growth. The current knowledge on gene-environment interactions will help guide future studies on the combined effects of maternal-child genetic polymorphisms and exposure to environmental and lifestyle-related chemicals during pregnancy. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1265/ehpm.21-00033.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumihiro Sata
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Health Center, Chuo University
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University
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3
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Lang BM, Biedermann L, van Haaften WT, de Vallière C, Schuurmans M, Begré S, Zeitz J, Scharl M, Turina M, Greuter T, Schreiner P, Heinrich H, Kuntzen T, Vavricka SR, Rogler G, Beerenwinkel N, Misselwitz B. Genetic polymorphisms associated with smoking behaviour predict the risk of surgery in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:55-66. [PMID: 29052254 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a strong environmental factor leading to adverse outcomes in Crohn's disease, but a more benign course in ulcerative colitis. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with smoking quantity and behaviour. AIM To assess whether smoking-associated SNPs interact with smoking to influence the clinical course of inflammatory bowel diseases. METHODS Genetic and prospectively obtained clinical data from 1434 Swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort patients (821 Crohn's disease and 613 ulcerative colitis) were analysed. Six SNPs associated with smoking quantity and behaviour (rs588765, rs1051730, rs1329650, rs4105144, rs6474412 and rs3733829) were combined to form a risk score (range: 0-12) by adding the number of risk alleles. We calculated multivariate models for smoking, risk of surgery, fistula, Crohn's disease location and ulcerative colitis disease extent. RESULTS In Crohn's disease patients who smoke, the number of surgeries was associated with the genetic risk score. This translates to a predicted 3.5-fold (95% confidence interval: 2.4- to 5.7-fold, P<.0001) higher number of surgical procedures in smokers with 12 risk alleles than individuals with the lowest risk. Patients with a risk score >7 had a significantly shorter time to first intestinal surgery. The genetic risk score did not predict surgery in ulcerative colitis or occurrence of fistulae in Crohn's disease. SNP rs6265 was associated with ileal disease in Crohn's disease (P<.05) and proctitis in ulcerative colitis (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS SNPs associated with smoking quantity is associated with an increased risk for surgery in Crohn's disease patients who smoke. Our data provide an example of genetics interacting with the environment to influence the disease course of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lang
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Biedermann
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W T van Haaften
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C de Vallière
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Schuurmans
- Division of Pneumology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Begré
- Hohenegg Hospital, Meilen, Switzerland
| | - J Zeitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Turina
- Division of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Greuter
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Schreiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Heinrich
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Kuntzen
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S R Vavricka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Misselwitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland
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McEvoy CT, Milner KF, Scherman AJ, Schilling DG, Tiller CJ, Vuylsteke B, Shorey-Kendrick LE, Spindel ER, Schuff R, Mitchell J, Peters D, Metz J, Haas D, Jackson K, Tepper RS, Morris CD. Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP): Rationale, design, and methods of a randomized, controlled trial of vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy for the primary prevention of effects of in utero tobacco smoke exposure on infant lung function and respiratory health. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 58:66-77. [PMID: 28495620 PMCID: PMC5696784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite strong anti-smoking efforts, at least 12% of American women cannot quit smoking when pregnant resulting in >450,000 smoke-exposed infants born yearly. Smoking during pregnancy is the largest preventable cause of childhood respiratory illness including wheezing and asthma. Recent studies have shown a protective effect of vitamin C supplementation on the lung function of offspring exposed to in utero smoke in a non-human primate model and an initial human trial. Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate pulmonary function at 3months of age in infants delivered to pregnant smokers randomized to 500mg/day of vitamin C versus placebo during pregnancy. Secondary aims evaluate the incidence of wheezing through 12months and pulmonary function testing at 12months of age. Women are randomized between 13 and 23weeks gestation from clinical sites in Portland, Oregon at Oregon Health & Science University and PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center and in Indianapolis, Indiana at Indiana University and Wishard Hospital. Vitamin C supplementation occurs from randomization to delivery. Monthly contact with participants and monitoring of medical records is performed to document medication adherence, changes in smoking and medical history, and adverse events. Pulmonary function testing of offspring occurs at 3 and 12months of age and incidence of wheezing and respiratory illness through 12months is captured via at least quarterly questionnaires. Ancillary studies are investigating the impact of vitamin C on placental blood flow and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy T McEvoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kristin F Milner
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ashley J Scherman
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Diane G Schilling
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christina J Tiller
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brittany Vuylsteke
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Eliot R Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Robert Schuff
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie Mitchell
- Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dawn Peters
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jill Metz
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Haas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Keith Jackson
- PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Robert S Tepper
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cynthia D Morris
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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The Generation R Study: Biobank update 2015. Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 29:911-27. [PMID: 25527369 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-014-9980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes and causal pathways leading to normal and abnormal growth, development and health from fetal life, childhood and young adulthood. In total, 9,778 mothers were enrolled in the study. Data collection in children and their parents include questionnaires, interviews, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and biological samples. Efforts have been conducted for collecting biological samples including blood, hair, faeces, nasal swabs, saliva and urine samples and generating genomics data on DNA, RNA and microbiome. In this paper, we give an update of the collection, processing and storage of these biological samples and available measures. Together with detailed phenotype measurements, these biological samples provide a unique resource for epidemiological studies focused on environmental exposures, genetic and genomic determinants and their interactions in relation to growth, health and development from fetal life onwards.
