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Thomas PPM, Yadav J, Kant R, Ambrosino E, Srivastava S, Batra G, Dayal A, Masih N, Pandey A, Saha S, Heijmans R, Lal JA, Morré SA. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Behavioral Determinants of Sexual and Reproductive Health in the Allahabad District (India) Based on Data from the ChlamIndia Study. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110557. [PMID: 31726703 PMCID: PMC6920780 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (CT and NG, respectively) are linked to an important sexual and reproductive health (SRH) burden worldwide. Behavior is an important predictor for SRH, as it dictates the risk for STIs. Assessing the behavior of a population helps to assess its risk profile. METHODS Study participants were recruited at a gynecology outpatient department (OPD) in the Allahabad district in Uttar Pradesh India, and a questionnaire was used to assess demographics, SRH, and obstetric history. Patients provided three samples (urine, vaginal swab, and whole blood). These samples were used to identify CT and NG using PCR/NAAT and CT IgG ELISA. RESULTS A total of 296 women were included for testing; mean age was 29 years. No positive cases of CT and NG were observed using PCR/NAAT. A 7% (22/296) positivity rate for CT was observed using IgG ELISA. No positive association was found between serology and symptoms (vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, dysuria, and dyspareunia) or adverse pregnancy outcomes (miscarriage and stillbirth). Positive relations with CT could be observed with consumption of alcohol, illiteracy, and tenesmus (p-value 0.02-0.03). DISCUSSION STI prevalence in this study was low, but a high burden of SRH morbidity was observed, with a high symptomatic load. High rates of miscarriage (31%) and stillbirth (8%) were also observed among study subjects. No associations could be found between these ailments and CT infection. These rates are high even for low- and middle-income country standards. CONCLUSION This study puts forward high rates of SRH morbidity, and instances of adverse reproductive health outcomes are highlighted in this study, although no associations with CT infection could be found. This warrants more investigation into the causes leading to these complaints in the Indian scenario and potential biases to NAAT testing, such as consumption of over-the-counter antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre P. M. Thomas
- Institute of Public Health Genomics, Genetics and Cell Biology Cluster, GROW Research School for Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (J.A.L.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Jay Yadav
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (J.Y.); (R.K.); (N.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Rajiv Kant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (J.Y.); (R.K.); (N.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Elena Ambrosino
- Institute of Public Health Genomics, Genetics and Cell Biology Cluster, GROW Research School for Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Smita Srivastava
- Hayes Memorial Mission Hospital, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, SHUATS Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (S.S.); (G.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Gurpreet Batra
- Hayes Memorial Mission Hospital, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, SHUATS Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (S.S.); (G.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Arvind Dayal
- Hayes Memorial Mission Hospital, Shalom Institute of Health and Allied Sciences, SHUATS Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (S.S.); (G.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Nidhi Masih
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (J.Y.); (R.K.); (N.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Akash Pandey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (J.Y.); (R.K.); (N.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Saurav Saha
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India;
| | - Roel Heijmans
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Jonathan A. Lal
- Institute of Public Health Genomics, Genetics and Cell Biology Cluster, GROW Research School for Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (J.A.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (J.Y.); (R.K.); (N.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Servaas A. Morré
- Institute of Public Health Genomics, Genetics and Cell Biology Cluster, GROW Research School for Oncology and Development Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (J.A.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India; (J.Y.); (R.K.); (N.M.); (A.P.)
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (P.P.M.T.); (S.A.M.)