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6
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McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, Jackson K, Go MD, Spitale P, Bunten C, Leiva M, Gonzales D, Hollister-Smith J, Durand M, Frei B, Buist AS, Peters D, Morris CD, Spindel ER. Vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 311:2074-82. [PMID: 24838476 PMCID: PMC4296045 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.5217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Maternal smoking during pregnancy adversely affects offspring lung development, with lifelong decreases in pulmonary function and increased asthma risk. In a primate model, vitamin C blocked some of the in-utero effects of nicotine on lung development and offspring pulmonary function. OBJECTIVE To determine if newborns of pregnant smokers randomized to receive daily vitamin C would have improved results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and decreased wheezing compared with those randomized to placebo. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized, double-blind trial conducted in 3 sites in the Pacific Northwest between March 2007 and January 2011. One hundred fifty-nine newborns of randomized pregnant smokers (76 vitamin C treated and 83 placebo treated) and 76 newborns of pregnant nonsmokers were studied with newborn PFTs. Follow-up assessment including wheezing was assessed through age 1 year, and PFTs were performed at age 1 year. INTERVENTIONS Pregnant women were randomized to receive vitamin C (500 mg/d) (n = 89) or placebo (n = 90). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was measurement of newborn pulmonary function (ratio of the time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time [TPTEF:TE] and passive respiratory compliance per kilogram [Crs/kg]) within 72 hours of age. Secondary outcomes included incidence of wheezing through age 1 year and PFT results at age 1 year. A subgroup of pregnant smokers and nonsmokers had genotyping performed. RESULTS Newborns of women randomized to vitamin C (n = 76), compared with those randomized to placebo (n = 83), had improved pulmonary function as measured by TPTEF:TE (0.383 vs 0.345 [adjusted 95% CI for difference, 0.011-0.062]; P = .006) and Crs/kg (1.32 vs 1.20 mL/cm H2O/kg [95% CI, 0.02-0.20]; P = .01). Offspring of women randomized to vitamin C had significantly decreased wheezing through age 1 year (15/70 [21%] vs 31/77 [40%]; relative risk, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.33-0.95]; P = .03). There were no significant differences in the 1-year PFT results between the vitamin C and placebo groups. The effect of maternal smoking on newborn lung function was associated with maternal genotype for the α5 nicotinic receptor (rs16969968) (P < .001 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Supplemental vitamin C taken by pregnant smokers improved newborn PFT results and decreased wheezing through 1 year in the offspring. Vitamin C in pregnant smokers may be an inexpensive and simple approach to decrease the effects of smoking in pregnancy on newborn pulmonary function and respiratory morbidities. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00632476.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy T. McEvoy
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Diane Schilling
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nakia Clay
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Keith Jackson
- PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center, 400 N.E. Mother Joseph Place, Vancouver, WA, 98664, USA
| | - Mitzi D. Go
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Patricia Spitale
- PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center, 400 N.E. Mother Joseph Place, Vancouver, WA, 98664, USA
| | - Carol Bunten
- Vancouver Clinic, 700 NE 87 Ave, Vancouver, WA, 98664, USA
| | - Maria Leiva
- Providence Maternal Care Clinic, 2705 E. Burnside St, Portland, OR 97214, USA
| | - David Gonzales
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Julie Hollister-Smith
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 N.W. 185 Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Manuel Durand
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, LAC-USC Medical Center, 1200 N. State Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Balz Frei
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - A. Sonia Buist
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Dawn Peters
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Cynthia D. Morris
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Eliot R. Spindel
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, LAC-USC Medical Center, 1200 N. State Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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8
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Tyrrell J, Huikari V, Christie JT, Cavadino A, Bakker R, Brion MJA, Geller F, Paternoster L, Myhre R, Potter C, Johnson PC, Ebrahim S, Feenstra B, Hartikainen AL, Hattersley AT, Hofman A, Kaakinen M, Lowe LP, Magnus P, McConnachie A, Melbye M, Ng JW, Nohr EA, Power C, Ring SM, Sebert SP, Sengpiel V, Taal HR, Watt GC, Sattar N, Relton CL, Jacobsson B, Frayling TM, Sørensen TI, Murray JC, Lawlor DA, Pennell CE, Jaddoe VW, Hypponen E, Lowe WL, Jarvelin MR, Davey Smith G, Freathy RM. Genetic variation in the 15q25 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4) interacts with maternal self-reported smoking status during pregnancy to influence birth weight. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:5344-58. [PMID: 22956269 PMCID: PMC3516066 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight. Common variation at rs1051730 is robustly associated with smoking quantity and was recently shown to influence smoking cessation during pregnancy, but its influence on birth weight is not clear. We aimed to investigate the association between this variant and birth weight of term, singleton offspring in a well-powered meta-analysis. We stratified 26 241 European origin study participants by smoking status (women who smoked during pregnancy versus women who did not smoke during pregnancy) and, in each stratum, analysed the association between maternal rs1051730 genotype and offspring birth weight. There was evidence of interaction between genotype and smoking (P = 0.007). In women who smoked during pregnancy, each additional smoking-related T-allele was associated with a 20 g [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 4-36 g] lower birth weight (P = 0.014). However, in women who did not smoke during pregnancy, the effect size estimate was 5 g per T-allele (95% CI: -4 to 14 g; P = 0.268). To conclude, smoking status during pregnancy modifies the association between maternal rs1051730 genotype and offspring birth weight. This strengthens the evidence that smoking during pregnancy is causally related to lower offspring birth weight and suggests that population interventions that effectively reduce smoking in pregnant women would result in a reduced prevalence of low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tyrrell
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health,
University of Exeter, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1
3HD, UK
- Genetics of Complex Traits and
| | | | - Jennifer T. Christie
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental
Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College
London, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Bakker
- Department of Epidemiology
- The Generation R Study Group and
| | - Marie-Jo A. Brion
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational
Epidemiology (CAiTE) and
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research,
Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | | | - Ronny Myhre
- Division of Epidemiology,
Norwegian Institute of Public Health,
Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine Potter
- Institute of Genetic Medicine,
Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Paul C.D. Johnson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of
Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ,
UK
| | - Shah Ebrahim
- Non-Communicable Diseases Epidemiology Unit,
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School
of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London,
UK
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research,
Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | | | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research
Facility, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University
of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Marika Kaakinen
- Institute of Health Sciences
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
Oulu, Finland
| | - Lynn P. Lowe
- Department of Preventive Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,
Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Per Magnus
- Division of Epidemiology,
Norwegian Institute of Public Health,
Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Institute of Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy,
Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg,
Sweden
| | - Alex McConnachie
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, Institute of
Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ,
UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research,
Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Jane W.Y. Ng
- Institute of Genetic Medicine,
Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
- Faculty of Medicine,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British
Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z3
| | - Ellen A. Nohr
- Institute of Public Health,
Aarhus University, Aarhus,
Denmark
| | - Chris Power
- UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL,
London, UK
| | - Susan M. Ring
- School of Social and Community
Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield
House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sylvain P. Sebert
- Institute of Health Sciences
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
School of Public Health, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of
Medicine, Imperial College London,
UK
| | - Verena Sengpiel
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Institute of Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy,
Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg,
Sweden
| | - H. Rob Taal
- Department of Epidemiology
- The Generation R Study Group and
- Department of Pediatrics,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | - Graham C.M. Watt
- General Practice and Primary Care,
The Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and
Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12
9LX, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA,
UK
| | - Caroline L. Relton
- Institute of Genetic Medicine,
Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Division of Epidemiology,
Norwegian Institute of Public Health,
Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Institute of Public Health, Sahlgrenska Academy,
Sahgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg,
Sweden
| | | | - Thorkild I.A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine,
Copenhagen University Hospitals,
Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic
Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational
Epidemiology (CAiTE) and
- School of Social and Community
Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield
House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Craig E. Pennell
- School of Women's and Infants'
Health, The University of Western Australia,
Perth, Australia and
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology
- The Generation R Study Group and
- Department of Pediatrics,
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
| | | | - William L. Lowe
- Department of Preventive Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,
Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu,
Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
School of Public Health, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of
Medicine, Imperial College London,
UK
- Department of Lifecourse and Services,
National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-90101
Oulu, Finland
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational
Epidemiology (CAiTE) and
- School of Social and Community
Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield
House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Rachel M. Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits and
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational
Epidemiology (CAiTE) and
| |
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