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Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, Low N, Unemo M, Abu-Raddad LJ, Chico RM, Smolak A, Newman L, Gottlieb S, Thwin SS, Broutet N, Taylor MM. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ 2019; 97:548-562P. [PMID: 31384073 PMCID: PMC6653813 DOI: 10.2471/blt.18.228486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 845] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate estimates of the global prevalence and incidence of urogenital infection with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis in women and men, aged 15-49 years, in 2016. METHODS For chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis, we systematically searched for studies conducted between 2009 and 2016 reporting prevalence. We also consulted regional experts. To generate estimates, we used Bayesian meta-analysis. For syphilis, we aggregated the national estimates generated by using Spectrum-STI. FINDINGS For chlamydia, gonorrhoea and/or trichomoniasis, 130 studies were eligible. For syphilis, the Spectrum-STI database contained 978 data points for the same period. The 2016 global prevalence estimates in women were: chlamydia 3.8% (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 3.3-4.5); gonorrhoea 0.9% (95% UI: 0.7-1.1); trichomoniasis 5.3% (95% UI:4.0-7.2); and syphilis 0.5% (95% UI: 0.4-0.6). In men prevalence estimates were: chlamydia 2.7% (95% UI: 1.9-3.7); gonorrhoea 0.7% (95% UI: 0.5-1.1); trichomoniasis 0.6% (95% UI: 0.4-0.9); and syphilis 0.5% (95% UI: 0.4-0.6). Total estimated incident cases were 376.4 million: 127.2 million (95% UI: 95.1-165.9 million) chlamydia cases; 86.9 million (95% UI: 58.6-123.4 million) gonorrhoea cases; 156.0 million (95% UI: 103.4-231.2 million) trichomoniasis cases; and 6.3 million (95% UI: 5.5-7.1 million) syphilis cases. CONCLUSION Global estimates of prevalence and incidence of these four curable sexually transmitted infections remain high. The study highlights the need to expand data collection efforts at country level and provides an initial baseline for monitoring progress of the World Health Organization global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Rowley
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Vander Hoorn
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other STIs, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - R Matthew Chico
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | - Alex Smolak
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lori Newman
- Enteric and Sexually Transmitted Infections Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Sami Gottlieb
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Soe Soe Thwin
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Broutet
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Melanie M Taylor
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
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Kiguen AX, Marramá M, Ruiz S, Estofan P, Venezuela RF, Mosmann JP, Monetti MS, Rivero V, Cuffini CG. Prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women from Córdoba, Argentina: A prospective study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217245. [PMID: 31150440 PMCID: PMC6544222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia trachomatis causes the most prevalent bacterial Sexual Transmitted Infection. In pregnant women, untreated chlamydial infections are associated with abortions, premature rupture of membranes, postpartum endometritis, low birth weight and transmission to the newborn. In Córdoba, Argentina, there is little knowledge about the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in women in their third trimester of pregnancy, so, the aim of this study was to evaluate Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence and genotypes present in Cordovan pregnant women with different age and socioeconomic status. Methods and findings Design: prospective study. Settings: Women population from Cordoba city, Argentina. Population: Pregnant women having 35 to 37 weeks of gestation. Methods: Five hundred and nine cervical swabs were collected. Each sample was subjected to DNA extraction and PCR for Chlamydia trachomatis using primers NRO/NLO and CTP1/CTP2. Positives samples were sequenced to determine genotype. Main outcome measures: Demographic data of the patients were collected to detect a population at risk for this infection. Results A prevalence of 6.9% (35/509) for Chlamydia trachomatis infection was detected, with 32/295 and 3/214 from pregnant women with low or better economic resources respectively (p = 0,0001). Results showed a significantly increased rate of 11.6% (30/258) in women under 25 years compared with 2% (5/251) in patients over that age (p = 0,00003). Genotype E was the most prevalent. Conclusions With these results, we can say that pregnant women under 25 years old and low economic resources are one of the populations in which the screening programs of Chlamydia trachomatis should focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ximena Kiguen
- Instituto de Virología Doctor José María Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcela Marramá
- Dirección de Especialidades Médicas, Municipalidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Susana Ruiz
- Laboratorios LACE Sociedad Anónima, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Patricia Estofan
- Centro Integral de Ginecología, Obstetricia y Reproducción (CIGOR), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raúl Fernando Venezuela
- Instituto de Virología Doctor José María Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jessica Paola Mosmann
- Instituto de Virología Doctor José María Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marina Soledad Monetti
- Instituto de Virología Doctor José María Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Virginia Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Gabriela Cuffini
- Instituto de Virología Doctor José María Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Thomas PPM, Allam RR, Ambrosino E, Malogajski J, Lal JA, Morré SA, Peters RPH. An Integrated Care Model With Implementation Roadmap to Improve Chlamydia trachomatis Management and Control in India. Front Public Health 2018; 6:321. [PMID: 30474023 PMCID: PMC6237885 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the world's most prevalent bacterial Sexually Transmitted infection (STI). It is associated with a wide range of health consequences and sequelae in both the short and long term. Enhanced control of urogenital C. trachomatis infection is particularly important in low- and middle-income countries such as India, where most of the burden goes unnoticed and where limited systematic data is available to gauge the current situation. The World Health Organization (WHO) recently issued its latest strategy on STIs, which is aligned with the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Taking the WHO framework into account; this paper puts forward an integrated care model to strengthen the management and control of C. trachomatis in India. The model is compiled of five key components of STI management (awareness, prevention diagnosis, treatment and follow-up). The model considers barriers to effective C. trachomatis control into account. The barriers are discussed and compiled into different categories. A roadmap for the implementation of other similar models to enhance C. trachomatis control in the future is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre P M Thomas
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Elena Ambrosino
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jelena Malogajski
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Professions, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan A Lal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India
| | - Servaas A Morré
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India.,Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Remco P H Peters
- Clinical Care and Research, Anova Health Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Sethi S, Roy A, Garg S, Venkatesan LS, Bagga R. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infections by polymerase chain reaction in asymptomatic pregnant women with special reference to the utility of the pooling of urine specimens. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:S59-S63. [PMID: 29205197 PMCID: PMC5735572 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_981_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Genital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections are one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections across the world. In pregnant women, if not detected and treated early, these may result in poor pregnancy outcomes and complications. The present study was aimed to screen CT infections from first void urine (FVU) samples of asymptomatic pregnant women using molecular methods. The secondary objective was to evaluate cost-effectiveness in pooling FVU samples for their diagnostic application. METHODS FVU samples were collected from 1000 asymptomatic pregnant women over a period of three years. Pooling was done by including five specimens in one pool in the amount of 10 μl and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and further confirmed by direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA). RESULTS The age of study participants ranged from 18 to 43 yr with the median±standard deviation of 26±3.84 yr. Majority of positive participants were younger than 25 years. A total of 200 pools were prepared and 20 of these were PCR positive. When individual specimen in 20 positive pools was tested, 20 PCR-positive specimens were identified from 19 pools, of which 16 were positive by DFA. Thus, CT was detected in 1.6 per cent asymptomatic pregnant women in India and pooling strategy resulted in 70 per cent reduction in a number of tests performed. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Our study detected C. trachomatis infection in 1.6 per cent asymptomatic pregnant women, and pooling of FVU specimens for PCR testing was found to be a cost-saving strategy in comparison to testing individual samples. Further evaluation and studies on the bigger sample size are warranted to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sethi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Roy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shubha Garg
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lakshmi Sree Venkatesan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rashmi Bagga
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Thomas P, Spaargaren J, Kant R, Lawrence R, Dayal A, Lal JA, Morré SA. Burden of Chlamydia trachomatis in India: a systematic literature review. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3861257. [PMID: 28582495 PMCID: PMC5808648 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (hereafter CT) is Gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogen. It causes the world's most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease. India is home to the world's greatest burden of infectious diseases, yet information on prevalence rates of CT is scarce. This article systematically reviews the literature for the prevalence rates and testing methods in India. A total of 27 studies were included. Four main patients groups (symptomatic women, infertile women, pregnant women and asymptomatic population groups) could be identified with varying rates of CT (0.1%-32% using PCR, 2.4%-75% using ELISA serology). Most of the studies originated from urban settings, 11 of them from New Delhi. In-house PCR was the most common diagnostic technique used generating the following ranges in prevalence for the four group studies: symptomatic women 10%-50%, pregnant women 0.1%-2.5% and asymptomatic populations 0.9%-24.5%. The rates among infertile women were 9%-68% based on serology results. The prevalence rates featured in this paper are in line with other locations across the Indian subcontinent. This review highlights the extreme heterogeneity in the limited studies available in India on CT and the need for standardized guidelines for diagnosis and management of CT in India. The availability of resources should be considered in the formulation of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Thomas
- Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology and Developmental Biology), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Joke Spaargaren
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland 1081HV, the Netherlands
| | - Rajiv Kant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Rubina Lawrence
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Arvind Dayal
- Shalom Institute Of Health and Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Jonathan A Lal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
| | - Servaas A Morré
- Institute for Public Health Genomics (IPHG), Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Research School GROW (School for Oncology and Developmental Biology), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland 1081HV, the Netherlands.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 211007, India
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Prevalence of Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnant Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries From 2010 to 2015: A Systematic Review. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 43:450-8. [PMID: 27322048 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current literature comparing the prevalence rates of curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnant women in various global regions is limited. As a result, antenatal screening practices for curable STIs in pregnant women, specifically Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) vary around the world, differing by country and particular STI. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of publications on STI prevalence among pregnant women in 30 different low- and middle-income countries. We searched PubMed for studies reporting prevalence of syphilis, CT, NG, and TV in pregnant women. English language studies published between January 1, 2010, and March 1, 2015, were included. The adjusted mean STI prevalence by region was calculated via multivariable linear regression adjusting for health care setting, women's mean age, study sample size, and sensitivity of diagnostic test. RESULTS We identified 75 studies that met inclusion criteria, providing 116 point prevalence estimates for curable STIs among 3,489,621 pregnant women. Adjusted mean prevalence for NG ranged from 1.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-1.3) in Latin America to 4.6% (95% CI, 4.0-5.2) in Southern Africa; syphilis prevalence ranged from 1.1% (95% CI, 0.5-1.6) in Asia to 6.5% (95% CI, 4.7-6.3) in Southern Africa; CT ranged from 0.8% (95% CI, 0.4-1.1) in Asia to 11.2% (95% CI, 6.0-16.4) in Latin America; and TV ranged from 3.9% (95% CI, 2.2-5.6) in Latin America to 24.6% (95% CI, 17.9-31.4) in Southern Africa. CONCLUSIONS Although we observed a wide variation in STI burden in pregnancy after adjusting for age, test, and health care setting, further valid comparison may depend on adjustment for access to care and screening practices.
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Stephen S, Muchaneta-Kubara CGE, Munjoma MW, Mandozana G. Evaluation of Cortez OneStep Chlamydia Rapicard™ Insta Test for the Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Pregnant Women at Mbare Polyclinic in Harare, Zimbabwe. Int J MCH AIDS 2017; 6:19-26. [PMID: 28798890 PMCID: PMC5547222 DOI: 10.21106/ijma.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical chlamydia infection poses high risk of pregnancy complications and neonatal infection. Reference methods for the detection of chlamydia infection are not available for routine use in developing countries. Point-of-care (POC) tests can bridge this gap. This study evaluated Cortez Onestep Chlamydia Rapicard™ insta test for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women at Mbare Polyclinic and determined the prevalence of C. trachomatis. METHODS This was a cross sectional study in 242 pregnant women aged ≥18 years attending their first ANC visit at Mbare polyclinic in Harare, Zimbabwe. Data collection form was used to obtain demographic and predisposing factors to Chlamydia infection and two endocervical swabs were collected from each patient. One specimen was examined by the POC test at the clinic and the other by SDA method in the laboratory. RESULTS The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the rapid kit were 71.4%, 99.6%, 90.9% and 98.3% respectively. Prevalence of C. trachomitis was 5.8% by SDA method. CONCLUSION AND GLOBAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS The kit's sensitivity (71.4%) and specificity (99.6%) implies that the rapid test is an important test which needs further evaluations. The prevalence of C. trichomitis of 5.8% is comparable to studies done elsewhere in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Stephen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Marshall Wesley Munjoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gibson Mandozana
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences P.O Box A178, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among Childbearing Age Women in India: A Systematic Review. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2016; 2016:8561645. [PMID: 27672303 PMCID: PMC5031858 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8561645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) can lead to reproductive sequelae. Information on the general population of childbearing age women in India is sparse. We reviewed the literature on CT prevalence within the general population of reproductive aged women in order to improve the efforts of public health screening programs and interventions. Objective. To conduct a literature review to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among childbearing age women in India. Search Strategy. Ovid Medline and PubMed databases were searched for articles from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2014. Search terms included "Chlamydia trachomatis", "CT", "prevalence", "India", and "sexually transmitted infections". Selection Criteria. Studies on prevalence data for CT among women of childbearing age (15-45) living in India were included. Data Collection and Analysis. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were extracted by two readers and discrepancies solved through discussion. Results. Reported prevalence of active CT infection among lower risk groups ranged from 0.1% to 1.1% and in higher risk group from 2.7% to 28.5%. Conclusion. CT prevalence among women in India is comparable to other countries. Screening programs to prevent adverse outcomes among Indian women of childbearing age and their offspring are warranted.
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Adachi K, Nielsen-Saines K, Klausner JD. Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Pregnancy: The Global Challenge of Preventing Adverse Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9315757. [PMID: 27144177 PMCID: PMC4837252 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9315757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnancy represents an overlooked opportunity to improve the health outcomes of women and infants worldwide. Although Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common treatable bacterial STI, few countries have routine pregnancy screening and treatment programs. We reviewed the current literature surrounding Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy, particularly focusing on countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. We discuss possible chlamydial adverse pregnancy and infant health outcomes (miscarriage, stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, neonatal conjunctivitis, neonatal pneumonia, and other potential effects including HIV perinatal transmission) and review studies of chlamydial screening and treatment in pregnancy, while simultaneously highlighting research from resource-limited countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Adachi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Karin Nielsen-Saines
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases: Global Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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Peuchant O, Le Roy C, Desveaux C, Paris A, Asselineau J, Maldonado C, Chêne G, Horovitz J, Dallay D, de Barbeyrac B, Bébéar C. Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Mycoplasma genitalium should it be integrated into routine pregnancy care in French young pregnant women? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:14-9. [PMID: 25753079 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Mycoplasma genitalium screening during pregnancy is not performed routinely in France. We conducted the first prospective study in 1004 women attending for routine antenatal care to determine the prevalence and risk factors for these bacterial infections. The overall prevalence of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, and M. genitalium infections was 2.5%, 0%, and 0.8%, respectively. In patients aged 18-24 years, the prevalence increased to 7.9% for C. trachomatis and to 2.4% for M. genitalium. C. trachomatis infection was associated with age ≤24 years or being single or having more than 5 sexual partners in a lifetime. M. genitalium infection was more frequent in patients aged ≤24 years or who had a history of abortion or their first sexual intercourse after 20 years of age. The high prevalence of C. trachomatis in pregnant women aged ≤24 years, mostly asymptomatic, suggests that systematic screening could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Peuchant
- Univ. Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - C Le Roy
- Univ. Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Desveaux
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - A Paris
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - J Asselineau
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche Clinique et Epidémiologique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Maldonado
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche Clinique et Epidémiologique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - G Chêne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique à la Recherche Clinique et Epidémiologique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - J Horovitz
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Dallay
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - B de Barbeyrac
- Univ. Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - C Bébéar
- Univ. Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Infections in Humans, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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